Areann 2016(32) | 132 adults with a PHQ-9 score > 10: 1- Experimental group (n = 56) 2- Control group (n = 76) | 1- Experimental group: Project EVO (a cognitive training app) 2- Control group: an app that provided daily health tips | No post-intervention significant difference between groups: P-value = 0.15 |
Au 2021(33) | 22 patients with MDD: 1- Experimental group (n = 12) 2- Control group (n = 10) | 1- Experimental group: occupational therapy and Chinese version of the PM module of the Cognitive Compensatory Training (CCT-C-PM) 2- Control group: occupational therapy | • Depression anxiety stress scale score (DASS) Group*Time interaction F = 1.35, P = .99 • Cambridge prospective memory test score (CAMPROMPT-C) Group*Time interaction F = 7.97, P = .01 |
Bowie 2013(34) | 33 patients with treatment resistant MDD: 1- Experimental group (n = 17) 2- Control group (n = 16) | 1- Experimental group: cognitive remediation (CR) 2- Control group: wait list Assessments: • Attention and processing speed: The symbol coding task, the continuous performance test, controlled oral word association test, Animal naming test, and Trail making test • Verbal Memory: The Hopkins verbal learning Test • Executive functioning: The letter number sequencing test, trail making test, and The Stroop color-word test | • Attention and information processing speed Group*Time interaction: F[1,18] = 7.8, p = 0.012 • Verbal learning and memory Group*Time interaction: F[1,16] = 6.2, p = 0.023 • Executive functioning Group*Time interaction: F[1,17] = 0.8, p = 0.38 |
Ferrari 2021(35) | 115 MDD inpatients: 1- Experimental group (n = 56) 2- Control group (n = 59) | 1- Experimental group: Cognitive Control Training (CCT) 2- Control group: comparable sham-training | • The Beck depression inventory (BDI-II) Group*Time interaction: F[1,107] = 0.04, p = 0.84 • the random number generation task (RNGT) Group*Time interaction: F[3,108] = 1.91, p = 0.13 |
Hoorelbeke 2016(36) | 68 patients with remitted MDD: 1- Experimental group (n = 34) 2- Control group (n = 34) | 1- Experimental group: Cognitive Control Training (CCT) 2- Control group: a low cognitive load training | • The Beck depression inventory (BDI-II) Group*Time interaction: F[2,65] = 1.2, p = 0.3 • Remission of depression questionnaire (RDQ) Group*Time interaction: F[1,66] = 11.21, p = 0.001 • Non-adaptive PASAT accuracy Group*Time interaction: F[1,66] = 18.52, p < 0.001 |
Klojčnik 2021(37) | 20 patients with MDD: 1- Experimental group (n = 10) 2- Control group (n = 10) | 1- Experimental group: Standard rehabilitation interventions with computerized cognitive remediation (CCRT) 2- Control group: Standard rehabilitation interventions | • The Beck depression inventory (BDI-II) Group*Time interaction: F[1,18] = 9.92, p = 0.006 • The test for attentional performance (TAP) Group*Time interaction: Alertness: F[1.18] = 10.57, p = 0.004 Inhibition: F[1.18] = 20.99, p < 0.001 Flexibility: F[1.18] = 9.18, p = 0.007 Divided attention: F[1.18] = 10.18, p = 0.005 • The tower of London (TOL) Group*Time interaction: Total move score: F[1.18] = 17.16, p = 0.001 Number of correct solutions: F[1.18] = 41.88, p < 0.001 Total problem-solving time: F[1.18] = 18.26, p < 0.001 Total execution time: F[1.18] = 6.38, p = 0.02 • The behavior rating inventory of executive function-adult (BRIEF-A) Group*Time interaction: Inhibition: F[1.18] = 1.1, p = 0.3 Shift: F[1.18] = 36.07, p < 0.001 Emotional control: F[1.18] = 20.21, p < 0.001 Initiate: F[1.18] = 23.56, p < 0.001 Working memory: F[1.18] = 6.07, p = 0.02 Plan/organize: F[1.18] = 5.39, p = 0.03 |
Lacoviello 2014(38) | 21 patients with unmedicated MDD: 1- Experimental group (n = 11) 2- Control group (n = 10) | 1- Experimental group: The cognitive-emotional training group 2- Control group: Active control group | • The Hamilton depression rating scale (Ham-D) Group*Time interaction: F[1, 19] = 5.6, P = .02 • Unsignificant differences in: Digit-span forward (DSF), Digit-span backward (DSB), and Letter-number sequencing (LNS) subtests of the Wechsler adult intelligence scale |
