Table 1: Variables’ name and description
Name
|
Definition
|
Patient-level covariates
|
surv_30
|
Survival probability after 30 days of hospital in-patient admission
|
surv_90
|
Survival probability after 90 days of hospital in-patient admission
|
Multi
|
Equal to 1; if the number of chronic comorbidities is greater than or equal to 2; Equal to 0; if the number of chronic comorbidities is less than 2
|
age44
|
Age <45 years
|
age66
|
Age between 45 and 66 years
|
age79
|
Age between 67 and 79 years
|
age80
|
Age 80 years and older
|
Male
|
Male = 1; Female = 0
|
edu1
|
Seven years of primary school or less
|
edu2
|
High school, intermediate school, vocational school, 1–2 years of high school
|
edu3
|
University qualifying examination/junior college/University or other post-secondary education or less/more than four years of university/college
|
Ho-H-Ho
|
If the patient goes from home to hospital and discharged to home from hospital
|
Ho-H-Sc
|
If the patient goes from home to hospital and discharged to social care from hospital
|
Ho-H-Oh
|
If the patient goes from home to hospital and discharged to other health care institution from hospital
|
Sc-H-Sc
|
If the patient goes from social care to hospital and discharged to social care from hospital
|
Oh-H-Oh
|
If patient goes from other health care institution to hospital and discharged to other health care institution from hospital
|
Sc-H-Oh
|
If the patient goes from social care institution to hospital and discharged to other health care institution from hospital
|
hrg_log
|
Log of DRG prices (yearly adjusted)
|
LOS
|
Episode specific length of in-patient hospital stays (in days)
|
LOS_M
|
Equal to 1; if patient’s LOS is greater than average yearly LOS calculated by each hospital for each DRGs
|
Municipality-level covariates
|
Percap_GP
|
Per capita general practitioner (GP) at municipality
|
GP_open
|
Share of GPs with an open list at the municipality
|
Phys_Inst
|
Physician time per week per resident in a nursing home (in hours)
|
Inst_resi80
|
Share of residents living in an institution of age 80 years or over
|
Inst_80
|
Share of inhabitants of 80 years or over that live in an institution
|
Liv_alone
|
Share of living-alone users in a municipality that do not live in an institution (living at home)
|
Table 2: Descriptive statistics on the distribution of patients with chronic conditions pre- and post-reform by surgical and medical DRGs, and by admission type
Variables
|
All admissions (N=547,101)
|
Emergency admissions (N=435,465)
|
Planned admissions (N=111,636)
|
Surgical DRGs
|
Medical DRGs
|
Surgical DRGs
|
Medical DRGs
|
Surgical DRGs
|
Medical DRGs
|
Pre-Reform
(n=60,670)
|
Post-reform
(n=63,327)
|
Pre-Reform
(n=211,146)
|
Post-reform
(n=211,958)
|
Pre-Reform
(n=31,510)
|
Post-reform
(n=31,627)
|
Pre-Reform
(n=186,177)
|
Post-reform
(n=186,151)
|
Pre-Reform
(n=29,160)
|
Post-reform
(n=31,700)
|
Pre-Reform
(n=24,969)
|
Post-reform
(n=25,807)
|
|
Mean
(Std. Dev.)
|
Mean
(Std. Dev.)
|
Mean
(Std. Dev.)
|
Mean
(Std. Dev.)
|
Mean
(Std. Dev.)
|
Mean
(Std. Dev.)
|
Mean
(Std. Dev.)
|
Mean
(Std. Dev.)
|
Mean
(Std. Dev.)
|
Mean
(Std. Dev.)
|
Mean
(Std. Dev.)
|
Mean
(Std. Dev.)
