Table1: Families with their corresponding number of genera and species in the study area
Families
|
Genera
|
Species
|
|
Number
|
Percentage (%)
|
Number
|
Percentage (%)
|
Fabaceae
|
4
|
6.90
|
4
|
6.06
|
Rosaceae
|
4
|
6.90
|
4
|
6.06
|
Asteraceae
|
2
|
3.45
|
3
|
4.55
|
Araliaceae
|
2
|
3.45
|
3
|
4.55
|
Apocynaceae
|
2
|
3.45
|
2
|
3.03
|
Euphorbiaceae
|
2
|
3.45
|
2
|
3.03
|
Loganiaceae
|
2
|
3.45
|
2
|
3.03
|
Myrsinaceae
|
2
|
3.45
|
2
|
3.03
|
Sapindaceae
|
2
|
3.45
|
2
|
3.03
|
Myrtaceae
|
2
|
3.45
|
2
|
3.03
|
Oleaceae
|
1
|
1.72
|
2
|
3.03
|
Rubiaceae
|
2
|
3.45
|
2
|
3.03
|
Acanthaceae
|
1
|
1.72
|
2
|
3.03
|
Celasteraceae
|
1
|
1.72
|
2
|
3.03
|
Flacourtiaceae
|
1
|
1.72
|
2
|
3.03
|
Moraceae
|
1
|
1.72
|
2
|
3.03
|
Solanaceae
|
1
|
1.72
|
2
|
3.03
|
Others
|
26
|
44.83
|
26
|
39.39
|
Total
|
58
|
100
|
66
|
100
|
Difference between altitudes as well as slope was analyzed using ANOVA, followed by LSD (Fisher LSD test). Different letters within the same column shows significance difference (p < 0.05).
Table 2: Environmental gradient effect mean (±Std) on Shannon wiener diversity, richness and evenness of woody species in three altitudes of the forest
Environmental gradients
|
Richness(S)
|
Shannon Weiner index (H’)
|
Simpson
|
Evenness (J)
|
Altitude 1612-2070m a.s.l
|
14.51 ± 3.02a
|
3.35 ± 0.56a
|
0.94 ± 0.018a
|
0.97 ± 0.029a
|
2071-2528m a.s.l
|
12.89 ± 2.75b
|
3.26 ± 0.39b
|
0.92 ± 0.029b
|
0.94 ± 0.026b
|
2529-2986m a.s.l
|
10.93± 2.49c
|
3.21 ± 0.28c
|
0.91 ± 0.031c
|
0.92 ± 0.025c
|
Slope < 20%
|
14.19 ± 3.21a
|
3.29 ± 0.24NS
|
0.95 ± 0.019a
|
0.95 ± 0.03NS
|
20-40%
|
13.87 ± 2.81b
|
3.17± 0.25NS
|
0.93 ± 0.037b
|
0.95± 0.028NS
|
> 40%
|
11.94 ± 2.62c
|
3.12 ± 0.26NS
|
0.92 ± 0.043c
|
0.94 ± 0.027NS
|
Table 3: List of endemic woody species in Werganbula forest with their IUCN Red List
Name of species
|
Family
|
Growth Habit
|
IUCN Red List Categories
|
Altitudes
|
Acanthus sennii Chiov.
|
Acanthaceae
|
Shrub
|
LC
|
LA,MA,UA
|
Erythrina brucei Schweinf.
|
Fabaceae
|
Tree
|
LC
|
LA
|
Lippia adoensis Hochst. ex Walp.
|
Verbenaceae
|
Shrub
|
LC
|
LA,MA,UA
|
Milletia ferruginea (Hochst.) Bak.
|
Fabaceae
|
Tree
|
LC
|
LA ,MA
|
Solanum marginatum Linn. f.