Listunova 2020(39) | 62 patients with partial remission MDD: 1- Experimental group (n = 38) 2- Control group (n = 19) | 1- Experimental group: Cognitive remediation therapy (CRT) 2- Control group: Passive control group Assessments: • Attention: Alertness, divided attention and selective attention subscales of the test battery of the Vienna test • Learning and Memory: California verbal learning test (CVLT) and figural memory subscale of the test battery of the Vienna test • Executive functioning: Trail Making Test-L Version B, Tower of London-F, N-Back-verbal, and inhibition subscale of the test battery of the Vienna test | • Unsignificant differences in: The Hamilton depression rating scale (Ham-D), The Beck depression inventory (BDI-II), information processing speed, executive function, learning and memory • Attention Group*Time interaction: F[1,35] = 5.232, p = 0.014 |
Moshier 2015(40) | 32 adults with a BDI-II score in 16 to 35 range: 1- Experimental group (n = 16) 2- Control group (n = 16) | 1- Experimental group: Cognitive Control Training (CCT) 2- Control group: The peripheral vision task | • The Beck depression inventory (BDI-II) Group*Time interaction: F[1.6,60] = 0.64, p = 0.49 • The repeated knob-checking task Group*Time interaction: Memory accuracy: F[1,64] = 0.45, p = 0.5 Memory confidence: F[1,65] = 1.2, p = 0.27 Memory vividness: F[1,65] = 2.66, p = 0.1 Memory detail: F[1,65] = 2.67, p = 0.1 |
Moshier 2017(41) | 34 patients with MDD: 1- Experimental group (n = 17) 2- Control group (n = 17) | 1- Experimental group: Computerized cognitive Control Training (CCT) 2- Control group: The peripheral vision task | • Unsignificant differences in the Beck depression inventory (BDI-II) |
Semkovska 2015(42) | 24 MDD inpatients: 1- Experimental group (n = 12) 2- Control group (n = 12) | 1- Experimental group: Computerized neurocognitive remediation therapy (NCRT) 2- Control group: Computer games | • Unsignificant differences in the Beck depression inventory (BDI-II) |
Semkovska 2017(43) | 22 patients with remitted MDD: 1- Experimental group (n = 11) 2- Control group (n = 11) | 1- Experimental group: Computerized neurocognitive remediation therapy (NCRT) 2- Control group: Computer games | • The Beck depression inventory (BDI-II) Group*Time interaction: F[1,19] = 0.31 P = 0.59 • The Hamilton depression rating scale Group*Time interaction: F[1,19] = 0.003 P = 0.96 • The Selective attention test Group*Time interaction: F[1,19] = 7.05 P = 0.01 • The digit span backward test Group*Time interaction: F[1,19] = 11.81 P = 0.003 • The logical memory test Group*Time interaction: Logical memory-I (total): F[1,19] = 0.003 P = 0.96 Logical memory-II (retention): F[1,19] = 14.36 P = 0.001 • The towers of London test Group*Time interaction: F[1,19] = 26.9 P < 0.001 • The fluency switching test Group*Time interaction: F[1,19] = 7.24 P = 0.01 |
Trapp 2016(44) | 41 MDD inpatients: 1- Experimental group (n = 21) 2- Control group (n = 20) | 1- Experimental group: Cognitive remediation therapy (CRT) 2- Control group: Passive control group Assessments: • Depression: Beck depression inventory and Hamilton depression rating scale • Memory: visual reproduction II and logical memory II of Wechsler memory scale (WMS) • Working memory: WMS spatial span forward, WMS spatial span backward, WMS digit span forward, WMS digit span backward, WMS visual reproduction I, and WMS logical memory I • Attention: Degraded continuous performance test (CPT) omissions, Degraded CPT commissions, and Trail Making Test (TMT) A performance time • Executive function: WCST total errors, TMT B performance time, and TMT B-A | • Depression Group*Time interaction: F = 2.38 P = 0.13 • Attention Group*Time interaction: F = 0.62 P = 0.6 • Executive function Group*Time interaction: F = 3.14 P = 0.03 • Working memory Group*Time interaction: F = 2.63 P = 0.03 • Memory Group*Time interaction: F = 4.5 P = 0.03 |
Wanmaker 2014(45) | 61 adults with a BDI-II ≥ 10: 1- Experimental group (n = 34) 2- Control group (n = 27) | 1- Experimental group: Working memory training 2- Control group: Video game | • The Beck depression inventory (BDI-II) Group*Time interaction: F[1,46] = 0.63 P > 0.05 • The span board test Group*Time interaction: F[1,46] = 8.98 P < 0.01 |
Wanmaker 2015(46) | 98 MDD patients (with or without anxiety) or GAD patients with at least moderate depressive symptoms (by BDI-II): 1- Experimental group (n = 49) 2- Control group (n = 49) | 1- Experimental group: Working memory training 2- Control group: Video game | • The Beck depression inventory (BDI-II) Group*Time interaction: F[1,72] = 0.06 P > 0.05 • The digit forward test Group*Time interaction: F[1,69] = 1.42 P > 0.05 • The digit backward test Group*Time interaction: F[1,68] = 4.85 P < 0.05 • The reading span test test Group*Time interaction: F[1,69] = 4.85 P < 0.05 |