|
|
surv_30
|
0.968
(0.177)
|
0.971
(0.169)
|
0.941
(0.236)
|
0.942
(0.233)
|
0.942
(0.234)
|
0.946
(0.226)
|
0.936
(0.244)
|
0.938
(0.242)
|
0.995
(0.070)
|
0.995
(0.068)
|
0.974
(0.161)
|
0.974
(0.159)
|
|
surv_90
|
0.942
(0.234)
|
0.951
(0.219)
|
0.895
(0.307)
|
0.902
(0.298)
|
0.900
(0.300)
|
0.913
(0.282)
|
0.890
(0.313)
|
0.896
(0.305)
|
0.988
(0.109)
|
0.989
(0.102)
|
0.932
(0.252)
|
0.939
(0.240)
|
|
multi
|
0.325
(0.468)
|
0.306
(0.461)
|
0.426
(0.495)
|
0.404
(0.491)
|
0.374
(0.484)
|
0.362
(0.481)
|
0.435
(0.496)
|
0.414
(0.493)
|
0.271
(0.445)
|
0.250
(0.433)
|
0.361
(0.482)
|
0.331
(0.471)
|
|
age44
|
0.062
(0.241)
|
0.060
(0.238)
|
0.188
(0.390)
|
0.188
(0.391)
|
0.055
(0.228)
|
0.054
(0.226)
|
0.174
(0.379)
|
0.173
(0.378)
|
0.069
(0.253)
|
0.067
(0.250)
|
0.289
(0.453)
|
0.293
(0.455)
|
|
age66
|
0.349
(0.477)
|
0.349
(0.477)
|
0.257
(0.437)
|
0.248
(0.432)
|
0.268
(0.443)
|
0.273
(0.445)
|
0.249
(0.432)
|
0.241
(0.427)
|
0.437
(0.496)
|
0.425
(0.494)
|
0.319
(0.466)
|
0.303
(0.459)
|
|
age79
|
0.296
(0.456)
|
0.311
(0.463)
|
0.255
(0.436)
|
0.266
(0.442)
|
0.257
(0.437)
|
0.269
(0.443)
|
0.254
(0.435)
|
0.265
(0.441)
|
0.337
(0.473)
|
0.353
(0.478)
|
0.265
(0.441)
|
0.277
(0.447)
|
|
age80
|
0.293
(0.455)
|
0.280
(0.449)
|
0.300
(0.458)
|
0.297
(0.457)
|
0.420
(0.493)
|
0.405
(0.491)
|
0.323
(0.468)
|
0.321
(0.467)
|
0.157
(0.364)
|
0.155
(0.362)
|
0.127
(0.333)
|
0.127
(0.333)
|
|
male
|
0.548
(0.498)
|
0.553
(0.497)
|
0.514
(0.500)
|
0.512
(0.500)
|
0.491
(0.500)
|
0.492
(0.500)
|
0.510
(0.500)
|
0.509
(0.500)
|
0.610
(0.488)
|
0.614
(0.487)
|
0.544
(0.498)
|
0.534
(0.499)
|
|
edu1
|
0.347
(0.476)
|
0.324
(0.468)
|
0.384
(0.486)
|
0.373
(0.484)
|
0.401
(0.490)
|
0.382
(0.486)
|
0.393
(0.488)
|
0.380
(0.485)
|
0.289
(0.453)
|
0.266
(0.442)
|
0.322
(0.467)
|
0.322
(0.467)
|
|
edu2
|
0.452
(0.498)
|
0.461
(0.498)
|
0.385
(0.487)
|
0.391
(0.488)
|
0.437
(0.496)
|
0.445
(0.497)
|
0.387
(0.487)
|
0.393
(0.489)
|
0.468
(0.499)
|
0.476
(0.499)
|
0.367
(0.482)
|
0.370
(0.483)
|
|
educ3
|
0.201
(0.401)
|
0.215
(0.411)
|
0.231
(0.421)
|
0.236
(0.425)
|
0.162
(0.369)
|
0.172
(0.378)
|
0.220
(0.414)
|
0.226
(0.418)
|
0.243
(0.429)
|
0.258
(0.438)
|
0.311
(0.463)
|
0.308
(0.462)
|
|
Ho-H-Ho
|
0.653
(0.476)
|
0.656
(0.475)
|
0.790
(0.408)
|
0.772
(0.419)
|
0.455
(0.498)
|
0.432
(0.495)
|
0.773
(0.419)
|
0.752
(0.432)
|
0.867
(0.340)
|
0.880
(0.325)
|
0.915
(0.279)
|
0.921
(0.270)
|
|
Ho-H-Sc
|
0.067
(0.250)
|
0.107
(0.309)
|
0.036
(0.185)
|
0.075
(0.263)
|
0.112
(0.316)
|
0.201
(0.401)
|
0.039
(0.193)
|
0.083
(0.276)
|
0.018
(0.131)
|
0.012
(0.111)
|
0.012
(0.108)
|
0.017
(0.130)
|
|
Ho-H-Oh
|
0.234
(0.423)
|
0.205
(0.403)
|
0.155
(0.362)
|
0.139
(0.346)
|
0.354
(0.478)
|
0.307
(0.461)
|
0.168
(0.374)
|
0.151
(0.358)
|
0.104
(0.305)
|
0.102
(0.303)
|
0.059
(0.235)
|
0.054
(0.225)
|
|
Sc-H-Sc
