In a sample of 112 patients, 90.2% of them were male and 9.8% were female belonged to the patient population, with the majority of the patients being in the 20–30 age range, and in their 30s to 40s, the rates are 23,2% and 14,3%, respectively. Sixty-five percent of the patients smoked. Chronic pulmonary illness had previously affected the majority of the patients, were 4.8% of whom had asthma, and 1.6% had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A history of diabetes or hypertension was present in 5.4% and 8.1% of patients, respectively. 62.2% of the sample's participants had antecedents, while the majority did not. Chest drainage with chest tube, abdominal surgery, or thoracic surgery had previously occurred in 17.9%, 15.2%, and 8.9% of the patients, respectively. In addition, 52.7% of the sample had no prior surgical experience. Table 1.
Table 1
Gender
|
N (%)
|
Male
|
101 (90)
|
Female
|
11 (10)
|
Age
|
|
1–12 (months)
|
16 (14)
|
10–20
|
8 (7)
|
20–30
|
26 (23)
|
30–40
|
16 (14)
|
40–50
|
14 (13)
|
50–60
|
18 (16)
|
60–70
|
7 (6)
|
70–80
|
6 (5)
|
>80
|
1 (1)
|
Smoking
|
|
Yes
|
73 (65)
|
No
|
39 (35)
|
Medical history
|
|
Hypertension
|
9 (8)
|
Diabetes
|
6 (5)
|
Chronic pulmonary disease
|
12 (11)
|
Pulmonary fibrosis
|
1 (1)
|
Tuberculosis
|
1 (1)
|
Asthma
|
6 (5)
|
Lung carcinoma
|
1 (1)
|
COPD
|
2 (2)
|
Chronic bronchitis
|
1 (1)
|
Myocardia infarction
|
5 (5)
|
Cancer
|
6 (5)
|
Previous spontaneous pneumothorax
|
7 (6)
|
Other
|
14 (13)
|
No
|
69 (62)
|
Surgical history
|
|
Chest drainage
|
20 (18)
|
Thoracic surgery
|
10 (9)
|
Abdominal surgery
|
17 (15)
|
Cardiac catheter
|
4 (4)
|
Breast surgery
|
1 (1)
|
Others
|
20 (18)
|
No
|
59 (53)
|
Pneumothorax patients spent an average of 5.4 days in the hospital; the shortest and longest periods were 1 day and 23 days, respectively. Shortness of breath and chest pain affected 84% of patients; postpartum dyspnea affected 12.3% and 4.3% suffer from coughing. There were 58% of patients who experienced spontaneous pneumothorax, 23.2% who experienced secondary pneumothorax, 7.1% who experienced tension pneumothorax, 6.3% who experienced traumatic pneumothorax, and 5.4% who experienced recurrent pneumothorax. Secondary pneumothorax was caused by pneumonia (4.8%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (4.8%), multiple organ failure (4 percent), and lung mass (1.8%), in that order. The most prevalent causes of traumatic pneumothorax were a combination of surgical work (1.8%), a car accident (1.8%), a knife wound (0.9%), and mechanical breathing (0.9%). Pneumothorax was in the right side at 29.5%, in the left side at 25.9%, and bilaterally at 5.4%, respectively. Table 2.
Table 2
clinical features of spontaneous pneumothorax.
Length of stay
|
|
Mean (SD)
|
5.4 (3.9)
|
Minimum-Maximum
|
1–23
|
Causes of hospitalization
|
N (%)
|
Spontaneous pneumothorax
|
71 (63)
|
Secondary pneumothorax
|
3 (3)
|
Recurrence pneumothorax
|
6 (5)
|
Traumatic pneumothorax
|
1 (1)
|
Pneumothorax after surgery
|
2 (2)
|
Pneumothorax after mechanical ventilation
|
1 (1)
|
Plural effusion
|
5 (5)
|
Postpartum dyspnea
|
6 (5)
|
Lung mass
|
2 (2)
|
Pneumonia
|
4 (4)
|
Chest pain
|
11 (10)
|
Diagnosis
|
|
Spontaneous pneumothorax
|
65 (58)
|
Secondary pneumothorax
|
26 (23)
|
Recurrence pneumothorax
|
6 (5)
|
Traumatic pneumothorax
|
7 (6)
|
Tension pneumothorax
|
8 (7)
|
Causes of secondary pneumothorax
|
|
Pneumonia
|
6 (5)
|
Multi organ failure
|
5 (4)
|
Plural effusion
|
1 (1)
|
Lung mass
|
3 (2)
|
COPD
|
6 (5)
|
Tuberculosis
|
1 (1)
|
Others
|
4 (3)
|
Laterality
|
|
Left
|
29 (26)
|
Right
|
33 (30)
|
Bilateral
|
6 (5)
|
Unknown
|
44 (39)
|
Computed tomography (CT), which was performed for 72.3% of patients, was followed by plain radiography (X-RAY), which was done for 3.6% of them, and both of these radiological tests were done for 24.1% of them. Table 3.
