Study setting {9}
The study will be conducted at the department of prosthodontics crown and bridge Sharad pawar dental college and hospital DMIMSU Sawangi Meghe Wardha
Eligibility criteria {10}
Extra oral defects
Who will take informed consent? {26a}
Informed consent or assent from potential trial participants or authorised surrogates will be taken by the primary investigator
Additional consent provisions for collection and use of participant data and biological specimens {26b}
Additional consent provisions for collection and use of participant data and biological specimens in ancillary studies will be taken by the primary investigator .
Interventions
Explanation for the choice of comparators {6b}
Photogrammetry will be evaluated with 3D scanning and conventional impression method for craniomaxillofacial defects using a software analysis
Intervention description {11a}
MAIN MANUSCRIPT
INTRODUCTION
Facial mutilation and deformities can be caused by cancer, tumors, injuries, infections, inherited or acquired deformities, and has the potential to degrade one's quality of life by interfering with fundamental tasks like communication, breathing, feeding, and aesthetics.
Depending on the type of defect, producing maxillofacial prostheses for the rehabilitation of patients with various defects can be challenging and complex. The prosthesis are used to replace missing or damaged parts of the cranium and face, like the nose, auricle, orbit, and surrounding tissues, as well as missing areas of soft and hard tissue, with the primary goal of increasing the patient's quality of life by rehabilitating oral functions such as speech, swallowing, and mastication [1].
Traditional maxillofacial prosthesis impression and fabrication processes include a number of complicated steps that are costly, time-consuming, and uncomfortable for the patient. These rely on the knowledge of the maxillofacial team, dental clinicians, and maxillofacial technician.[2].
The foundation of the impression, which is the keystone for creating a prosthesis. However, this is the most time-consuming and difficult chair-side operation in maxillofacial prosthesis manufacturing since it requires prolonged interaction with the patient. The field of prosthesis fabrication is being transformed by the digital revolution. Digital technology allows for more accurate impression data to be gathered in less time (three to five minutes) than traditional methods, lowering patient anxiety. Digital impressions eliminate the need for messy impression materials and provide patients with a more pleasant experience [2]. This method by pass the procedure of traditional gypsum model fabrication. This eliminates the disparity caused by dimensional distortion of the impression material and gypsum setting expansion. Traditional dental impression processes leave enough room for errors, such as voids or flaws, air bubbles, or deformities. While current technology for prothesis planning has emerged as an alternative means to improve patient acceptability and pleasure, not only because the end result is a precisely-fitted restoration, but also because the chair-side adjustments required is reduced [3].
The most frequent approaches for creating 3D virtual models are the following. To begin, 3D scanning is employed, in which the subjects are scanned in three dimensions and the point cloud data is used to create a virtual digital model.
Photogrammetry is the second method, which uses finite pictures taken from various perspectives to create 3D digital models. When compared to traditional data collection methods, the two methods are non-contact and save time. Though 3D scanning is a quick and accurate process, it has drawbacks such as a high set-up cost and the need for expert labor. Because of these drawbacks, this technology is only used in prosthetic design on a very limited basis. With a little compromise in 3D modelling accuracy, the photogrammetry method can overcome the drawbacks of 3D scanning. It primarily offers advantages such as the usage of freeware for model creation, the ability to handle the method with semi-skilled people, and the ability to produce good results even with a phone camera using standard operating procedures [4].
The initial step in the photogrammetry approach is to collect photos from all angles; after that, post-processing can be done by a professional using photogrammetry software and CAD/CAM tools. The photogrammetrically formed 3D model can then be used to create a mould, which can be compared against molds fabricated via 3D scanning and traditional methods [5].
Because the prosthodontist may review the digitally scanned impression at the chairside just by magnifying it, any problems can be corrected before the data is sent to the dental laboratory [6]. However, the complete manufacture of the prosthesis using rapid prototyping is expensive, and the final prosthesis creation is fully dependent on the donor anatomy [7].
When compared to a manually modelled prosthesis, a 3D produced prosthesis made from the mirror image of the undamaged portion or from the donor does not provide improved aesthetics. The art of sculpturing and adding uniqueness into the prosthesis can be added using the traditional wax up procedure [8]. Other laboratory procedures can be done using the traditional way to keep costs down and make the prosthesis more appealing.
The purpose of this research is to assess and compare conventional impression techniques, photogrammetry, and 3D scanning methods of impression making and casting by rapid prototyping for the manufacturing of maxillofacial prostheses with better precision and fit while reducing chair side time and minimizing patient contact while keeping costs low.
Criteria for discontinuing or modifying allocated interventions {11b}
Participant request
Strategies to improve adherence to interventions {11c}
NA as there are no follow ups involved in the study. The outcomes will be checked on the day of prosthesis insertion therefore adherence to intervention will not be an issue because the patients will be evaluated for primary and secondary outcomes on the day of prosthesis insertion because cranioplasty is elective surgical procedure carried out for the purpose of improving aesthetics and in some cases function. We are using PMMA flaps for cranioplasty procedures which have a complication rate of 9.2% - 23% ( most commonly infection)according to a study by Enrique-caro-osiro et al. Further studies have shown a slight decrease in infection rate when performed within 3 months of craniectomy.
Relevant concomitant care permitted or prohibited during the trial {11d}
NA because there is no concomitant care permitted or prohibited during the trial because cranioplasty is elective surgical procedure carried out for the purpose of improving aesthetics and in some cases function. We are using PMMA flaps for cranioplasty procedures which have a complication rate of 9.2% - 23% ( most commonly infection)according to a study by Enrique-caro-osiro et al. Further studies have shown a slight decrease in infection rate when performed within 3 months of craniectomy.
