Optimization of Organic-Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cell Layers

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2084341/v1

Obtaining cheap Electronic Transparent Materials (ETM) and Hole Transparent Materials (HTM) is an important challenge for researchers in perovskite solar cells. we used the SCAPS software in order to determine the properties of CH₃NH₃SnI₃-based solar cells with different ETM and HTM layers, such as (IGZO, SnO₂, TiO₂, ZnO) and (Spiro-OMeTAD, NiO, Cu₂O, and CuO), respectively. Our results predict that among these ETMs, the SnO₂ is the most promising to result in high photovoltaic (PV) efficiency in combination with Spiro-OMeTAD based HTM. In addition the perovskite absorber's thicknesses are optimized to achieve maximum photovoltaic efficiency. In order to increase efficiency, layer thickness in cell structures can be optimized by fixing the thickness of the first two layers while altering the thickness of the third. The perovskite solar cell's planar structure consists of ETM (SnO₂)/perovskite absorber (CH₃NH₃SnI₃) / HTM (Spiro-OMeTAD)/ and Gold (Au) as a back contact. Also, it improved the solar cell performance by optimizing the absorber thickness, which was 1 µm. With these considerations, the power conversion efficiency of 33.2698% is obtained. Also, we explore the effect of the defect at the perovskite/SnO₂ interface on solar cell performance.

Perovskite solar cell

Numerical simulation

ETM

HTM and Power conversion efficiency

Photovoltaic technology has advanced due to numerous solar device structures and its cost-effectiveness and enhanced performance[1, 2]. The perovskite absorber-based solar structure has become one of the most emerging PV technologies[3, 4]. Perovskite materials exhibit good PV output characteristics due to their high absorption coefficient, adequate bandgap, and lengthy charge-carrier diffusion lengths. Many workers in the field have attempted to enhancing the PV performance of PSCs using CH₃NH₃PbI₃ absorber materials [5, 6]. However, Pb is toxic and is limited in developing these solar devices. Solving the problem is required to investigate alternate perovskite materials. CH₃NH₃SnI₃ has recently been described as an alternative perovskite absorber in PSCs[2, 7].

Can avoid the toxicity of CH₃NH₃PbI₃ by using the absorber layer CH₃NH₃SnI₃ which has a direct bandgap 1.30eV[8]. Recently, several groups have succeeded in fabricating and simulating CH₃NH₃SnI₃-based perovskite solar cells, giving competitive PCEs[9, 10], using heterojunction-based architectures. Charge carrier recombination, particularly in the absorber layer, restricts the efficiency of perovskite solar cells and prevents further advancement. According to recent studies, a PCE can approach theoretical values by reducing charge carrier recombination in the absorber layer and at the interfaces between the absorber and nearby layers [4]. The hysteresis phenomena are frequently observed in PSCs, primarily conventional planar heterojunction, and it is one of the primary challenges currently preventing further progress [11]. Ionic movement in the perovskite film induced the hysteresis[12, 13].It was noted that the inverted P-I-N device with planar architecture, with a device efficiency of close to 20%, decreases hysteresis effects [8].

ETMs and HTMs are essential parts for the fabrication of high-efficiency PSCs. Different metal oxides are used as ETMs, and some organic and inorganic HTMs are used. In this study, we have tested four ETMs /perovskite absorber (CH₃NH₃SnI₃)/ four HTMs /Au cells. The work is unique in optimizing the thickness of different layers of PSCs and recording the highest conversion efficiency.

SCAPS 1D 3.3.09 is used to simulate PV structure's behaviour, and it is 1D solar cell simulation which is recently being used for the simulation of PSCs[1, 14]. The conventional n-i-p structure of a PSC is built on an FTO coated glass substrate (Fig. 1). Within this framework, the layer of perovskite CH₃NH₃SnI₃ is sandwiched between different ETMs and HTMs[4, 15, 16].The cells are illumined through FTO, whereas the back contact is gold (Au). The (IGZO), (SnO₂),(TiO₂) and(ZnO), are examined as ETM. The HTM comprises metal oxides such as Spiro-OMeTAD, Nickel oxide (NiO)Copper(I)oxide (Cu₂O)and Copper(II)oxide (CuO).

