In this case-control study the association between dietary pattern and obesity was examined. Four major dietary patterns were identified: vegetables and high protein foods, traditional, sweets and snacks, and good oils.
Vegetables and high-protein food pattern was associated with high consumption of legumes, green vegetables, other vegetables, dairy products, meat, tomatoes, and whole grains. Following this pattern had no significant relationship with the risk of obesity and anthropometric indicators.
In the study of Gurbannejad et al., a protein-rich food pattern that included high intake of legumes, offal, fish, eggs, red meat, high-fat dairy products, simple grains, and vegetables was directly related to weight loss. It seems that according to previous studies, a high-protein diet increases the feeling of satiety by increasing the thermogenic effect. In this way, maybe the relationship between high-protein food pattern and thinness can be justified. (13) In the study of Sharaf Kazemzadeh et al., the traditional food pattern, which has a high factor load for refined carbohydrates, whole grains, vegetables, red and processed meat, sources of saturated and trans fats, showed a positive relationship with the intake of fat, cholesterol, and calcium. There was. All obesity indices were positively related to this food pattern (14). In Shanshin and Nazari's study, a healthy diet includes high consumption of whole grains, red meat, legumes, poultry, fish, cabbage-shaped vegetables, potatoes, yellow vegetables, green leafy vegetables, other vegetables, garlic, tomatoes, olives, fruits. It was fruit juice, buttermilk, nuts, low-fat dairy products and liquid oil. In the aforementioned study, people who were in the highest quartile of healthy eating patterns had a lower probability of suffering from general obesity (15). Also, this pattern had no significant relationship with waist circumference and abdominal obesity, but showed a significant relationship with body mass index. Esmailzadeh and Azadbakht in the study of women teachers in Tehran showed that women in the highest quintile of healthy eating pattern had a higher body mass index and waist circumference than the lowest quintile. Also, women in the highest quintile of healthy eating pattern had a lower chance of suffering from general obesity and abdominal obesity (13). The negative relationship between the healthy eating pattern observed in the recent study with body mass index and abdominal obesity can be explained by the effect of low glycemic index, low energy density and high fiber of food groups such as legumes, vegetables and fruits and intake of low fats. He justified the reception of food and appetite. Increasing the intake of soluble and insoluble fiber in a healthy diet increases the feeling of satiety after eating and reduces hunger again with the same energy intake, so diets with high fiber reduce energy intake and weight. In general, it seems that a healthy eating pattern can be the cause of weight loss and body mass index. Since the food pattern of vegetables and high protein or the healthy food pattern in terms of having processed meat and viscera and not being loaded with liquid oil and fruits is different from the healthy food pattern, it may be the reason that there is no significant relationship with obesity.
Traditional food pattern was associated with high consumption of green vegetables, tomatoes, syrups, refined grains, white meat and fruits. Following this pattern had no significant relationship with the risk of obesity and anthropometric indicators.
In the study of Ismailzadeh et al., a healthy food pattern includes fruits, other vegetables, tomatoes, poultry and chickens, legumes, cabbage-shaped vegetables, green leafy vegetables, tea, juice, whole grains, potatoes, low-fat dairy products, and fish., yellow vegetables and low consumption of butter, high-fat dairy products and solid oil. The results of this study showed an inverse relationship between healthy eating patterns and body mass index and waist circumference (16). In the study of Nasreddine et al, the traditional Lebanese food pattern in terms of having grains, fruits and vegetables is similar to the traditional pattern of the present study. The results of this study, which was conducted among preschool children, showed that the Lebanese traditional model reduced the risk of overweight in preschool children. The traditional Lebanese food pattern contains less high-calorie foods such as sweets and fast foods, which is associated with less intake of energy, fat and sugar, thus helping to reduce the risk of obesity (17). Also, consuming more fruits, vegetables and dairy products in the traditional Lebanese pattern increases the intake of several nutrients and phytochemicals, including fiber and calcium (18). Dietary fiber plays a role in regulating appetite and weight (19). In the study of Rezazadeh et al., the healthy food pattern includes other vegetables, fruits, yellow vegetables, cabbage vegetables, tomatoes, low-fat dairy butter, poultry and chicken, olives, natural juice, potatoes, milk and coffee. The results showed that following a healthy eating pattern in the aforementioned study has an inverse relationship with waist circumference and body mass index (20). The negative relationship of the healthy eating pattern observed in the mentioned study with body mass index, waist size, general obesity and abdominal obesity can be attributed to the effect of low glycemic index (21), low energy density (22) and high fiber of food groups such as legumes and Vegetables and fruits and intake of low fats (23) should be justified on intake of food and appetite.
