1. Manjita S, Arttrika R, Jitendra KC, Manish KT, Smita V, Vinod KD, et al. Role of Proinflammatory Cytokines (Interferon Gamma) and Anti Inflammatory Cytokine (Interleukin-10) Gene Polymorphisms in Chronic Hepatitis B Infection: An Indian Scenario. J Interf CYTOKINE Res. 2014;34(7):547–51.
2. Ma L, Chen S, Mao X, Lu Y, Zhang X, Lao X, et al. The association between TNFR gene polymorphisms and the risk of hepatitis B virus-related liver diseases in Chinese population. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):9240.
3. Odeh M, Sabo E, Srugo I, Oliven A. Relationship between tumor necrosis factor-alpha and ammonia in patients with hepatic encephalopathy due to chronic liver failure. Ann Med. 2005;37:603–12.
4. Dyah C, Wungu K, Ariyanto FC, Prabowo GI, Handajani R. Association between five types of Tumor Necrosis Factor- α gene polymorphism and hepatocellular carcinoma risk : a meta- analysis. 2020;1–11.
5. Mathew S, Abdel-Hafiz H, Raza A, Fatima K, Qadri I. Host nucleotide polymorphism in hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Hepatol. 2016;8(10):485–98.
6. Ma L, Chen S, Mao X, Lu Y, Zhang X, Lao X, et al. The association between TNFR gene polymorphisms and the risk of Hepatitis B Virus-Related Liver Diseases in Chinese population. 2018;(February):1–7.
7. Godkin A, Davenport M, Hill A. Molecular analysis of HLA class II associations with hepatitis B virus clearance and vaccine nonresponsiveness. Hepatology. 2005;41:1383–1390.
8. Chen Y, Wei H, Gao B, Hu Z, Zheng S, Tian Z. Activation and function of hepatic NK cells in hepatitis B infection: an underinvestigated innate immune response. J Viral Hepat. 2005;12:38–45.
9. Chen P, Chen D. Hepatitis B virus infection and hepatocellular carcinoma: molecular genetics and clinical perspectives. Semin Liver Dis. 1999;19:253–62.
10. Wilson A, Symons J, McDowell T. Effects of a polymorphism in the human tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter on transcriptional activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94(7):3195–3199.
11. Berchtold S, Manncke B, Klenk J. Forced IFIT-2 expression represses LPS induced TNF-alpha expression at posttranscriptional levels. BMC Immunol. 2008;9(75).
12. Nakamura I, Nupp J, Cowlen M. Pathogenesis of experimental neonatal woodchuck hepatitis virus infection: chronicity as an outcome of infection is associated with a diminished acute hepatitis that istemporally deficient the expression of interferon gamma and tumornecrosis factor- alpha. Hepatology. 2001;33(2):439– 447.
13. Gusatti C de S, Costi C, Rubia M, Halon L, Grandi T, Ferrari A, et al. Association between cytokine gene polymorphisms and outcome of hepatitis B virus infection in southern Brazil Association Between Cytokine Gene Polymorphisms and Outcome of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in. J Med Virol. 2016;(March).
14. Kim YJ, Lee H, Yoon J, Kim CY, Park MH, Kim LH, et al. Association of TNF- a promoter polymorphisms with the clearance of hepatitis B virus infection. 2003;12(19):2541–6.
15. Khayrulla F, Mukhaye A, Zaynitdin K, Shukhrat Z. Influence of Cytokine Polymorphisms on the Chronicity of Viral Hepatitis HBV and HCV. 2021;25(3):4151–63.
16. Heidari Z, Moudi B, Sagheb HM, Moudi M. Association of TNF- α Gene Polymorphisms with Production of Protein and Susceptibility to Chronic Hepatitis B Infection in the South East Iranian Population. 2016;16(11).
17. Fletcher GJ, Samuel P, Christdas J, Gnanamony M, Ismail AM, Anantharam R, et al. Association of HLA and TNF polymorphisms with the outcome of HBV infection in the South Indian population. Genes Immun. 2011;552–8.