|
0.010
(0.098)
|
0.004
(0.066)
|
0.002
(0.043)
|
0.002
(0.049)
|
0.012
(0.110)
|
0.009
(0.092)
|
0.002
(0.042)
|
0.003
(0.051)
|
0.007
(0.084)
|
0.000
(0.019)
|
0.002
(0.048)
|
0.001
(0.032)
|
|
Oh-H-Oh
|
0.036
(0.185)
|
0.027
(0.163)
|
0.017
(0.131)
|
0.011
(0.104)
|
0.064
(0.245)
|
0.050
(0.219)
|
0.018
(0.133)
|
0.011
(0.106)
|
0.005
(0.068)
|
0.005
(0.068)
|
0.012
(0.109)
|
0.007
(0.085)
|
|
Sc-H-Oh
|
0.001
(0.035)
|
0.001
(0.024)
|
0.000
(0.019)
|
0.000
(0.016)
|
0.002
(0.048)
|
0.001
(0.035)
|
0.000
(0.020)
|
0.000
(0.016)
|
0.000
(0.000)
|
0.000
(0.000)
|
0.000
(0.009)
|
0.000
(0.019)
|
|
hrg_log
|
9.098
(0.692)
|
9.152
(0.605)
|
8.169
(0.519)
|
8.284
(0.464)
|
9.321
(0.574)
|
9.332
(0.505)
|
8.181
(0.517)
|
8.292
(0.468)
|
8.857
(0.726)
|
8.973
(0.642)
|
8.081
(0.527)
|
8.231
(0.431)
|
|
LOS
|
6.379
(8.761)
|
5.456
(7.648)
|
5.451
(6.838)
|
5.015
(6.256)
|
8.571
(10.51)
|
7.168
(9.406)
|
5.272
(6.420)
|
4.812
(5.751)
|
4.011
(5.429)
|
3.748
(4.768)
|
6.786
(9.279)
|
6.476
(8.970)
|
|
LOS_M
|
0.342
(0,474)
|
0.331
(0.471)
|
0.349
(0.477)
|
0.352
(0.478)
|
0.407
(0,491)
|
0.392
(0.488)
|
0.354
(0.478)
|
0.355
(0.479)
|
0.272
(0,445)
|
0.271
(0.444)
|
0.318
(0.466)
|
0.333
(0.471)
|
|
Percap_GP
|
0.084
(0.016)
|
0.086
(0.016)
|
0.084
(0.017)
|
0.086
(0.016)
|
0.084
(0.016)
|
0.086
(0.016)
|
0.084
(0.016)
|
0.086
0.016)
|
0.084
(0.016)
|
0.086
(0.016)
|
0.085
(0.018)
|
0.087
(0.017)
|
|
GP_open
|
41.08
(23.07)
|
39.18
(22.64)
|
40.93
(23.09)
|
38.70
(22.20)
|
40.89
(23.06)
|
39.08
(22.70)
|
40.80
(22.96)
|
38.55
(22.06)
|
41.28
(23.08)
|
39.29
(22.59)
|
41.88
(24.01)
|
39.75
(23.17)
|
|
Phys_Inst
|
0.396
(0.159)
|
0.469
(0.186)
|
0.394
(0.158)
|
0.467
(0.180)
|
0.396
(0.159)
|
0.467
(0.186)
|
0.394
(0.157)
|
0.466
(0.178)
|
0.397
(0.159)
|
0.471
(0.186)
|
0.389
(0.161)
|
0.469
(0.189)
|
|
Inst_resi80
|
18.45
(4.343)
|
18.67
(4.385)
|
18.45
(4.311)
|
18.70
(4.393)
|
18.54
(4.347)
|
18.73
(4.380)
|
18.47
(4.280)
|
18.71
(4.373)
|
18.35
(4.335)
|
18.61
(4.390)
|
18.34
(4.533)
|
18.59
(4.533)
|
|
Inst_80
|
13.99
(3.299)
|
13.93
(3.385)
|
14.03
(3.340)
|
13.97
(3.366)
|
14.09
(3.322)
|
14.03
(3.416)
|
14.04
(3.328)
|
13.99
(3.366)
|
13.87
(3.270)
|
13.84
(3.350)
|
13.92
(3.432)
|
13.79
(3.362)
|
|
Liv_alone
|
38.90
(9.043)
|
38.41
(8.809)
|
39.22
(9.219)
|
38.56
(8.876)
|
39.05
(9.115)
|
38.60
(8.831)
|
39.24
(9.211)
|
38.58
(8.863)
|
38.73
(8.962)
|
38.21
(8.783)
|
39.11
(9.279)
|
38.42
(8.968)
|
|
Table 3: Descriptive statistics on patient distributions pre- and post-reform period by alternative pathways
Variable
|
Ho-H-Ho
(N=411,621)
|
Ho-H-Sc
(N=34,170)
|
Ho-H-Oh
(N = 89,421)
|
Pre-reform
(N=206,33)
|
Post-reform
(N=205,288)
|
Pre-reform
(N=11,567)
|
Post-reform
(N=22,603)
|
Pre-reform
(N=46,964)
|
Post-reform
(N=42,457)
|
Mean
(Std. Dev)
|
Mean
(Std. Dev)
|
Mean
(Std. Dev)
|
Mean
(Std. Dev)