|
Solanaceae
|
Shrub
|
LC
|
LA,MA,UA
|
Note: (LC=Least concerned, LA=Lower Altitude, MA=Middle altitude, UA=Upper altitude). Source: Fikadu Erenso and Melesse Maryo, 2014; Ensermu Kelbessa and Teshome Soromesa 2008; Vivero et al., 2006)
Table 4: Density of most dominant woody species with their percentage in the three altitudes
Species name
|
Lower altitude
|
Middle altitude
|
Upper altitude
|
|
Density
|
Relative Density
|
Density
|
Relative Density
|
Density
|
Relative Density
|
Juniperus procera
|
78.70
|
6.59
|
76.85
|
7.63
|
39.11
|
4.87
|
Afrocarpus falcatus
|
62.04
|
5.20
|
58.33
|
5.79
|
19.44
|
2.33
|
Teclea nobilis
|
56.48
|
4.73
|
25.93
|
2.57
|
37.74
|
4.32
|
Maytenus arbutifolia
|
50.00
|
4.19
|
34.26
|
3.40
|
34.26
|
4.10
|
Olea europaea
|
20.37
|
1.71
|
44.44
|
4.41
|
33.33
|
3.99
|
Myrsine africana
|
32.41
|
2.72
|
30.56
|
3.03
|
29.63
|
3.54
|
Dovyalis abyssinica
|
27.78
|
2.33
|
23.15
|
2.30
|
24.07
|
2.88
|
Vernonia auriculifera
|
26.85
|
2.25
|
20.37
|
2.02
|
25.00
|
2.99
|
Nuxia congesta
|
25.93
|
2.17
|
22.22
|
2.21
|
23.15
|
2.77
|
Osyris quadripartita
|
25.00
|
2.09
|
30.56
|
3.03
|
19.44
|
2.33
|
Others
|
787.96
|
66.02
|
640.75
|
63.60
|
550.92
|
65.89
|
Total
|
1193.52
|
100
|
1007.42
|
100
|
836.11
|
100
|
Table 5: List of the most frequent woody species in the three altitudes of Werganbula forest
Species name
|
Lower altitude
|
Middle altitude
|
Upper altitude
|
|
Frequency
|
Relative frequency
|
Frequency
|
Relative frequency
|
Frequency
|
Relative frequency
|
Juniperus procera
|
96.29
|
5.83
|
92.57
|
7.29
|
85.15
|
7.26
|
Maytenus obscura
|
85.18
|
5.16
|
37.04
|
2.29
|
66.67
|
5.68
|
|
Olea europaea
|
85.18
|
5.16
|
74.o7
|
5.83
|
62.96
|
5.36
|
Teclea nobilis
|
81.48
|
4.93
|
37.04
|
2.92
|
62.96
|
5.36
|
Calpurnia aurea
|
70.37
|
4.26
|
33.33
|
2.62
|
44.45
|
3.79
|
Afrocarpus falcatus
|
66.67
|
4.03
|
85.19
|
6.71
|
74.07
|
6.31
|
Myrsine africana
|
55.56
|
3.36
|
55.56
|
4.37
|
37.04
|
3.47
|
Osyris quadripartita
|
55.56
|
3.36
|
51.85
|
4.08
|
25.93
|
2.21
|
Nuxia congesta
|
44.44
|
2.69
|
37.04
|
2.92
|
40.74
|
3.47
|
Dovyalis abyssinica
|
40.71
|
2.47
|
33.33
|
2.62
|
33.33
|
2.67
|
Others
|
1044.25
|
58.78
|
796.31
|
58.35
|
692.02
|
54.42
|
Total
|
1725.43
|
100
|
1259.26
|
100
|
1174..25
|
100
|
Table 6: Relative density, relative frequency, relative dominance and IVI of woody species in the three altitudes of the forest.
Name of Species
|
Lower altitude
|
Middle altitude
|
Upper altitude
|
|
RD
|
RF
|
RDO
|
IVI
|
RD
|
RF
|
RDO
|
IVI
|
RD
|
RF
|
RDO
|
IVI
|
Juniperus procera
|
9.8
|
5.8
|
26.4
|
42.1
|
11.2
|
7.6
|
24.2
|
38.4
|
5.4
|
8.6
|
20.7
|
30.7
|
Afrocarpus falcatus
|
7.0
|
4.0
|
14.1
|
25.1
|
8.5
|
7.3
|
20.4
|
28.4
|
2.2
|
1.3
|
5.7
|
24.8
|
Olea europaea
|
4.7
|
5.2
|
6.3
|
16.2
|
5.7
|
5.8
|
10.0
|
21.5
|
4.9
|
5.3
|
4.2
|
14.4
|
Teclea nobilis
|
6.3
|
4.9
|
3.3
|
14.6
|
2.8
|
2.9
|
1.5
|
7.2
|
6.3
|
5.6
|
2.4
|
14.5
|
Maytenus obscura
|
5.5
|
5.2
|
1.4
|
17.0
|
4.1
|
2.9
|
4.7
|
14.7
|
5.0
|
6.0
|
2.7
|
13.7
|
Schefflera abyssinica
|
1.9
|
2.9
|
6.3
|
10.0
|
1.4
|
1.8
|
6.2
|
8.4
|
0.5
|
2.0
|
10.2
|
11.7
|
Myrsine africana
|
1.5
|
2.7
|
6.0
|
10.2
|
1.5
|
2.0
|
3.9
|
7.4
|
4.1
|
3.3
|
2.0
|
8.5
|
Calpurnia aurea
|
3.9
|
4.3
|
0.4
|
8.6
|
3.7
|
3.2
|
2.0
|
6.9
|
3.1
|
4.0
|
2.1
|
8.1
|
Ekebergia capensis
|
1.1
|
