Socio-Demographic Characteristics
Most of the study subjects 206 (51.1%) participants were females. 135 (33.5%) respondents were at the age of > 39 years, 206 (51.1%) were married and 193 (47.9%) respondents were orthodox in religion. Concerning ethnicity, 193 (47.6%) and 112(27.8%) of them were from Oromo and Gedeo ethnic group, respectively. The majority 182 (45.2%) respondents had secondary school education, 124 (30.8%) participants were government employee. Majority of the total respondents 161 (40.0%) of them were live with their children 159 (39.5%) were have poor social support and 244 (60.5%) were have strong social support more than half of the respondents 223 (55.3%) were use substance and 192 (47.6%) were second stage of HIV.
Table 1
Socio-Demographic characteristics of study participant in ART clinic, DURH, 2019
Variable | Frequency | Percentage (%) |
Age | 18–24 | 30 | 8.7 |
25–30 | 124 | 30.8 |
31–38 | 130 | 32.3 |
> 39 | 135 | 33.5 |
Sex | Male | 197 | 48.9 |
Female | 206 | 51.1 |
Marital status | Single | 102 | 25.3 |
Married | 206 | 51.1 |
Divorced | 56 | 13.9 |
Widowed | 39 | 9.7 |
Religion | Orthodox | 182 | 45.2 |
Protestant | 123 | 30.2 |
Muslim | 90 | 23.3 |
Catholic | 8 | 2.0 |
Ethnicity | Gedeo | 133 | 33.0 |
Oromo | 150 | 37.2 |
Amara | 85 | 21.1 |
Other A | 14 | 3.5 |
Educational status | Can’t read and write | 8 | 2.0 |
Primary education | 34 | 8.4 |
Secondary education | 182 | 45.2 |
Higher education | 179 | 44.4 |
Occupation | Un employee | 58 | 14.4 |
Governmental employee | 130 | 32.3 |
Retire | 22 | 5.5 |
Business man | 103 | 25.6 |
Student | 34 | 8.4 |
House wife | 47 | 11.7 |
OtherB | 9 | 2.2 |
Income | > 1000 | 73 | 18.1 |
1000–2500 | 87 | 21.6 |
2500–4000 | 115 | 28.5 |
< 4000 | 128 | 31.8 |
Living status | With family | 102 | 25.3 |
Alone | 117 | 28.8 |
With relative | 26 | 5.7 |
With children | 162 | 40.2 |
OtherA =Silte, Tigre, Gurage, OtherB=farmer, daily labor |
Prevalence of HIV-related Perceived Stigma among people living with HIV
The overall prevalence of Perceived Stigma was found to be 169 (42.7%).
Factors associated with HIV-related Perceived Stigma among people living with HIV
In Bivariate analyses, age, sex, marital status, occupation status, ethnicity, educational status, income, living status, HIV stage, substance use, social support and living status were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression was also used to analyze associations between variables which have p value of < 0.2 in Bivariate logistic regression. After adjusting for possible covariates, age, sex, marital status, ethnicity, educational status, occupational, living status, HIV stage was significantly associated with HIV-related perceived stigma among patients living with HIV with p-value < 0.05.
Age groups 25–30 years were 2.8 times more likely to have perceived stigma as compare to age 18–24.(AOR = 2.8, 95% CI: 5.72–11.5).
Age groups 31–39 years were 1.1 times more likely to have perceived stigma as compare to age 18–24.(AOR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.26,4.65)
Females were 2.36 times more likely to have perceived stigma as compared to males (AOR = 2.36, 95% CI: 1.28–4.33).
Study participants those had divorced marital status were 8.93 times more likely to have perceived stigma as compared to single (AOR = 8.93, 95% CI: 3.52–10.61).
Study participants those had widowed marital status were 2.99 times more likely to have perceived stigma as compared to single (AOR = 2.99, 95% CI: 2.74–7.60).
Primary educational status 7.5 times more likely to develop perceived stigma as compared to participants who can’t read and write (AOR = 7.5, 95% CI: 3.45–9.74).
Study participants those who use alcohol were 1.01 times more likely to have perceived stigma as compared to khat (AOR = 1.01 95% CI: 1.57–2.11).
Table 2
Bivariate and Multivariate analysis of factors associated with HIV-related Perceived Stigma 2019.
Variables | | Perceived stigma | COR(95%CI) | AOR(95%CI) |
No | Yes |
Age (n = 395) | 18–24 | 11 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
25–30 | 61 | 63 | 3.78 (1.0-4.23) | 2.88 (5.72–11.5)** |
31–39 | 86 | 44 | 1.87(0.50–7.07) | 1.11 (1.26–4.65)** |
> 39 | 73 | 62 | 3.11(0.83–11.66) | 1.97 (0.457–8.54) |
Sex (n = 395) | Male | 115 | 82 | 1 | 1 |
Female | 116 | 90 | 1.08 (0.73–1.61) | 2.36(1.28–4.33)** |
Marital status (n = 395) Widowed | Single | 68 | 34 | 1 | 1 |
Married | 124 | 82 | 1.32 (0.80–2.18) | 1.55(0.74–2.54) |
Divorced | 19 | 37 | 3.90 (1.95–7.76) | 8.93 (3.52–10.61)*** |
Widowed | 20 | 19 | 1.90 (0.9–4.03) | 2.99 (2.74–7.60)** |
Educational status(n = 395) | Can’t read and write | 4 | 4 | 1 | 1 |
Primary education | 8 | 26 | 3.25 (0.66–16.04) | 7.50 (3.45–9.74)*** |
Secondary education | 114 | 68 | 0.60 (0.14–2.46) | 6.11 (0.409–9.258) |
Higher education | 105 | 74 | 0.71 (0.17–2.91) | 8.39 (0.54–12.33) |
Substance use (n = 395) | Khat | 56 | 27 | 1 | 1 |
Alcohol | 70 | 79 | 1.61 (1.04–2.50) | 1.01 (1.57–2.11)* |
Cigarette | 2 | 0 | 0.54 (0.30–0.96) | 0.18 (0.07–1.46) |
HIV stage(n = 395) | Stage 1 | 104 | 92 | 1 | 1 |
Stage 2 | 93 | 76 | 0.92(0.61–1.4) | 1.48 (0.870–2.53) |
Stage 3 | 34 | 4 | 0.13 (0.05–0.39) | 0.14(0.041–1.51) |
P*<0.05, P**<0.01, P***<0.001 |