1. International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas 10th edition. 2021; Available from: https://diabetesatlas.org/idfawp/resource-files/2021/07/IDF_Atlas_10th_Edition_2021.pdf
2. Azharuddin M, Adil M, Sharma M, Gyawali B. A systematic review and meta-analysis of non-adherence to anti-diabetic medication: Evidence from low-and middle-income countries. Int J Clin Pr [Internet]. 2021;75:e14717. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.14717
3. WHO. Global report on diabetes. Geneva; 2016.
4. Quaye EA, Amporful EO, Akweongo P, Aikins MK. Analysis of the Financial Cost of Diabetes Mellitus in Four Cocoa Clinics of Ghana. Value Heal Reg Issues. 2015;7c:49 – 5 3.
5. Kumah E, Abuosi AA, Ankomah SE, Anaba C. Self-management Education Program: The Case of Glycemic Control of Type 2 Diabetes. Oman Med J. 2021;36:e225.
6. Osei-Yeboah J, Lokpo SY, Owiredu WKBA, Johnson BB, Orish VN, Botchway F, et al. Medication Adherence and its Association with Glycaemic Control, Blood Pressure Control, Glycosuria and Proteinuria Among People Living With Diabetes ( PLWD ) in the Ho Municipality, Ghana. Open Public Heal J Content. 2018;11:552–61.
7. Rutledge PM. The Relationship between Family Support, Self-Care, and Health Outcomes in Selected African American Females with Type 2 Diabetes. Hampton University; 2019.
8. Mogre V, Johnson NA, Tzelepis F, Shaw JE, Paul C. A systematic review of adherence to diabetes self‐care behaviours: Evidence from low‐ and middle‐income countries. J Adv Nurs. 2019;00.
9. Cochran J, Conn VS. Meta-analysis of quality of life outcomes following diabetes self-management training. Diabetes Educ [Internet]. 2008;34:815–823. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0145721708323640
10. Doglikuu BD, Abubakari A, Yaseri M, Shakibazadeh E, Djazayery A, Mirzaei K. Association of household socioeconomic status, neighborhood support system and adherence to dietary recommendation among persons with T2DM, a facility-based cross-sectional study in Ghana. BMC Public Health [Internet]. BMC Public Health; 2021;21:911. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10963-x
11. Kassahun T, Gesesew H, Mwanri L, Eshetie T. Diabetes related knowledge, self-care behaviours and adherence to medications among diabetic patients in Southwest Ethiopia: A cross-sectional survey. BMC Endocr Disord [Internet]. 2016;16:1–11. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-016-0114-x
12. Asamoah-Boaheng M, Sarfo-Kantanka O, Tuffour AB, Eghan B, Mbanyae JC. Prevalence and risk factors for diabetes mellitus among adults in Ghana: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Heal. 2019;11:83–92.
13. Adua E, Roberts P, Sakyi SA, Yeboah FA, Dompreh A, Frimpong K, et al. Profiling of cardio‑metabolic risk factors and medication utilisation among Type II diabetes patients in Ghana: a prospective cohort study. Clin Trans Med. 2017;6:32.
14. Kretchy IA, Koduah A, Ohene-agyei T, Boima V, Appiah B. The Association between Diabetes-Related Distress and Medication Adherence in Adult Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus : A Cross-Sectional Study. J Diabetes Res [Internet]. 2020;2020:10. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4760624
15. Stephani V, Opoku D, Beran D. Self-management of diabetes in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2018;18:1148. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-6050-0
16. Suglo JN, Evans C. Factors influencing self-management in relation to type 2 diabetes in Africa: A qualitative systematic review. PLoS One [Internet]. 2020;15:e0240938. Available from: https://doi.org/%0A10.1371/journal.pone.0240938
17. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 2021. 2021;372.
18. Hong QN, Fàbregues S, Bartlett G, Boardman F, Cargo M, Dagenais P, et al. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) version 2018 for information professionals and researchers. Educ Inf. 2018;34:285–91.
19. Popay J, Roberts H, Sowden A, Petticrew M, Arai, L., Rodgers M, Britten N, et al. Guidance on the conduct of narrative synthesis in systematic reviews. A Prod from ESRC methods Program. 2006;1:b92.
20. Sabaté E, Sabaté E. Adherence to long-term therapies: evidence for action. World Heal Organ. 2003;
21. Doglikuu BD, Abubakari A, Yaseri M, Shakibazadeh E, Djazayery A, Mirzaei K. The Association of Household Socioeconomic Status and Neighborhood Support System With Adherence to Cardiovascular Fitness Among Persons With Diabetes Mellitus in Ghana a. Res Sq [Internet]. 2021;[Preprint]:1–12. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-777088/v1
22. Afaya RA, Bam V, Azongo TB, Afaya A, Kusi-Amponsah A, Ajusiyine JM, et al. Medication adherence and self-care behaviours among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Ghana. PLoS One [Internet]. 2020;15:e0237710. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237710
23. Amankwah-Poku M, Amoah AGB, Sefa-dedeh A, Akpalu J. Psychosocial distress, clinical variables and self-management activities associated with type 2 diabetes: a study in Ghana. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol [Internet]. Clinical Diabetes and Endocrinology; 2020;6:1–11. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40842-020-00102-7
24. Bruce SP, Acheampong F, Kretchy I. Adherence to oral anti-diabetic drugs among patients attending a Ghanaian teaching hospital. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2015;Jan-Mar;13:533.
