3.1 Publication growth trend analysis
The trend in the number of publications is depicted in Fig. 1 (including scientific articles published in scientific journals and the number of citations to articles per year). As seen in the picture, the subject of detergents has been a hot topic for many years, with research dating back to 1903 and the least and most publications published between 2000 and 2020.
In the year 2000, there were 1373 articles published, and in the year 2020, there were 1853 pieces published, demonstrating a tendency toward a slightly increased number of articles being published. Due to the recent spread of the Coronavirus and the significant impact that detergents have had in the fight against the virus, there will be a significant increase in the number of papers that are published in the year 2020. It is anticipated that this trend will continue into the following year. On the other hand, the number of paper citations has been consistently climbing over the course of time, which is evidence that Corona has had a substantial impact on the field of detergent research. When looking at the complete chart of citations and taking into consideration the high quality of detergent papers published in earlier years, one can see that there has been a very significant increase in the amount of citations over the course of several distinct years. This exemplifies the significant number of publications from years gone by that are repeatedly mentioned. In addition, the articles that were published in 2003 received the most citations (69,781), and the declining trend in citations in recent years can be linked to the fact that publications are becoming less well known and are therefore receiving less exposure.
Enzymes and surfactants account for the lion's share of the business that deals in detergents. It's possible that this is why the majority of the articles were devoted to these two subjects. Due to the expanding role that enzymes play in a variety of different chemical reactions, there has been a noteworthy surge in interest in the field of enzymology over the course of the past few decades(Pliego et al. 2015).
3.2 Subject categories
This section looks at the fields connected to the keywords. Detergents play a part in many aspects of life because they are continually present in people's daily lives. Only the areas that account for more than 3% of the linked articles are discussed in this article, as shown in Fig. 3 for different years. It should be remembered that an article might cover a variety of topics.
The most common scientific disciplines that make use of detergents are biochemistry, genetics, and molecular biology; together, these subjects account for around 24 percent of all published publications. After that comes Agricultural and Biological Sciences, which are responsible for 18 percent of all publications, and Medicine, which is responsible for approximately 8 percent of all articles. The remaining spheres of impact are shown in the diagram below. Together, they account for 13% of the total and include fields such as pharmacology, toxicology, and pharmaceutics, as well as physics and astronomy, energy, and other related topics. The production of detergents and the many different varieties of detergents have had a significant impact on the environment. This impact may have been purposeful or unintended, depending on the molecular makeup of the detergent. The majority of research published during the past two decades has centered on detergents, surfactants, and the metabolism of these substances in the environment.
3.3 Journals
As indicated in Table 1, between 2000 and 2020, 6861 papers were published in the top twenty detergents-related journals. The majority of these publications are published in the United States by the Journal of Biological Chemistry.
Table 1
Top twenty most productive journals within the dataset
journal
|
Number
of documents
|
Percent
of documents
|
H-index
|
country
|
IF 2019
|
Journal Of Biological Chemistry
|
989
|
14.41
|
513
|
USA
|
4.238
|
Journal Of Dairy Science
|
886
|
12.91
|
191
|
USA
|
3.33
|
Animal Feed Science And Technology
|
707
|
10.30
|
119
|
Netherland
|
3.247
|
Revista Brasileira De Zootecnia
|
557
|
8.11
|
53
|
Brazil
|
0.853
|
Biochemistry
|
500
|
7.28
|
253
|
USA
|
2.865
|
Plos One
|
388
|
5.65
|
332
|
USA
|
2.74
|
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta Biomembranes
|
323
|
4.70
|
182
|
Netherland
|
3.411
|
Asian Australasian Journal Of Animal Sciences
|
267
|
3.89
|
59
|
South Korea
|
1.664
|
Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America
|
249
|
3.62
|
771
|
USA
|
9.412
|
Protein Expression And Purification
|
233
|
3.39
|
88
|
USA
|
1.513
|
Semina:Ciencias Agrarias
|
208
|
3.03
|
25
|
Brazil
|
0.412
|
Biophysical journal
|
190
|
2.76
|
269
|
USA
|
3.854
|
Biochemical And Biophysical Research Communications
|
188
|
2.74
|
263
|
USA
|
2.985
|
Journal Of Virology
|
182
|
2.65
|
292
|
USA
|
4.501
|
Langmuir
|
172
|
2.50
|
333
|
USA
|
3.557
|
Livestock Science
|
170
|
2.47
|
111
|
Netherland
|
1.7
|
Scientific Reports
|
169
|
2.46
|
213
|
UK
|
4.379
|
Analytical Biochemistry
|
166
|
2.41
|
190
|
USA
|
2.877
|
Biochemical Journal
|
160
|
2.33
|
265
|
UK
|
4.097
|
Tropical Animal Health And Production
|
157
|
2.28
|
49
|
Netherland
|
1.333
|
As can be seen, the United States is a pioneer in this field of study, with approximately sixty percent of the articles published in the top twenty journals originating from this nation, followed by the Netherlands with approximately twenty percent and Brazil with eleven percent. Notable among the top 20 magazines is the presence of English and Korean publications.