Table 3
Radiological investigation
Radiological investigation
|
N (%)
|
X-ray
|
4 (4)
|
CT
|
81 (72)
|
Both of them
|
27 (24)
|
The majority of patients (89.9%) received chest drainage, followed by conservative treatment (21.1%), broad septic coverage (11.9%), open chest surgery (9.2%), apex resection (5.5%), pleurodesis (7.3%), mechanical ventilation (3.75%), lung biopsy (2.8%), and respiratory therapy (1.8%). While 87.5% of the sample's participants showed signs of improvement, just 1.8% of the study participants fully recovered, and 9.8% of the patients died. Table 4.
Table 4
Management and Prognosis.
Management
|
N (%)
|
Chest drainage
|
98 (90)
|
Pleurodesis
|
8 (7)
|
Open chest surgery
|
10 (9)
|
Apex resection
|
6 (6)
|
Broad septic coverage
|
13 (12)
|
Mechanical ventilation
|
4 (4)
|
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
|
3 (3)
|
Respiratory therapy
|
2 (2)
|
Lung biopsy
|
3 (3)
|
Conservative treatment
|
23 (21)
|
Prognosis
|
|
Improvement
|
98 (88)
|
Fully recovered
|
2 (3)
|
Died
|
11 (10)
|
The findings of the investigation into the association between death and demographic characteristics revealed the following statistically significant relationship: A rate of 72.7% of patients with pneumothorax, ranging in age from one day to one year, died P < 0.001. Death rates were likewise significantly higher among smokers', at 72.7% against non-smokers 27.3%. P < 0.05.
Table 5: The relationship between death and demographic characteristics
Demographic characteristics
|
Death
|
P value
|
Yes
|
No
|
Gender
|
|
|
0.924
|
Male
|
10 (91)
|
90 (90)
|
|
Female
|
1 (9)
|
10 (10)
|
|
Age
|
|
|
< 0.001*
|
1–12 (months)
|
8 (73)
|
8 (8)
|
|
10–20
|
0 (0.00)
|
7 (7)
|
|
20–30
|
0 (0.00)
|
26 (26)
|
|
30–40
|
0 (0.00)
|
16 (16)
|
|
40–50
|
2 (18)
|
12 (12)
|
|
50–60
|
0 (0.00)
|
18 (18)
|
|
60–70
|
1 (9)
|
6 (6)
|
|
70–80
|
0 (0.00)
|
6 (6)
|
|
>80
|
0 (0.00)
|
1 (1)
|
|
Smoking
|
|
|
0.005*
|
Yes
|
3 (27)
|
70 (70)
|
|
No
|
8 (73)
|
30 (30)
|
|
*Statistically significant
The findings indicated a statistically significant association between death and therapy when examining their relationship. After having a chest drainage, 93.9% of patients experienced significant recovery, P < 0.001. Table 6.
Table 6
relationship between death and management.
Management
|
Death
|
P value
|
Yes
|
No
|
Chest drainage
|
4 (44)
|
93 (94)
|
< 0.001*
|
Pleurodesis
|
0 (0.00)
|
8 (8)
|
Open chest surgery
|
0 (0.00)
|
9 (9)
|
Apex resection
|
0 (0.00)
|
5 (5)
|
Broad septic coverage
|
2 (22)
|
11 (11)
|
Mechanical ventilation
|
2 (22)
|
2 (2)
|
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
|
3 (33)
|
0 (0.00)
|
Respiratory therapy
|
0 (0.00)
|
2 (2)
|
Lung biopsy
|
0 (0.00)
|
3 (3)
|
Conservative treatment
|
0 (0.00)
|
23 (23)
|
*Statistically significant