25. Kugbey N, Asante KO, Adulai K. Illness perception , diabetes knowledge and self‑care practices among type‑2 diabetes patients : a cross ‑ sectional study. BMC Res Notes. 2017;10:381:1–8.
26. Mogre V, Abanga ZO, Tzelepis F, Johnson NA, Paul C. Adherence to and factors associated with self-care behaviours in type 2 diabetes patients in Ghana. BMC Endocr Disord. BMC Endocrine Disorders; 2017;17:20:1–8.
27. Owiredua C, Quarshie EN, Atorkey P. Living with diabetes: An exploratory study of illness representation and medication adherence in Ghana Living with diabetes: An exploratory study of illness representation and medication adherence in Ghana. Cogent Med [Internet]. Cogent; 2018;5:1:1463599. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/2331205X.2018.1463599
28. Sefah IA, Okotah A, Afriyie DK, Amponsah SK. Adherence to Oral Hypoglycemic Drugs among Type 2 Diabetic Patients in a Resource‑Poor Setting. Int J Appl Basic Med Res. 2020;
29. GSS GSS. Ghana 2021 Population and Housing Cencus: Population of Regions and Districts. 2021;General Re.
30. Hushie M. Exploring the barriers and facilitators of dietary self-care for type 2 diabetes: a qualitative study in Ghana. Heal Promot Perspect. 2019;9:223–32.
31. Sobal J, Bisogni CA, Devine CM, Jastran M. A conceptual model of the food choice process over the life course. Front Nutr Sci. 2006;3.
32. Carrara A, Schulz PJ. The role of health literacy in predicting adherence to nutritional recommendations: A systematic review. Patient Educ Couns. 2017;101:16–24.
33. Halali F, Mahdavi R, Mobasseri M, Jafarabadi MA, Avval SK. Perceived barriers to recommended dietary adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes in Iran. Eat Behav. 2016;21:205–210.
34. Jordan D, Jordan J. Self-care behaviors of Filipino-American adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Complicat. 2010;24:250–258.
35. Tang T, Brown M, Funnell M, Anderson R. Social support, quality of life, and self-care behaviors among African Americans with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Educ. 2008;34:266–276.
36. Berhe K, Kahsay BG. Adherence to diabetes self-management practices among Type II diabetic patients in Ethiopia: A Cross Sectional Study. Green J Med Sci. 2013;3:211–221.
37. Advika T, Idiculla J, Kumari SJ. Exercise in patients with Type 2 diabetes: Facilitators and barriers‐A qualitative study. J Fam Med Prim Care [Internet]. 2017;6:222. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4103/2249-4863.219998
38. Bonti D. Bridging the gap between self-medication and access to healthcare in Ghana (Doctoral dissertation). Ohio State Univ. 2017;
39. Alhassan RK, Nketiah-Amponsah E, Arhinful DK. A Review of the National Health Insurance Scheme in Ghana: What Are the Sustainability Threats and Prospects? PLoS One. 2016;11.
40. Wang H, Otoo N, Dsane-Selby L. Ghana National Health Insurance Scheme: Improving Financial Sustainability Based on Expenditure Review. World Bank Stud Washington, DC World Bank. 2017;
41. Kumah E, Otchere G, Ankomah SE, Fusheini A, Kokuro C, Aduo-Adjei K, et al. Diabetes self-management education interventions in the WHO African Region: A scoping review. PLoS One [Internet]. 2021;16:e0256123. Available from: https://doi.org/%0A10.1371/journal.pone.0256123
42. Bonner T, Foster M, Spears‐Lanoix E. Type 2 diabetes–related foot care knowledge and foot self‐care practice interventions in the United States: A systematic review of the literature. Diabet Foot Ankle [Internet]. 2016;7:29758. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3402/dfa.v7.29758
43. Bains S, Egede L. Associations between health literacy, diabetes knowledge, self-care behaviors, and glycemic control in a low income population with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2011;13:333–41.
44. van der Heide I, Uiters E, Rademakers J, Struijs J, Schuit A, Baan C. Associations among health literacy, diabetes knowledge, and selfmanagement behavior in adults with diabetes: results of a Dutch crosssectional study. J Heal Commun. 2014;19:115–31.
45. Desalu O, Salawu F, Jimoh A, Adekoya A, Busari O, Olokoba A. Diabetic foot care: self reported knowledge and practice among patients attending three tertiary hospital in Nigeria. Ghana Med J. 2011;45:60–65.
46. Larson RB. Controlling social desirability bias. Int J Mark Res [Internet]. 2019;61:534–547. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1470785318805305