The diversity of publications in the H-index, as well as the years since the first issue was published, are two of the table's most intriguing features. As previously stated, one of the most essential themes in the past has been detergents. The second-ranked journal in the ranking is the Journal of Dairy Science, which has been published for over a century. In addition, 11 journals are over 50 years old, whereas new journals that have only been published for a short period have been eligible to be included in this chartFor example, Plos One, a journal launched in the early years of the twenty-first century, is regarded as one of the top publications in the field of detergents, ranking sixth. Furthermore, as the magazine's popularity grows, higher ranks are likely. It's worth noting that the journal has an h-index of 331, which a pretty good number is given the short time since it was founded. In addition, the journal Scientific Reports, published in the United Kingdom, might be consulted. The reason for this is that this magazine was formed in 2011 and has been able to produce approximately 169 articles regarding the term detergent in those 9 years, demonstrating that it is specialized in this sector.Another noteworthy feature of this table is the H-index of the journals examined, with the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America ranking 9 with an h-index of 771 and an IF of 9.412. Semina: Ciencias Agrarias is ranked 11th, with an h-index of 25 and an IF of 0.412.
The journal of biological chemistry was a pioneer in this field until the year 2007, but since then, the journal of dairy science has published the most articles in this field, making it the leading publication in this field. The number of articles published in this field has decreased over the course of time.
3.4 Authors
As indicated in Table 2, the top ten authors in this discipline are included. The number of articles with the keyword detergents in the first column is between 2000 and 2020, and the proportion of articles by each author in the total number of articles in this area is among 10 persons in the second column. Between these years, the top 10 writers have produced a total of 662 articles, with Detmann, E. from Brazil holding the position of number one in the table by a substantial margin (almost 2 times) over the authors who follow him, who have only published 136 papers. The ratio of publications published in the field of detergents between the years 2000 and 2020 to the total number of articles published by the author is displayed in Column 5. This column shows that Detmann, E. has published almost 40 percent of his works in this category, which demonstrates his expertise.
According to the third column, about half of the articles were published by researchers in Brazil, followed by Canada (27%), Sweden (9%), the Netherlands (8%), and the United States (7%). It is worth noting that there are no journals from Canada or Sweden in the top 20, whereas the United States has the most active journals. T.A. McAllister is an important figure in the table below. He has the highest H-index (73), as well as the largest total number of papers (768). Approximately 7.5% of the articles written were completely about detergents.
Other highlights in this table include Brazilian authors who have published approximately half of the articles written by the top ten authors, the vast majority of which were carried out by the Federal University of Vicosa (UFV) in Brazil. This institution is located in Brazil.