18. Panigrahi R, Sarkar N, Biswas A, Pal A, Saha D, Singh SP, et al. Association of TNF-α Promoter Polymorphism with HBV Associated Disease Outcome Among HBV Infected Patients from Orissa, Southern Part of East India. J Clin Exp Hepatol [Internet]. 2014;4(3):202–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jceh.2014.08.002
19. Zheng M, Qiu L, Xin Y, Pan H, Shi K, Chen Y. Tumor necrosis factor- a -308A allele may have a protective effect for chronic hepatitis B virus infection in Mongoloid populations §. Int J Infect Dis [Internet]. 2010;14(7):e580–5. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2009.08.010
20. Xia Q, Zhou L, Liu D, Chen Z, Chen F. Relationship between TNF- , alpha . Gene Promoter Polymorphisms and Outcomes of Hepatitis B Virus Infections : A Meta-Analysis. 2011;6(5).
21. Zhang T, Zhao Y, Hu G, Liu X, Huang X. The relationship between tumour necrosis factor- a gene polymorphism and susceptibility and clearance of the persistent hepatitis B virus infection in a Chinese population : a meta-analysis. 2013;
22. Xiao Q, Fu B, Chen P, Liu ZZ, Wang W, Ye Q. Three polymorphisms of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and hepatitis B virus related hepatocellular carcinoma. 2016;50(November).
23. Kafeero HM, Ndagire D, Ocama P, Walusansa A, Sendagire H. Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-863C/A and 1031 T/C single nucleotide polymorphic sites (SNPs) may be putative markers of HBV disease prognosis among Caucasoids: Evidence from a systematic review with meta-analysis. Gene Reports [Internet]. 2022;26(November 2021):101486. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101486
24. Higuchi T, Seki N, Kamizono S, Yamada A, Kimura A, Kato H, et al. Polymorphism of the 5′-flanking region of the human tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α gene in Japanese. Tissue Antigens. 1998;51(6):605–12.
25. Soga Y, Nishimura F, Ohyama H, Maeda H, Takashiba S, Murayama Y. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene (TNF-α) −1031/−863, −857 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with severe adult periodontitis in Japanese. J Clin Periodontol. 2003;30(6):524–31.
26. Yang YAN, Qiu X, Yu H, Zeng X, Bei C. TNF-α -863 polymorphisms and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. 2012;513–8.
27. Laddha N, Dwivedi M, Begum R. Increased tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and its promoter polymorphisms correlate with disease progression and higher susceptibility towards vitiligo. PLoS One. 2012;7(12):52298.
28. Skoog T, Van’t Hooft F, Kallin B, Jovinge S, Boquist S, Nilsson J, et al. A common functional polymorphism (C→a substitution at position −863) in the promoter region of the tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF- α) gene associated with reduced circulating levels of TNF-α. Hum Mol Genet. 1999;8(8):1443–9.
29. Yun J-H, Choi J-W, Lee K-J, Shin J-S, Baek K-H. The promoter −1031(T/C) polymorphism in tumor necrosis factor-alpha associated with polycystic ovary syndrome. . 2. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2011;9(1):131.
30. Abutorabi R, Baradaran A, Sadat Mostafavi F, Zarrin Y, Mardanian F. Evaluation of tumor necrosis factor alpha polymorphism frequencies in endometriosis. Int J Fertil Steril. 2015;9(3):329–37.
31. Shin S, Kim N, Kim J, Lee J, Kim J, Park H, et al. Association between hepatocellular carcinoma and tumor necrosis factor alpha polymorphisms in South Korea. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(46):13064–72.
32. Sharafelldin H, Morsy A, Elghobary H, Osman E, Rady N. Association between TNF-α , Interleukin-18 Polymorphisms and Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Egyptian patients. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2021;22(3):887–91.
33. Jeng J, Tsai H, Chuang L, Tsai J, Lin Z. Independent and Additive Interactive Effects Among Tumor Necrosis Factor- > Polymorphisms , Substance Use Habits , and Chronic Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Virus Infection on Risk for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Medicine (Baltimore). 2009;88(6):349–57.
34. Eun Pyo Hong JWP. Sample Size and Statistical Power Calculation in Genetic Association Studies. Genomics Inform. 2012;10(2):117–22.