|
Mean
(Std. Dev)
|
Mean
(Std. Dev)
|
surv_30
|
0.985
(0.123)
|
0.984
(0.127)
|
0.895
(0.306)
|
0.898
(0.301)
|
0.804
(0.397)
|
0.815
(0.389)
|
surv_90
|
0.954
(0.209)
|
0.959
(0.199)
|
0.776
(0.417)
|
0.794
(0.404)
|
0.738
(0.440)
|
0.765
(0.424)
|
multi
|
0.365
(0.488)
|
0.340
(0.473)
|
0.519
(0.500)
|
0.518
(0.500)
|
0.528
(0.499)
|
0.494
(0.500)
|
age44
|
0.198
(0.399)
|
0.200
(0.400)
|
0.011
(0.103)
|
0.006
(0.074)
|
0.042
(0.201)
|
0.052
(0.222)
|
age66
|
0.299
(0.458)
|
0.298
(0.457)
|
0.085
(0.278)
|
0.070
(0.255)
|
0.235
(0.424)
|
0.254
(0.435)
|
age79
|
0.266
(0.442)
|
0.280
(0.449)
|
0.217
(0.412)
|
0.226
(0.418)
|
0.267
(0.442)
|
0.287
(0.453)
|
age80
|
0.237
(0.426)
|
0.222
(0.416)
|
0.687
(0.464)
|
0.699
(0.459)
|
0.456
(0.498)
|
0.406
(0.491)
|
male
|
0.530
(0.499)
|
0.533
(0.499)
|
0.393
(0.489)
|
0.390
(0.488)
|
0.517
(0.500)
|
0.534
(0.499)
|
edu1
|
0.358
(0.479)
|
0.342
(0.474)
|
0.499
(0.500)
|
0.464
(0.499)
|
0.418
(0.493)
|
0.402
(0.490)
|
edu2
|
0.392
(0.488)
|
0.399
(0.490)
|
0.387
(0.487)
|
0.420
(0.494)
|
0.429
(0.495)
|
0.432
(0.495)
|
edu3
|
0.250
(0.433)
|
0.259
(0.438)
|
0.114
(0.318)
|
0.116
(0.321)
|
0.152
(0.359)
|
0.166
(0.372)
|
hrg_log
|
8.269
(0.632)
|
8.389
(0.577)
|
8.796
(0.633)
|
8.778
(0.559)
|
8.697
(0.737)
|
8.756
(0.698)
|
LOS
|
4.856
(6.277)
|
4.538
(5.969)
|
9.295
(9.676)
|
7.509
(7.713)
|
8.106
(9.349)
|
6.550
(7.907)
|
LOS_M
|
0.323
(0.468)
|
0.328
(0.469)
|
0.471
(0.499)
|
0.456
(0.498)
|
0.428
(0.495)
|
0.387
(0.487)
|
Percap_GP
|
0.084
(0.016)
|
0.086
(0.016)
|
0.084
(0.017)
|
0.084
(0.016)
|
0.084
(0.016)
|
0.086
(0.015)
|
GP_open
|
40.66
(23.01)
|
38.63
(22.38)
|
44.03
(23.27)
|
39.70
(20.98)
|
41.97
(23.07)
|
39.14
(22.66)
|
Phys_Inst
|
0.396
(0.160)
|
0.468
(0.184)
|
0.409
(0.162)
|
0.485
(0.181)
|
0.388
(0.148)
|
0.457
(0.172)
|
Inst_resi80
|
18.45
(4.312)
|
18.70
(4.389)
|
18.42
(4.459)
|
18.92
(4.274)
|
18.50
(4.252)
|
18.56
(4.428)
|
Inst_80
|
14.00
(3.322)
|
13.96
(3.373)
|
13.81
(3.297)
|
13.96
(3.183)
|
14.13
(3.325)
|
13.96
(3.427)
|
Liv_alone
|
39.08
(9.106)
|
38.50
(8.816)
|
38.09
(9.137)
|
37.80
(8.496)
|
39.61
(9.388)
|
38.88
(9.145)
|
Table 4: Correlation coefficient with survival probabilities including patient and municipal-level characteristics
Variable
|
All
|
Emergency admission
|
Planned admission
|
surv_30
|
surv_90
|
surv_30
|
surv_90
|
surv_30
|
surv_90
|
Post_reform
|
0.005
|
0.013
|
0.004
|
0.012
|
0.003
|
0.013
|
Medical_DRG
|
-0.052
|
-0.071
|
-0.010
|
-0.015
|
-0.089
|
-0.143
|
multi
|
-0.131
|
-0.175
|
-0.128
|
-0.169
|
-0.111
|
-0.171
|
age44
|
0.093
|
0.126
|
0.102
|
0.136
|
0.046
|
0.073
|
age66
|
0.069
|
0.087
|
0.068
|
0.085
|
0.023
|
0.038
|
age79
|
0.011
|
0.001
|
0.011
|
0.001
|
-0.017
|
-0.033
|
age80
|
-0.153
|
-0.187
|
-0.150
|
-0.184
|
-0.058
|
-0.087
|
male
|
0.003
|
0.001
|
-0.002
|
-0.004
|
-0.007