Table 2
Top ten most productive authors within the dataset
#
|
Author
|
Documents about detergents
|
percent of documents about detergents
|
All documents
|
H-index
|
country
|
1
|
Detmann, E.
|
136
|
20.54
|
337
|
32
|
Brazil
|
2
|
Paulino, M.F.
|
79
|
11.93
|
251
|
28
|
Brazil
|
3
|
Beauchemin, K.A.
|
73
|
11.03
|
419
|
72
|
Canada
|
4
|
Huhtanen, P.
|
61
|
9.21
|
236
|
51
|
Sweden
|
5
|
McAllister, T.A.
|
57
|
8.61
|
768
|
73
|
Canada
|
6
|
Dijkstra, J.
|
55
|
8.31
|
297
|
57
|
Netherland
|
7
|
Pires, A.J.V.
|
52
|
7.85
|
223
|
25
|
Brazil
|
8
|
McKinnon, J.J.
|
50
|
7.56
|
209
|
35
|
Canada
|
9
|
Pereira, O.G.
|
50
|
7.56
|
144
|
20
|
Brazil
|
10
|
Coblentz, W.K.
|
49
|
7.40
|
146
|
21
|
USA
|
As can be seen in Fig. 7, the year 2011 saw the most publications published, and from 2020 to 2022, Detmann will hold the first place for having published the most articles among the top 10 writers working in the subject of detergents in that time span. It's important to point out that he's been a leading author throughout the years, holding the record for the most articles written by one of the top ten authors in both 2003 and 2018.
The VOSviewer software, which is used to examine author collaborations based on co-authorship connections, contains the specifications of Fig. 8. You may get this information in the software. The minimum number of documents that an author must take into consideration is 30, the number of linkages is 1430, and 136 items are studied; the end result is 10 clusters, which are shown in Fig. 8.
3.5 Countries
Figure 9 displays the global distribution of publications linked to detergents that were published between the years 2000 and 2020, and it divides the world's 195 countries into eight categories. The United States of America is the only nation in the world to have written more than three thousand articles on the subject of detergent.
The table below shows the top 20 countries in terms of the number of published articles regarding detergents. These countries are determined by the nationality of at least one of the article's authors, therefore one article may belong to multiple countries based on the nationality of its authors. Among the 20 countries listed in the table, the United States ranks first with 8735 articles, followed by Brazil, Germany, China, and the United Kingdom with 2643, 2492, 2471, and 2166 articles, respectively. The number of independent and collaborative papers generated by these nations is also displayed in Table 3. Independent publications are those that are entirely written by a single nation and are co-authors of worldwide works. According to data from the United States, which occupies the top position in this ranking, around 68 percent of its publications are published independently, while 32 percent are published in collaboration with other countries.
Table 3
Top ten most productive authors within the dataset
#
|
Country
|
Documents
|
Independent
|
Joint
|
number
|
%
|
Number
|
%
|
1
|
United states
|
8735
|
5925
|
67.83
|
2810
|
32.17
|
2
|
Brazil
|
2643
|
2263
|
85.62
|
380
|
14.38
|
3
|
Germany
|
2492
|
1268
|
50.88
|
1224
|
49.12
|
4
|
China
|
2471
|
1825
|
73.86
|
646
|
26.14
|
5
|
United Kingdom
|
2166
|
1019
|
47.05
|
1147
|
52.95
|
6
|
Japan
|
2074
|
1491
|
71.89
|
583
|
28.11
|
7
|
India
|
1860
|
1644
|
88.39
|
216
|
11.61
|
8
|
Canada
|
1620
|
873
|
53.89
|
747
|
46.11
|
9
|
France
|
1595
|
778
|
48.78
|
817
|
51.22
|
10
|
Italy
|
1089
|
629
|
57.76
|
460
|
42.24
|
11
|
Spain
|
1040
|
586
|
56.35
|
454
|
43.65
|
12
|
Australia
|
803
|
403
|
50.19
|
400
|
49.81
|
13
|
South Korea
|
729
|
472
|
64.75
|
257
|
35.25
|
14
|
Netherlands
|
699
|
257
|
36.77
|
442
|
63.23
|
15
|
Sweden
|
673
|
263
|
39.08
|
410
|
60.92
|
16
|
Switzerland
|
661
|
215
|
32.53
|
446
|
67.47
|
17
|
Iran
|
633
|
498
|
78.67
|
135
|
21.33
|
18
|
Russian Federation
|
582
|
423
|
72.68
|
159
|
27.32
|
19
|
Turkey
|
555
|
480
|
86.49
|
75
|
13.51
|
20
|
Denmark
|
533
|
191
|
35.83
|
342
|
64.17
|
Developed European countries such as the United Kingdom, France, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, and Denmark have contributed more than half of their publications to other countries, with Switzerland publishing over 68 percent of its articles with scientists from other countries. Its institutions have a high level of cooperation with other countries, whereas India has done just approximately 11% of its articles with the cooperation of other countries.
