Data Availability
PPMI is an open access dataset. Data used in the preparation of this manuscript were obtained from the PPMI database (www.ppmi-info.org/data). Study protocol and manuals are available at www.ppmi-info.org/study-design. The data used for this paper were downloaded Sept 3, 2021.
Acknowledgement: This research project was funded by the Michael J. Fox Foundation.
Authors: Kalpana M. Merchant, Tanya Simuni, Janel Fedler, Chelsea Caspell-Garcia, Michael Brumm, Kelly Nudelman, Elizabeth Tengstrandt, Frank Hsieh, Roy N. Alcalay, Christopher Coffey, Lana Chahine, Tatiana Foroud, Andrew Singleton, Samantha Hutten, Todd Sherer, Andrew Siderowf, Caroline Tanner, and Ken Marek on behalf of the PPMI Investigators
Author roles:
KMM, TS, JF and CCG developed the analyses plan. ET and FS conducted the mass spectrometric analyses and contributed to data interpretation. JF, CCG, MB, KN assembled data. JF conducted statistical analyses. KMM drafted the manuscript. All authors contributed extensively to the work presented in this paper and critical review/revision of the manuscript.
Full financial disclosure for the previous 12 months:
This research was funded by the Michael J. Fox Foundation.
Kalpana Merchant, PhD, has consulted for AcureX, Caraway, Nitrase, Nura Bio, Retromer Therapeutics, Sinopia Biosciences, Vanqua, Vida Ventures and the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research. She has received research funding from the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research.
Tanya Simuni, MD, has served as a consultant for Acadia, Abbvie, Adamas, Anavex, Aptinyx, Allergan, Accorda, Denali, Neuroderm, Neurocrine, Revance, Sanofi, Sunovion, TEVA, Takeda, Voyager, US World Meds, Parkinson’s Foundation, and the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research; Dr. Simuni has served as a speaker and received an honorarium from Acadia, Adamas, and TEVA; Dr Simuni is on the Scientific advisory board for Neuroderm, Sanofi, and MJFF. Dr. Simuni has received research funding from the NINDS, Parkinson’s Foundation, MJFF, Biogen, Roche, Neuroderm, Sanofi, Sun Pharma.
Janel Fedler, PhD, reports no disclosures.
Chelsea Caspell-Garcia, MS reports no disclosures.
Michael Brumm, MS, reports no disclosures.
Frank Hsieh, PhD and Ms. Tengstrand are employed by Nextcea, Inc., which holds patent rights to the di-22:6-BMP and 2,2’-di-22:6-BMP biomarkers for neurological diseases involving lysosomal dysfunction (US 8,313,949, Japan 5,702,363, and Europe EP2419742).
Roy N. Alcalay MD, MS is funded by the NIH, the Parkinson’s Foundation and the Michael. J. Fox Foundation. He received consultation fees from Avrobio, Caraway, GSK, Merck, Ono Therapeutics Takeda and Sanofi.
Kelly Nudelman, PhD, receives funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Michael J. Fox Foundation, the National Collegiate Athletic Association, the US Department of Defense, and the Indiana State Department of Health.
Christopher S. Coffey, PhD receives funding from NINDS, NHLBI, and the Michael J. Fox Foundation. He is also a paid consulting to MJFF.
Lana M. Chahine, MD receives research support from the Michael J Fox Foundation (MJFF), has received travel payment from MJFF to MJFF conferences, is a paid consultant to MJFF, receives research support for a clinical trial sponsored by Voyager Therapeutics, receives research support for a clinical trial sponsored by Biogen, received travel payments from Voyager Therapeutics to Investigator meeting, and receives royalties from Wolters Kluwel (for book authorship).
Tatiana Foroud, PhD receives funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), The Michael J. Fox Foundation, the US Department of Defense. Dr. Foroud has received funding from The Michael J. Fox Foundation, the NIH, San Diego State University, The University of Texas at Austin, and Waggoner Center for Alcohol/Addiction Research.
Samantha Hutten, PhD is employed by The Michael J. Fox Foundation.
Todd Sherer, PhD is employed by The Michael J. Fox Foundation.
Andrew Siderowf, MD has been a consultant to the following companies in the past year: Biogen, Merck, Denali, Wave Life Sciences and Prilenia Therapeutics. He has received grant funding from the Michael J. Fox Foundation and NINDS.
Brit Mollenhauer, MD is employed by Parcacelsus Kliniken Germany and the University medical center Goettingen; BM has received independent research grants from TEVA-Pharma, Desitin, Boehringer Ingelheim, GE Healthcare and honoraria for consultancy from Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Roche, AbbVie, TEVA-Pharma, Biogen and for presentations from GlaxoSmithKline, Orion Pharma, TEVA-Pharma and travel costs from TEVA-Pharma. BM is member of the executive steering committee of the Parkinson Progression Marker Initiative and the Systemic Synuclein Sampling Study of the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research and has received grants from the BMBF, EU, Parkinson Fonds Deutschland, Deutsche Parkinson Vereinigung, Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research, Stifterverband für die deutsche Wissenschaft, and has scientific collaborations with Roche, Bristol Myers Squibb, Ely Lilly, Covance and Biogen.
Caroline M. Tanner, MD, PhD is an employee of the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the University of California – San Francisco. She receives grants from the Michael J. Fox Foundation, the Parkinson’s Foundation, the Department of Defense, BioElectron, Roche/Genentech, Biogen Idec and the National Institutes of Health, compensation for serving on Data Monitoring Committees from Biotie Therapeutics, Voyager Therapeutics and Intec Pharma and personal fees for consulting from Neurocrine Biosciences, Adamas Therapeutics, Biogen Idec, 23andMe, Alexza, Grey Matter and CNS Ratings.
Kenneth Marek is a consultant for MJFox Foundation, GE Healthcare, Biogen, Prothena, Roche, Neuropore, US Worldmeds, Proclara, Oxford Biomedica, Prevail, UCB, Neuraly, Lysosomal Therapetic, Inc, Neuroderm, Denali, Takeda W81XWH-06-1-0678 Establishing an 'at risk' cohort for Parkinson Disease Neuroprevention using olfactory testing and DAT imaging, DOD, Investigator 10/1/06 – 09/30/19; Parkinson Progression Marker Initiative (PPMI), Michael J. Fox Foundation, Principal Investigator; DAT imaging in LRRK2 family members, the Michael J. Fox Foundation, Principal Investigator 1/15/10 – 1/14/23. Ownership in Invicro, LLC