|
-0.014
|
edu1
|
-0.045
|
-0.059
|
-0.041
|
-0.055
|
-0.022
|
-0.036
|
edu2
|
-0.005
|
-0.007
|
-0.007
|
-0.009
|
-0.005
|
-0.009
|
edu3
|
0.057
|
0.075
|
0.057
|
0.075
|
0.027
|
0.046
|
Ho-H-Ho
|
0.285
|
0.287
|
0.283
|
0.284
|
0.206
|
0.193
|
Ho-H-Sc
|
-0.059
|
-0.109
|
-0.050
|
-0.102
|
-0.061
|
-0.083
|
Ho-H-Oh
|
-0.276
|
-0.243
|
-0.279
|
-0.245
|
-0.171
|
-0.145
|
Sc-H-Sc
|
-0.005
|
-0.012
|
-0.004
|
-0.011
|
-0.011
|
-0.017
|
Oh-H-Oh
|
-0.046
|
-0.049
|
-0.039
|
-0.039
|
-0.104
|
-0.103
|
Sc-H-Oh
|
-0.018
|
-0.014
|
-0.017
|
-0.013
|
-0.029
|
-0.027
|
hrg_log
|
-0.111
|
-0.140
|
-0.137
|
-0.172
|
-0.051
|
-0.061
|
LOS
|
-0.043
|
-0.103
|
-0.043
|
-0.109
|
-0.041
|
-0.074
|
LOS_M
|
-0.012
|
-0.044
|
-0.004
|
-0.038
|
-0.031
|
-0.046
|
Percap_GP
|
-0.002
|
-0.001
|
-0.004
|
-0.004
|
0.007
|
0.005
|
GP_open
|
-0.006
|
-0.008
|
-0.008
|
-0.010
|
-0.002
|
-0.003
|
Phys_Inst
|
0.004
|
0.008
|
0.003
|
0.007
|
0.007
|
0.011
|
Inst_resi80
|
0.007
|
0.010
|
0.010
|
0.013
|
0.000
|
0.001
|
Inst_80
|
0.006
|
0.006
|
0.009
|
0.009
|
0.001
|
0.001
|
Liv_alone
|
-0.001
|
-0.002
|
0.000
|
-0.001
|
0.002
|
0.004
|
Table 5: Main DiD results for all patients with chronic conditions and for alternative in-patient admissions
Variable
|
All admissions
|
Emergency admissions
|
Planned/elective admissions
|
30-day
survival
|
90-day survival
|
30-day
survival
|
90-day survival
|
30-day
survival
|
90-day survival
|
reform
|
0.0058**
(0.0023)
|
0.0205***
(0.0020)
|
0.0048
(0.0039)
|
0.0249***
(0.0036)
|
0.0027**
(0.0011)
|
0.0087**
(0.0023)
|
treat
|
–0.0765***
(0.0017)
|
–0.1302***
(0.0028)
|
–0.1116***
(0.0037)
|
–0.1698***
(0.0046)
|
–0.0323***
(0.0017)
|
–0.0860***
(0.0034)
|
reform*treat
|
0.0036**
(0.0016)
|
0.0058***
(0.0017)
|
0.0068**
(0.0028)
|
0.0050*
(0.0030)
|
0.0003
(0.0014)
|
0.0062***
(0.0023)
|
multi
|
–0.0231***
(0.0011)
|
–0.0440***
(0.0014)
|
–0.0212***
(0.0012)
|
–0.0404***
(0.0015)
|
–0.0175***
(0.0012)
|
–0.0422***
(0.0018)
|
age66
|
–0.0039***
(0.0008)
|
–0.0163***
(0.0011)
|
0.0009
(0.0010)
|
–0.0099***
(0.0012)
|
–0.0101***
(0.0009)
|
–0.0280***
(0.0016)
|
age79
|
–0.0120***
(0.0008)
|
–0.0343***
(0.0013)
|
–0.0098***
(0.0010)
|
–0.0318***
(0.0016)
|
–0.0120***
(0.0010)
|
–0.0366***
(0.0020)
|
age80
|
–0.0480***
(0.0019)
|
–0.0867***
(0.0023)
|
–0.0482***
(0.0021)
|
–0.0870***
(0.0026)
|
–0.0224***
(0.0016)
|
–0.0611***
(0.0027)
|
male
|
–0.0061***
(0.0007)
|
–0.0125***
(0.0008)
|
–0.0077***
(0.0008)
|
–0.0149***
(0.0010)
|
–0.0025***
(0.0007)
|
–0.0067***
(0.0012)
|
edu1
|
–0.0008
(0.0007)
|
–0.0039***
(0.0010)
|
–0.0017*
(0.0009)
|
–0.0051***
(0.0013)
|
0.0004
(0.0010)
|
–0.0030*
(0.0016)
|
edu2
|
0.0015**
(0.0007)
|
0.0011
(0.0010)
|
0.0014*
(0.0007)
|
0.0012
(0.0012)
|
0.0005
(0.0011)
|
–0.0014
(0.0015)
|
Ho-H-Sc
|
–0.0560***
(0.0036)
|
–0.1122***
(0.0046)
|
–0.0596***
(0.0042)
|