1.8
|
4.4
|
7.3
|
3.5
|
4.1
|
2.4
|
8.0
|
1.6
|
3.3
|
5.7
|
10.7
|
Nuxia congesta
|
2.3
|
2.7
|
2.3
|
7.3
|
2.2
|
2.9
|
2.6
|
7.7
|
3.2
|
3.6
|
2.3
|
9.1
|
Other
|
57.1
|
60.5
|
29.2
|
141.8
|
56.3
|
59.5
|
25.2
|
151.4
|
63.7
|
57.0
|
46.0
|
153.9
|
Total
|
100
|
100
|
100
|
300
|
100
|
100
|
100
|
300
|
100
|
100
|
100
|
300
|
Table 7: Diameter class distributions of woody species in the three altitudes of forest
DBH class
|
Lower altitude
|
Middle altitude
|
Upper altitude
|
|
Density (stem/ha)
|
Relative density
|
Density (stem/ha)
|
Relative density
|
Density (stem/ha)
|
Relative density
|
|
2.5-5
|
68.01
|
17.06
|
52.93
|
17.06
|
43.15
|
17.06
|
5.1-10
|
63.89
|
18.04
|
48.43
|
16.12
|
41.92
|
16.57
|
10.1-15
|
55.67
|
15.72
|
46.07
|
15.33
|
37.37
|
14.77
|
15.1-20
|
42.04
|
11.87
|
40.12
|
13.35
|
34.07
|
13.47
|
20.1-25
|
33.54
|
9.47
|
32.32
|
10.76
|
31.07
|
12.28
|
25.1-30
|
27.15
|
7.67
|
23.15
|
7.71
|
23.15
|
9.15
|
30.1-35
|
21.59
|
6.1
|
18.52
|
6.16
|
15.59
|
6.16
|
35.1-40
|
17.81
|
5.03
|
14.81
|
4.93
|
11.96
|
4.73
|
40.1-45
|
13.11
|
3.7
|
13.89
|
4.62
|
9.11
|
3.6
|
>45
|
11.33
|
3.2
|
10.19
|
3.39
|
6.33
|
2.5
|
Total
|
354.14
|
100
|
300.43
|
100
|
253.72
|
100
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Table 8: Basal area of the most dominant woody species in the three altitudes of the forest
Species name
|
Lower altitude
|
Middle altitude
|
Upper altitude
|
|
basal area
|
Percentage
|
basal area
|
Percentage
|
basal area
|
Percentage
|
|
(m2/ha)
|
(%)
|
(m2/ha)
|
(%)
|
(m2/ha)
|
(%)
|
Juniperus procera
|
4.59
|
12.63
|
3.43
|
11.17
|
3.15
|
10.80
|
Podocarpus falcatus
|
3.44
|
9.46
|
3.03
|
9.87
|
2.85
|
9.77
|
Olea europaea
|
1.89
|
5.20
|
1.88
|
6.12
|
1.73
|
5.93
|
Schefflera abyssinica
|
1.79
|
4.92
|
1.08
|
3.52
|
1.04
|
3.57
|
Cordia africana
|
1.15
|
3.16
|
1.09
|
3.55
|
0.92
|
3.15
|
Teclea nobilis
|
0.98
|
2.70
|
0.21
|
0.68
|
0.77
|
2.64
|
Ekebergia capensis
|
1.02
|
2.81
|
1.31
|
4.27
|
0.86
|
2.95
|
Nuxia congesta
|
0.74
|
2.04
|
0.67
|
2.18
|
0.86
|
2.95
|
Ficus sur
|
0.97
|
2.67
|
0.87
|
2.83
|
0.99
|
3.39
|
Maytenus obscura
|
0.54
|
1.49
|
0.67
|
2.18
|
0.71
|
2.43
|
Other
|
19.24
|
52.93
|
16.46
|
53.62
|
15.29
|
52.42
|
Total
|
36.35
|
100
|
30.7
|
100
|
29.17
|
100
|
Table 9: Altitude and slope gradient effect Mean (± Std) on DBH, basal area and height in the three altitudes of the forest.
Gradients
|
DBH
|
Height
|
Basal area
|
Altitude 1612-2070m a.s.l
|
22.72 ± 19.25a
|
17.86 ± 9.52a
|
0.08 ± 0.12a
|
2071-2528m a.s.l
|
20.48 ± 18.76b
|
15.01 ± 10.39b
|
0.05 ± 0.13b
|
2539-2986m a.s.l
|
18.42 ± 16.98c
|
13.85 ± 9.29c
|
0.04 ± 0.10c
|
Slope < 20%
|
22.09 ± 18.32NS
|
15.83 ± 9.42a
|
0.07 ± 0.10NS
|
20-40%
|
21.59 ± 19.28NS
|
14.02 ±10.85b
|
0.06± 0.11NS
|
> 40%
|
21.64 ± 18.17NS
|
11.89 ± 9.76c
|
0.07 ± 0.14NS
|
Table 11: Altitude and slope gradient effect Mean (± Std) on regeneration of woody species
Gradients
|
Seedling
|
Sapling
|
Adults
|
Altitude 1612-2070m a.s.l
|
18.87 ± 3.01a
|
14.34 ± 1.65a
|
14.19± 2.21a
|
2071-2528m a.s.l
|
15.96 ± 2.35b
|
12.35 ± 2.24b
|
12.04 ± 2.24b
|
2529-2986m a.s.l
|
12.05 ± 2.29c
|
10.66 ± 3.16c
|
10.15 ± 3.11c
|
Slope < 20%
|
17.38 ± 2.64a
|
13.41 ± 1.72a
|
13.25 ± 1.63a
|
20-40%
|
15.55 ± 2.07b
|
11.53 ± 1.79b
|
11.20± 1.52b
|
> 40%
|
13.84 ± 2.56c
|
10.85 ± 2.36c
|
10.76 ± 1.89c
|