Furthermore, around 86 percent of Brazilian articles are published in partnership with native academics. As a result, among the top authors in this field indicated in the preceding tables, four of the top ten are Brazilian, as are the first and second ranked authors.
The United States has the most citations of any country with 366666, followed by Germany and the United Kingdom with 93650 and 812718 citations, respectively, indicating that studies from the United States have been better welcomed by other academics. Surprisingly, Brazil occupies the tenth position in this table. In addition, the United States has published works jointly with the most countries, 90, followed by Germany and the United Kingdom with 82 and 76, respectively. Figure 10 shows the top five countries in the field of detergent articles publishing. As can be seen, the United States consistently ranks first in every year. It should be emphasized, however, that the gap with other countries has narrowed in recent years. In this graph, we can also see the expansion of Brazil and China, both of which have seen large increases in the number of publications in the topic of detergents in recent years.
The co-authorship network analysis between countries in detergent studies is depicted in Fig. 10. Some of these countries (such as the United States) are in the network's center, implying that they are more likely to cooperate with other countries. As can be seen, the United States consistently ranks first in every year. Each node in this graph symbolizes a country, and the lines connecting the two nodes (countries) illustrate their cooperation. The strength of the relationship is measured by the number of times the two countries have collaborated. The total number of times a country has collaborated with other countries is its overall connection strength. It should be emphasized, however, that the gap with other countries has narrowed in recent years. This graph clearly depicts the rise of Brazil and China, which have had rapid growth in recent years in relation to detergent-related products. In order to analyze Authors keywords in the VOSviewer software, the minimum number of keyword occurrences was set to 50, the link value to 1019, and the number of items to 63, resulting in 8 clusters.
According to Table 4, the United States has consistently been one of the countries with the highest level of cooperation. This could be related to the fact that the US has conducted far more research than the rest of the world. As a result, it's logical that the majority of the cooperation would be with the United States. With 352 articles, the United States and the United Kingdom have the most cooperation.
Table 4
Countries with the highest number of collaborations
Rank
|
1st country
|
2nd country
|
number of publications
|
1
|
United States
|
United Kingdom
|
352
|
2
|
United States
|
Canada
|
324
|
3
|
United States
|
Germany
|
302
|
4
|
United States
|
China
|
245
|
5
|
United States
|
Japan
|
212
|
The global Detergent Chemicals Market is characterized by the presence of various small and big players. The major market player includes AkzoNobel, Huntsman Corporation, Solvay S.A., BASF SE, Dow Chemicals, Tata Chemicals, Procter & Gamble, Dial Corp, Clariant AG, Unilever, Shell Chemicals, Airedale Chemicals, Colgate, International Detergent Chemicals Ltd., CondeaServo LLC, and many others. It is noteworthy that the countries in which these companies are located have done the most research in this field. It's also worth noting that the majority of the companies in the ranking are multinational.
The presence of a significant number of prominent detergent firms in the North American region, all of which are always researching and creating new and innovative products, has resulted in the region's detergent chemical market expanding. Due to rising demand for personal hygiene products and cosmetics, Europe appears to be contributing significantly to the growth of the detergent industry.