–0.1175***
(0.0053)
|
–0.0556***
(0.0069)
|
–0.1012***
(0.0090)
|
Ho-H-Oh
|
–0.1583***
(0.0035)
|
–0.1689***
(0.0039)
|
–0.1732***
(0.0041)
|
–0.1851***
(0.0039)
|
–0.0710***
(0.0039)
|
–0.0813***
(0.0048)
|
Sc-H-Sc
|
–0.0489***
(0.0079)
|
–0.0930***
(0.0099)
|
–0.0579***
(0.0096)
|
–0.1042***
(0.0107)
|
–0.0319***
(0.0096)
|
–0.0659***
(0.0207)
|
Oh-H-Oh
|
–0.1062***
(0.0064)
|
–0.1297***
(0.0080)
|
–0.1120***
(0.0072)
|
–0.1340***
(0.0085)
|
–0.1404***
0.(0163)
|
–0.1947***
(0.0225)
|
Sc-H-Oh
|
–0.2157***
(0.0284)
|
–0.2211***
(0.0326)
|
–0.2209***
(0.0264)
|
–0.2232***
(0.0317)
|
–0.3285**
(0.1262)
|
–0.4418***
(0.1197)
|
hrg_log
|
–0.0366***
(0.0009)
|
–0.0691***
(0.0017)
|
–0.0526***
(0.0015)
|
–0.0900***
(0.0024)
|
–0.0090***
(0.0007)
|
–0.0293***
(0.0015)
|
LOS_M
|
0.0091***
(0.0009)
|
–0.0048***
(0.0010)
|
0.0124***
(0.0010)
|
–0.0029***
(0.0011)
|
–0.0039***
(0.0008)
|
–0.0111***
(0.0015)
|
Percap_GP
|
–0.0786
(0.0715)
|
–0.1055
(0.0848)
|
–0.0912
(0.0906)
|
–0.1370
(0.1018)
|
0.0269
(0.0882)
|
0.0921
(0.1269)
|
GP_open
|
–0.0000
(0.0000)
|
–0.0000
(0.0000)
|
0.0000
(0.0000)
|
0.0000
(0.0000)
|
0.0000
(0.0000)
|
0.0001
(0.0001)
|
Phys_Inst
|
–0.0006
(0.0042)
|
–0.0005
(0.0047)
|
–0.0002
(0.0053)
|
–0.0021
(0.0056)
|
–0.0012
(0.0037)
|
0.0017
(0.0065)
|
Inst_resi80
|
–0.0001
(0.0004)
|
0.0004
(0.0005)
|
–0.0003
(0.0005)
|
0.0003
(0.0006)
|
0.0006*
(0.0003)
|
–0.0009*
(0.0005)
|
Inst_80
|
0.0004
(0.0004)
|
–0.0001
(0.0005)
|
0.0005
(0.0005)
|
–0.0001
(0.0006)
|
–0.0001
(0.0004)
|
0.0004*
(0.0006)
|
Liv_alone
|
0.0002
(0.0001)
|
0.0001
(0.0002)
|
0.0002
(0.0002)
|
0.0000
(0.0002)
|
0.0004**
(0.0002)
|
0.0005**
(0.0002
|
Year fixed effects
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Municipality fixed effects
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Cluster standard errors at municipality level are in parentheses.
‘*’, ‘**’ and ‘***’ represent significance at the 10%, 5% and 1% levels, respectively.
Table 6: Results by alternative pathways and by admission type (DiD estimates)
Pathway
|
All admissions
|
Emergency
|
Planned
|
30-day
survival
|
90-day survival
|
30-day
survival
|
90-day survival
|
30-day
survival
|
90-day survival
|
Pathway: Ho-H-Ho
|
–0.0007
(0.0009)
|
0.0020
(0.0013)
|
0.0015
(0.0017)
|
0.0032
(0.0027)
|
–0.0007
(0.0010)
|
0.0031
(0.0019)
|
[N = 411,621]
|
[N = 311,838]
|
[N = 99,783]
|
Pathway: Ho-H-Sc
|
0.0153**
(0.0071)
|
0.0204**
(0.0089)
|
0.0150**
(0.0072)
|
0.0173*
(0.0090)
|
–0.0748***
(0.0249)
|
–0.1362***
(0.0411)
|
[N = 34,170]
|
[N = 32,525]
|
[N = 1,645]
|
Pathway: Ho-H-Oh
|
0.0141**
(0.0067)
|
0.0238***
(0.0068)
|
0.0176***
(0.0066)
|
0.0256***
(0.0067)
|
0. 0093
(0.0148)
|
0.0491***
(0.0165)
|
[N = 89,421]
|
[N = 80,300]
|
[N = 9,121]
|
All models control for the covariates included in Table 4 combined with year and municipality fixed effects.
