We collect documentation in the form of photographs of mammal body parts as many as 37 species out of a total of 137 species of protected mammals according to the Regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia Number P. 106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018. These species include Bos javanicus, Bubalus depressicornis, Macaca nigra, Macaca pagensis, Macaca tonkeana, Nasalis larvatus, Presbytis comata, Presbytis melalophos, Presbytis rubicunda, Trachypithecus auratus, Trachypithecus cristatus, Axis kuhlortjak, Muntiacus timopuni, Elephas maximus, Catopuma temminckii, Panthera pardus melas, Panthera tigris sumatrae, Prionailurus bengalensis, Pongo abelii, Pongo pygmaeus, Hylobates agilis, Hylobates moloch, Hylobates muelleri, Hylobates muelleri, Hystrix Dendrolagus javanica, Nyursinus, Strigocuscus celebensis, Babyrousa babyrussa, Helarctos malayanus, and Arctictis binturong.
Several parameters of the wildlife were gathered, namely age, gender, body size, and body color/pattern for each species of mammals. Those parameters were later used for the identification system. Several obstacles were encountered in completing the documentation of all protected mammal species 137 species. Some species could only be found in their natural habitats and/or in specific locations far enough to be visited. Only one out of 32 marine mammal species, namely Tursiops aduncus, was found at the survey site. Marine mammal is challenging to find in the common type of captivity or quarantine; we need to visit special conservation institutions for aquatic wildlife. In addition, we also need to consider the different morphology in each growth stage for each species because, during the data collecting process, the age or gender variations were not available in the visited locations.
Seventy-eight of the total 556 lists of bird species photographic documentation has been obtained. Some species photographs were not obtained because some species commonly live in the forest and marine habitats are not common or rarely kept by the Special Conservation Institute. In addition, the conservation institute rarely keeps bird species with low economic value in the community because the institute generally keeps the wildlife confiscated from illegal trade. Besides that, finding these protected bird species even in their natural habitat is complex and rare.
Based on the field survey results, wildlife photographs have been obtained for 18 species of 38 types of herpetofauna protected according to the regulation of PP 108 of 2018. There are no significant obstacles in carrying out documentation. However, for future research, we need to consider the different morphology of each species during their growth stage. Sometimes, a species has different color patterns and body shapes when baby, juvenile, and adult, especially for reptiles. We encountered several obstacles during the data collection, such as finding the protected turtle species that commonly live in the sea. They are commonly not kept in captivity or quarantine. Some of the protected lizards are difficult to find and cannot be found in the wild. In captivity, these types are generally owned by reptile hobbyists who are afraid to publish because they keep protected wildlife. In addition, some species live in specific locations that are far enough to visit.
Cooperation from various parties to contribute directly to completing photo documentation for all classes of protected wildlife is very necessary because the support is very influential and can increase the effectiveness of developing databases and mobile applications currently being implemented.
In the decision tree identification result, the Panthera tigris sumatrae (Mazák and Groves, 2006) is expected to be the test case's output. However, the decision tree gives Neofelis diardi as the output. This case occurs because the decision tree that was made was not given the parameter of pelage color or pattern. Neofelis diardi and Neofelis nebulosa are categorized as clouded leopards (Tanner and Zimmerman, 2012). Most of the wild Sumatran tigers are believed to live in twelve Tiger Conservation Landscapes. However, the actual distribution of tigers across Sumatra has never been accurately mapped (Wibisono and Pusparini, 2010). Panthera tigris sumatrae is categorized as felid species. This species has a narrow distribution that can only be found on Sumatra Island (Rambe, Rambey and Siregar, 2021). Their habitat is commonly in lowland forests to the mountains, with an altitude of 0 to 2000 m above sea level, sometimes to more than 2,400 meters (Dinata and Sugardjito, 2008). Its nasal is broad and short. The pelage pattern of this animal is relatively broad stripes and numerous (Mazak and Groves, 2006). Sumatran tiger stripes are thinner than other tiger subspecies. This subspecies also had more beards and mane than other subspecies, mainly male tigers. Neofelis diardi is a medium-sized cat that native from Sumatra and Borneo. Neofelis diardi has small irregular cloud-like markings on its shoulder, forming two or more rows arranged vertically from the dorsal midline on the flank (Kitchener, Beaumont and Richardson, 2006). It also has frequent spots within clouds; ground coloration is overall grayish-yellow or gray hue; a double dorsal stripe. In this decision tree, the specific pelage pattern is still not included in the specific attributes.
The second incorrect expected output happens because the expected wildlife, Bubalus depressicornis, is highly similar to the decision tree output, Bubalus quarlesi (Kaniawati, Rejeki and Wheeler, 2013). The lowland anoa Bubalus depressicornis and mountain anoa Bubalus quarlesi are endemic to Sulawesi, Indonesia (Groves, 1969). The lowland anoa Bubalus depressicornis and Mountain anoa Bubalus quarlesi have similar morphological features, such as white facial or neck markings and body size (Burton, Hedges and Mustari, 2005). The differences in morphological features between them are the horn, overall body pelage color, and their forelegs. Lowland anoa has black and sparsely (woolly brown in juvenile) (Burton, Hedges and Mustari, 2005), sparse and straight, and often rubbed off with age (Groves, 1969).
Meanwhile, the mountain anoa has dark brown to black adult and thick, woolly haired into adulthood (Burton, Hedges and Mustari, 2005), for female coats especially woolly (Groves, 1969). The horn in Bubalus depressicornis is a Triangular cross-section flattened, marked transverse ridges, and marked external keel. Commonly, the horn length for the male is around 271 to 373 mm, and for the female is 183 to 260 mm. Bubalus quarlesi has short conical and rounded cross-sections and no marked ridges or external keels in juveniles and adults (Burton, Hedges and Mustari, 2005). The horn length for males and females is between 146 to 199 mm (Groves, 1969).
The Cenderawasih tree kangaroo (Dendrolagus ursinus) is endemic to the Arfak Mountains Region (Flannery, 1995). This animal has hair on the sides of the ears, and the tip of the tail is frayed with brownish white. The back is black, and the cheeks and belly are pale white or reddish (Mustamu, Dwiranti and Yohanita, 2008). Dendrolagus ursinus is expected to be output in the decision tree of mammals; however, the outputs of the decision tree are Dendrolagus dorianus, Dendrolagus goodfellowi, Dendrolagus inustus, Dendrolagus mbaiso, Thylohgale browni, Thylogale brunii, and Thylogale stigmatica. This case occurs because the Dendrolagus ursinus is still not categorized as a kangaroo family in the decision tree of mammals. When the kangaroo is excluded from parameter input of the decision tree test case, this kangaroo appears as one of the species candidates.