Company
|
Country
|
Headquarters
|
AkzoNobel
|
Dutch Multinational Company
|
Amsterdam, Netherlands
|
Huntsman Corporation
|
American Multinational Company
|
Texas, United States
|
Solvay S.A.
|
Belgium
|
Brussels, Belgium
|
BASF SE
|
German Multinational Company
|
Ludwigshafen, Germany
|
Dow Chemicals
|
American Multinational Company
|
Michigan, United States
|
Tata Chemicals
|
India
|
Mumbai, India
|
Procter & Gamble
|
American Multinational Company
|
Ohio, United States
|
Dial Corp
|
United States
|
Arizona, United States
|
Clariant AG
|
Swiss Multinational Company
|
Muttenz, Switzerland
|
Unilever
|
British Multinational Company
|
London, United Kingdom
|
Shell Chemicals
|
United States
|
Texas, United States
|
Airedale Chemicals
|
United Kingdom
|
Keighley, United Kingdom
|
Colgate
|
American Multinational Company
|
New York, United States
|
International Detergent Chemicals Ltd
|
Ireland
|
Cork, Ireland
|
Condea Servo LLC
|
United States
|
Illinois, United States
|
3.6 Authors keywords
The table below lists the top 10 terms from the keyword analysis section. The word "digestibility" appears 1123 times, followed by "detergent" and "detergents" 872 and 567 times, respectively.
Using networking maps and VOS Viewer, the co-occurrence of keywords in Fig. 12 was studied. Each node represents a keyword, and each curve represents a link between the two linked keywordsTo analyze Authors keywords in VOSviewer software, the minimum number of occurrences was set to 50, the link value to 4234, and 200 items, generating 6 clusters as shown in table 5.
Table 5. The top 10 most occurred keywords of each cluster
Cluster
|
Keyword
|
Occurrence
|
Total link strength
|
Color
|
Cluster 1
|
Membrane protein
Membrane proteins
Lipid rafts
Cholesterol
Mass spectrometry
Proteomics
Lipid raft
NMR
Triton x-100
Mitochondria
|
401
303
251
226
176
165
164
124
116
101
|
192
153
122
143
93
86
73
80
61
42
|
Red
|
Cluster 2
|
Detergent
Detergents
Purification
Lipase
Surfactant
Surfactants
Protease
Characterization
Alkaline protease
Cleaning
|
872
567
321
214
204
201
165
154
135
102
|
448
228
212
131
112
98
104
113
78
48
|
Green
|
Cluster 3
|
Digestibility
Intake
Sheep
Dairy cow
Rumen fermentation
Methane
Digestion
Performance
Milk production
Nutrition
|
1123
337
300
245
205
168
153
144
139
135
|
911
307
246
153
154
137
125
114
112
98
|
Dark blue
|
Cluster 4
|
Chemical composition
Nutritive value
Silage
Forage
Protein
Fermentation
Forage quality
Fiber
Gas production
Rumen
|
389
315
258
247
216
211
169
165
155
146
|
243
203
212
198
183
164
89
142
119
116
|
Yellow
|
Cluster 5
|
Crude protein
Neutral detergent fiber
Starch
NDF
Lignin
Dry matter
Nitrogen
Neutral detergent fibre
Acid detergent fiber
ADF
|
303
231
136
133
129
122
121
110
100
87
|
250
191
102
120
105
111
97
92
92
86
|
Purple
|
Cluster 6
|
Decellularization
Tissue engineering
Extracellular matrix
Scaffold
|
212
153
140
52
|
148
108
99
52
|
Light blue
|
As shown in Table 5, the keywords are grouped into six categories. The first cluster includes terms such as Membrane protein, Lipid rafts, and mitochondria, etc. that are largely related to cells and their interactions with chemicals.
Detergents and cleaners are placed together in the second cluster to constitute the study area. Most dairy and livestock products are included in a category that is closely tied to the use of detergents in the third cluster; for example, water may become contaminated with animal feed, resulting in human toxicity.
The fourth cluster includes foodstuffs like fermentation, protein, and fiber, as well as animal fodder, which are all clustered together. The distinction between this cluster and the third cluster is that the third cluster discusses dairy products, whereas this cluster discusses raw food.
The fifth cluster focuses on detergent chemicals such as crude protein, neutral detergent, fiber, starch, NDF, lignin, and so on. Finally, cluster number six is concerned with cellular tissue, the majority of which is concerned with Decellularization.
It's also worth noting that yellow denotes newer themes, while blue denotes older ones. The majority of keywords are from 2010 to 2014. In recent years, topics like as decellularization, growth performance, fermentation quality, and feed efficiency have become trendy and new. Figure 13 depicts the overlay visualization of author keywords.