35. Kafeero HM, Ndagire D, Ocama P, Kato CD, Wampande E, Kajumbula H, et al. Disproportionate Distribution of HBV Genotypes A and D and the Recombinant Genotype D / E in the High and Low HBV Endemic Regions of Uganda : A Wake-Up Call for Regional Specific HBV Management. Int J Hepatol. 2022;2022:1–15.
36. Ga N, Fontana R, Gioffreda D, Valvano R, Iacobellis A, Facciorusso D, et al. Tumor necrosis factor gene polymorphisms and clearance or progression of hepatitis B virus infection. 2005;(4):1175–81.
37. Kao P, Wu J, Ni Y, Lin Y, Chen H, Hsu SH, et al. Tumour necrosis factor- a promoter region polymorphisms a ¡ ect the course of spontaneous HBsAg clearance. 2010;1448–53.
38. Masatoshi N, Roychoudhury A. Genic Variation Within and Between the Three Major Races of Man, Caucasoids, Negroids, and Mongoloids. Am J Hum Genet. 1974;26:421–43.
39. Chen X, Zhang L, Chang Y, Shen T, Wang L, Zhuang H, et al. Association of TNF- α genetic polymorphisms with hepatocellular carcinoma susceptibility : a case-control study in a Han Chinese population. Int J Biol Markers. 2011;26(15):181–7.
40. Kummee P, Tangkijvanich P, Poovorawan Y, Hirankarn N. Association of HLA-DRB1 * 13 and TNF- a gene polymorphisms with clearance of chronic hepatitis B infection and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in Thai population. 2007;841–8.
41. Kew MC, Kramvis A, Yu MC, Arakawa K, Hodkinson J. Increased Hepatocarcinogenic Potential of Hepatitis B Virus Genotype A in Bantu-Speaking Sub-Saharan Africans. 2005;521(November 2004):513–21.
42. Mahgoub S, Candotti D, Ekiaby M El, Allain J. Hepatitis B Virus ( HBV ) Infection and Recombination between HBV Genotypes D and E in Asymptomatic Blood Donors from Khartoum , Sudan ᰔ. 2011;49(1):298–306.
43. Kafeero HM, Ndagire D, Ocama P, Kato CD, Wampande E, Walusansa A, et al. Hepatitis B virus ( HBV ) serological patterns among the HBsAg negative hospital attendees screened for immunization. Sci Rep [Internet]. 2022;12(7425):1–10. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-11535-8
44. Brechot C., Naupas B., Couronce AM. Evidence that Hepatitis B Has a Role in Liver-Cell Carcinoma in Alcoholic Liver Disease. New Engl J Med. 1982;306:1384–1387.
45. Kafeero HM, Ndagire D, Ocama P, Kudamba A, Walusansa A, Sendagire H. Prevalence and predictors of hepatitis B virus ( HBV ) infection in east Africa : evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies published from 2005 to 2020. Arch Public Heal. 2021;79(167):1–19.
46. Bwogi, J., Braka F, Makumbi I, Mishra, V., Bakamutumaho B, Nanyunja M, Opio A, et al. Hepatitis B infection is highly endemic in Uganda: findings from a national serosurvey. Afr Health Sci. 2009;9(2):98–108.
47. Kabwama S, Ndyanabangi S, Mutungi G. Alcohol use among adults in Uganda: findings from the countrywide non-communicable diseases risk factor cross-sectional survey. Glob Heal Action. 2016;9(31302).
48. Akinyemiju T, Abera S. Global Burden of Disease Liver Cancer Collaboration. The burden of primary liver cancer and underlying etiologies from 1990 to 2015 at the global, regional, and national level: results from the global burden of disease study 2015. AMA Oncol J. 2017;3:1683.
49. Jubeen F, Bhatti IA, Khan MZ, Zahoor-Ul-Hassan, Shahid M. Effect of UVC irradiation on aflatoxins in ground nut (Arachis hypogea) and tree nuts (Juglans regia, prunus duclus and pistachio vera). J Chem Soc Pakistan. 2012;34(6):1366–74.