Cluster standard errors at municipality level are in parentheses. The numbers of observations are in brackets.
‘*’, ‘**’ and ‘***’ represent significance at the 10%, 5% and 1% levels, respectively.
Table 7: Results for multimorbidity patients: alternative pathways and by emergency and planned admissions (DiDiD estimates)
|
All admissions
|
Emergency
|
Planned
|
30-day
survival
|
90-day survival
|
30-day
survival
|
90-day survival
|
30-day
survival
|
90-day survival
|
All chronic patients
|
–0.0024
(0.0021)
|
–0.0044
(0.0031)
|
–0.0024
(0.0027)
|
0.0050
(0.0039)
|
–0.0058
(0.0037)
|
0.0051
(0.0057)
|
[N = 547,101]
|
[N = 99,783]
|
[N = 111,636]
|
Pathway: Ho-H-Ho
|
–0.0034*
(0.0019)
|
0.0048
(0.0029)
|
–0.0012
(0.0023)
|
0.0087**
(0.0041)
|
–0.0058**
(0.0028)
|
0.0030
(0.0052)
|
[N = 411,621]
|
[N = 311,838]
|
[N = 99,783]
|
Pathway: Ho-H-Sc
|
0.0201
(0.0137)
|
0.0286*
(0.0152)
|
0.0231
(0.0142)
|
0.0357**
(0.0157)
|
–0.0352
(0.0593)
|
–0.0996
(0.0901)
|
[N = 34,170]
|
[N = 32,525]
|
[N = 1,645]
|
Pathway: Ho-H-Oh
|
–0.0121
(0.0093)
|
–0.0152*
(0.0087)
|
–0.0095
(0.0107)
|
–0.0137
(0.0095)
|
–0.0292
(0.0264)
|
0.0059
(0.0287)
|
[N = 89,421]
|
[N = 80,300]
|
[N = 9,121]
|
All models control for the covariates included in Table 4 combined with year and municipality fixed effects.
Cluster standard errors at municipality level are in parentheses. The numbers of observations are in brackets.
‘*’, ‘**’ and ‘***’ represent significance at the 10%, 5% and 1% levels, respectively.
Table 8: Placebo reform results for chronic and multimorbidity patients: Difference-in-differences (DiD) and Difference-in-differences-in-differences (DiDiD) estimates
|
All admissions
|
Emergency
|
Planned
|
30-day
survival
|
90-day
survival
|
30-day
survival
|
90-day
survival
|
30-day
survival
|
90-day
survival
|
DiD estimates
|
All chronic patients
|
–0.0055***
(0.0017)
|
–0.0112***
(0.0024)
|
–0.0085***
(0.0031)
|
–0.0169***
(0.0036)
|
–0.0030
(0.0018)
|
–0.0073**
(0.0035)
|
[N = 271,816]
|
[N = 217,687]
|
[N = 54,129]
|
Pathway: Ho-H-Ho
|
–0.0026***
(0.0009)
|
–0.0091***
(0.0020)
|
–0.0069***
(0.0019)
|
–0.0173***
(0.0039)
|
–0.0005
(0.0013)
|
–0.0034
(0.0032)
|
[N = 206,333]
|
[N =158,208]
|
[N = 48,125]
|
Pathway: Ho-H-Sc
|
0.0003
(0.0095)
|
0.0129
(0.0154)
|
–0.0028
(0.0098)
|
0.0067
(0.0155)
|
–0.1079**
(0.0427)
|
–0.2099***
(0.0605)
|
[N = 11,567]
|
[N = 10,759]
|
[N = 808]
|
Pathway: Ho-H-Oh
|
–0.0295***
(0.0065)
|
–0.0336***
(0.0073)
|
–0.0287***
(0.0078)
|
–0.0327***
(0.0079)
|
–0.0205
(0.0192)
|
–0.0106
(0.0195)
|
[N = 46,964]
|
[N = 42,472]
|
[N = 4,492]
|
DiDiD estimates
|
All chronic patients
|
–0.0104***
(0.0037)
|
–0.0238***
(0.0047)
|
–0.0064
(0.0056)
|
–0.0211***
(0.0067)
|
–0.0132***
(0.0038)
|
–0.0302***
(0.0082)
|
[N = 271,816]
|
[N = 217,687]
|
[N = 54,129]
|
Pathway: Ho-H-Ho
|
–0.0052**
(0.0021)
|
–0.0148***
(0.0041)
|
–0.0060
(0.0035)
|
–0.0150**
(0.0062)
|
–0.0041
(0.0033)
|
–0.0216***
(0.0076)
|
[N = 206,333]
|
[N =158,208]
|
[N = 48,125]
|
Pathway: Ho-H-Sc
|
0.0181
(0.0205)
|
–0.0178
(0.0273)
|
0.0338
(0.0215)
|
–0.0031
(0.0284)
|
–0.1347*
(0.0733)
|
–0.0608
(0.1096)
|
[N = 11,567]
|
[N = 10,759]
|
[N = 808]
|
Pathway: Ho-H-Oh
|
–0.0181
(0.0123)
|
–0.0366***
(0.0127)
|
–0.0220
(0.0133)
|
–0.0455***
(0.0142)
|
–0.0523
(0.0420)
|
–0.0382
(0.0488)
|
[N = 46,964]
|
[N = 42,472]
|
[N = 4,492]
|
All models control for the covariates included in Table 4 combined with year and municipality fixed effects.