sweets and snacks pattern was recognized by the high consumption of sweets, cakes and biscuits, nuts, pickles and salt, chips and puffs. sweets and snacks pattern has not significantly related to the increased risk of obesity and anthropometric indicators. In the study of Rezazadeh et al., the unhealthy food pattern includes high consumption of processed meat, mayonnaise, soft drinks, sweets, refined grains, chips and puffs, cakes and biscuits, industrial juices, red meat, nuts, and fried potatoes., hydrogenated oils, eggs, butter, high-fat dairy products, sugar and visceral meat. Body mass index and waist circumference had a positive relationship with unhealthy eating patterns (20). The positive relationship of unhealthy food pattern with body mass profile, waist circumference and types of general and abdominal obesity is mostly due to high carbohydrate foods with high glycemic index in this food pattern, which causes high glycemic response and increased oxidation of carbohydrates to oxidation of fats and in fuel reserves from It interferes by increasing fat storage and as a result increasing body weight (24). Also, carbohydrates with a high glycemic index increase the probability of hunger and are effective in stimulating overeating (25). The possible mechanism proposed for the positive relationship between unhealthy food pattern and abdominal obesity is that the foods of this food pattern, such as hydrogenated oil and sugar, lead to weight gain and abdominal obesity due to their high calories and because they are less thermogenic. An increase in salt intake leads to a decrease in the satiety signal, causing disturbances in the digestive system and increasing the activity of the renin-angiotensin system, which in this way causes weight gain (26). In the study of Hosseini Esfahani et al., the western food pattern included processed meats, prepared and instant foods, salty snacks, salty biscuits, chips and puffs, salad dressings and industrially sweetened soft drinks. The results of this study showed that reducing the consumption of western food items and following a healthy pattern prevented abdominal obesity (24).
good oils pattern was characterized by high consumption of olive oil and liquid oil and low consumption of solid oil. Following the pattern of good oils was not significantly related to the increased risk of obesity and anthropometric indicators. Due to their sedentary lifestyle, humans have constantly increased their calorie intake with a simultaneous decrease in energy expenditure. The result of this net increase in caloric intake and access to a constant source of energy-rich foods is a metabolic imbalance with hypertrophy and hyperplasia of adipose tissue and, consequently, obesity, which is associated with fat deposition outside of normal fat storage depots. The pathophysiological effect of obesity is much greater than its aesthetic effect on body shape (27). Studies have shown that a Mediterranean diet rich in olive oil can reduce obesity rates (28–31), have favorable effects on weight (32–34), satiety effect (35), and reduce waist circumference (36).
A Mediterranean diet rich in olive oil has beneficial effects on the lipid profile and reduces LDL and increases the ratio of HDL to total cholesterol. It also improves glucose metabolism, reduces LDL oxidation and mild systemic inflammation, improves endothelial function, improves blood pressure control, prevents the redistribution of body fat from visceral fat tissue, which can prevent obesity, diabetes and metabolic syndrome (37).
In the present study, unlike the mentioned studies, there was no correlation between good oils pattern and obesity. The reason can be the difference between good oils pattern and food patterns in other studies in terms of other consumed food groups. Also, since in the questionnaire used in the present study, the participants were not asked about the type of liquid oil, we do not know about it, and as mentioned in previous studies, different results were obtained for the consumption of different types of liquid oil. And it is better to take this into account.