Provisions for post-trial care {30}
NA. As there is no Follow up involved in the study as cranioplasty is elective surgical procedure carried out for the purpose of improving aesthetics and in some cases function. We are using PMMA flaps for cranioplasty procedures which have a complication rate of 9.2% - 23% ( most commonly infection)according to a study by Enrique-caro-osiro et al. Further studies have shown a slight decrease in infection rate when performed within 3 months of craniectomy.
Outcomes {12}
The study would help in predicting the best method for craniomaxillofacial impression procedures.
The final prosthesis will can be evaluated for precision, fit, accuracy, functional affectivity, time involved in comparison with conventional, photogrammetry and 3D scanning technology. The low-cost setup of photogrammetric method gives advantage of minimum chair side time and less patient exposure which is very much advantageous in COVID era.
Participant timeline {13}
25/10/2022 to 25/08/2023
Sample size {14}
15
Recruitment {15}
Patients in the OPD of Prosthodontic and crown and bridge department of Sharad Pawar dental college and hospital DMIMSU sawangi meghe wardha
Assignment of interventions: allocation
Sequence generation {16a}
Computer-generated random numbers.
Concealment mechanism {16b}
On-site computer system
Implementation {16c}
The co-investigator of the department will generate the allocation sequence, enroll participants, and will assign participants to interventions.
Assignment of interventions: Blinding
Who will be blinded {17a}
Trial participants, outcome assessors, data analysts.
Procedure for unblinding if needed {17b}
NA Because unblinding will not be carried out.
Data collection and management
Plans for assessment and collection of outcomes {18a}
Software analysis of all the prosthesis fabricated by all the three ways.
Plans to promote participant retention and complete follow-up {18b}
NA. as there are no follow ups involved in the study. The outcomes will be checked on the day of prosthesis insertion therefore adherence to intervention will not be an issue because the patients will be evaluated for primary and secondary outcomes on the day of prosthesis insertion because cranioplasty is elective surgical procedure carried out for the purpose of improving aesthetics and in some cases function. We are using PMMA flaps for cranioplasty procedures which have a complication rate of 9.2% - 23% ( most commonly infection)according to a study by Enrique-caro-osiro et al. Further studies have shown a slight decrease in infection rate when performed within 3 months of craniectomy.
Data management {19}
Double data entry.
Confidentiality {27}
Personal information about potential and enrolled participants will be collected and maintained in order to protect confidentiality before, during, and after the trial.
Plans for collection, laboratory evaluation and storage of biological specimens for genetic or molecular analysis in this trial/future use {33}
NA as there is no collection, laboratory evaluation and storage of biological specimens for genetic or molecular analysis in this trial because the procedure of the trial is explained as follows
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The impression of the defect will be recorded by Conventional manual method, photogrammetry method, and 3D scanning.
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The defect will be modelled in three ways first as per the manual dimension taken on patient, second organisation of photographic image taken with lab standard and third is plotting of point cloud data to generate the virtual 3D model.
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For Photogrammetric prosthesis design: Finite photo/images will be taken at multiple angles to model the 3D virtual design. With the use of minimum photographs, the 3D modelling can be performed by using freeware and a mould is obtained.
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The CAD software were used to design the prothesis and the final negative mould can be printed using the additive manufacturing.
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The mold fabricated by all the three methods will be analysed by a software using reverse engineering technology
Clearly biological specimens will not be collected so this field is not applicable
Statistical methods
Statistical methods for primary and secondary outcomes {20a}
Analytical tests like Chi square test and student’s t-test will be performed. All the statistical analysis will be performed; p<0.05 will be considered as the level of significance
Interim analyses {21b}
NA we are inserting the prosthesis on the day of surgery so interim analysis is not required the outcomes will be checked on the day of prosthesis insertion therefore adherence to intervention will not be an issue because the patients will be evaluated for primary and secondary outcomes on the day of prosthesis insertion because cranioplasty is elective surgical procedure carried out for the purpose of improving aesthetics and in some cases function
Methods for additional analyses (e.g. subgroup analyses) {20b}
SPIRIT guidance: Methods for any additional analyses (eg, subgroup and adjusted analyses).
As there are no subgroups in the study the subgroup analysis will not be carried out. The population will be studied under three groups conventional impression, 3D scanning and photogrammetry so there is no role of subgroups
Methods in analysis to handle protocol non-adherence and any statistical methods to handle missing data {20c}
NA).
As noted above in additional analysis, a secondary, per-protocol analysis will examine outcomes by whether or not the participant was engaged in Shared Decision-Making, as reported by clinicians and judged by study staff, regardless of whether the decision aid was used.
Missing data will be described and, if extensive, limitations will be identified in our discussion. We will compute standardized effect sizes to help determine the degree of imbalance on baseline characteristics and subsequently inform multivariable model development.
Plans to give access to the full protocol, participant level-data and statistical code {31c}
NA. Access to the full protocol, participant level-data and statistical code will be available on request only
Oversight and monitoring
Composition of the coordinating centre and trial steering committee {5d}
NA
The committee consist of
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The head of the department of prosthodontics
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P.G. guide
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Research scientist
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Principal investigator
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Surgeon
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Statistician
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Data manager
Composition of the data monitoring committee, its role and reporting structure {21a}
Composition of data monitoring committee (DMC);Research incharge of Institute, Research Incharge of the Department..
Adverse event reporting and harms {22}
Data will be collected, assessed, and spontaneously reported during adverse events and other unintended effects of trial interventions or trial conduct.
Frequency and plans for auditing trial conduct {23}
Half yearl
Plans for communicating important protocol amendments to relevant parties (e.g. trial participants, ethical committees) {25}
NA).
Dissemination plans {31a}
Publication