Cluster standard errors at municipality level are in parentheses. The numbers of observations are in brackets.
‘*’, ‘**’ and ‘***’ represent significance at the 10%, 5% and 1% levels, respectively.
Table 9: Robustness checks after excluding small municipalities for chronic patients: DiD and DiDiD estimates
|
All admissions
|
Emergency
|
Planned
|
30-day
survival
|
90-day
survival
|
30-day
survival
|
90-day
survival
|
30-day
survival
|
90-day
survival
|
DiD estimates
|
All chronic patients
|
0.0050***
(0.0018)
|
0.0068***
(0.0019)
|
0.0089**
(0.0034)
|
0.0063*
(0.0036)
|
0.0000
(0.0016)
|
0.0054**
(0.0027)
|
[N = 423,539]
|
[N = 338,553]
|
[N = 84,986]
|
Pathway: Ho-H-Ho
|
–0.0003
(0.0010)
|
0.0020
(0.0015)
|
0.0014
(0.0018)
|
0.0020
(0.0031)
|
–0.0011
(0.0011)
|
0.0023
(0.0022)
|
[N = 319,218]
|
[N = 243,212]
|
[N = 76,006]
|
Pathway: Ho-H-Sc
|
0.0146*
(0.0079)
|
0.0181*
(0.0094)
|
0.0122
(0.0081)
|
0.0136
(0.0093)
|
–0.0624**
(0.0270)
|
–0.1448***
(0.0459)
|
[N = 27,320]
|
[N = 26,070]
|
[N = 1,250]
|
Pathway: Ho-H-Oh
|
0.0159*
(0.0083)
|
0.0253***
(0.0084)
|
0.0217***
(0.0080)
|
0.0293***
(0.0083)
|
0.0022
(0.0167)
|
0.0405**
(0.0188)
|
[N = 68,198]
|
[N = 61,297]
|
[N = 6,901]
|
DiDiD estimates
|
All chronic patients
|
–0.0023
(0.0023)
|
0.0047
(0.0036)
|
–0.0028
(0.0030)
|
0.0042
(0.0043)
|
–0.0066
(0.0042)
|
0.0054
(0.0065)
|
[N = 423,539]
|
[N = 338,553]
|
[N = 84,986]
|
Pathway: Ho-H-Ho
|
–0.0018
(0.0021)
|
0.0054
(0.0033)
|
0.0003
(0.0028)
|
0.0083*
(0.0047)
|
–0.0060*
(0.0032)
|
0.0044
(0.0060)
|
[N = 319,218]
|
[N = 243,212]
|
[N = 76,006]
|
Pathway: Ho-H-Sc
|
0.0168
(0.0155)
|
0.0224
(0.0168)
|
0.0218
(0.0158)
|
0.0307*
(0.0173)
|
–0.0340
(0.0666)
|
–0.1018
(0.1025)
|
[N = 27,320]
|
[N = 26,070]
|
[N = 1,250]
|
Pathway: Ho-H-Oh
|
–0.0168
(0.0106)
|
–0.0128
(0.0100)
|
–0.0153
(0.0121)
|
–0.0127
(0.0109)
|
–0.0353
(0.0291)
|
–0.0037
(0.0325)
|
[N = 68,198]
|
[N = 61,297]
|
[N = 6,901]
|
All models control for the covariates included in Table 4 combined with year and municipality fixed effects.
Cluster standard errors at municipality level are in parentheses. The numbers of observations are in brackets.
‘**’ and ‘***’ represent significance at the 5% and 1% levels, respectively.