This simulator helps to calculate the most electrical measurements in both dark and light circumstances, and at varied temperatures [17]. This software is based on three coupled differential equations and can be used for cell layer optimization and PSC modeling:

$$\frac{d}{dx}\left(-Ɛ\left(x\right)\frac{d\psi }{dx}\right)=q[p\left(x\right)-n\left(x\right)+{N}^{+}-{N}^{-}+{p}_{t}\left(x\right)-{n}_{t}\left(x\right) (1)$$

$$\frac{d{p}_{n}}{dt}={G}_{p-}\frac{{p}_{n}-{p}_{no}}{{\tau }_{p}}-{p}_{n}{\mu }_{p}\frac{d\xi }{dx}-{\mu }_{p}\xi \frac{d{p}_{n}}{dx}+{D}_{p}\frac{{d}^{2}{p}_{n}}{d{x}^{2}} \left(2\right)$$

$$\frac{d{p}_{p}}{dt}={G}_{n-}\frac{{n}_{p}-{n}_{po}}{{\tau }_{p}}+{n}_{n}{\mu }_{n}\frac{d\xi }{dx}+{\mu }_{n}\xi \frac{d{n}_{p}}{dx}+{D}_{n}\frac{{d}^{2}{n}_{p}}{d{x}^{2}} \left(3\right)$$

Were ɛ is dielectric constant, q is the charge of electron, Ψ is the electrostatic potential, permittivity assembled as ξ, diffusion coefficient is D and n, p, nt, and pt, represented as free electrons, free holes, trapped electrons, and trapped holes, respectively. Ionized acceptor-like doping concentration is denoted by N_a, and ionized donor-like doping concentration is denoted by N_d[8]. In this approach, three input layers are employed in the simulation of PSCs, n-type (IGZO, SnO₂, TiO₂, and ZnO) being used separately to compare each layer's performance as an ETM. As an absorbent layer, the perovskite layer is employed, and p-type (Spiro-OMeTAD, NiO, Cu₂O and CuO) are used independently as HTM. The layers were simulated using each material parameter, and the material parameters for each layer were achieved from publications[2, 8, 14, 15, 17–24]. Gold was used as a back metal contact of the cell.

The standard solar spectrum (AM1.5) was used with an incident power density (1000 mW/cm²) at room temperature (300K) and the input parameters of SnO₂ taken from[14, 15, 20] publication. The perovskite and Spiro-OMeTAD parameters are taken from [2, 4, 8, 18, 19] and [4, 17, 21, 23–26], respectively. Each layer is given a neutral defect of Gaussian-distribution with energy characteristic of 0.1eVand examined the interface defects layers of (ETM/perovskite) and (perovskite/HTM).

Our cell is built with a 0.035 µm thick ETMs, a 0.9µm absorber layer, and 0.35µm thick HTMs. The thickness optimization technique is performed by keeping two layers' thickness constant, the third thickness layer is changed, and then the most effective layer thickness has been identified. Firstly, the thickness of the ETM is changed, but the thickness of the two other layers remains fixed. In the second step, the thickness of the HTM was altered, while the different two layers were kept constant, and the HTM thickness was recorded that equaled maximum efficiency. Finally, based on the modeling results, the absorber layer thickness was changed from 100 nm to 900 nm and keeping the ETM and HTM thicknesses fixed. The highest efficiency was recorded as estimated by using the appropriate layer thicknesses.

The numerical simulations are applied to show the influence of ETM and HTM on the power conversion efficiency of different cell designs. Four types of ETM (IGZO, SnO₂, TiO₂ and ZnO) are used to estimate the performance of the PSC. The characteristic parameters of ETM are taken from [2, 14, 15, 25, 27] publications. Table 1 provides a summary of these parameters. Resulting from the data as displayed in Table 2, the SnO₂ material presents the highest V_oc, J_sc and η which were 1.248528V, 31.35126528mA/cm²and 33.2148%, respectively as compared to the other materials. As opposed to that, the SnO₂ showed the lower FF, 84.8553%, compared with TiO₂, which was 85.2649%. We observed that some of their input parameters appear to be comparable. For instance, both SnO₂ and TiO₂ have identical electron mobility (20cm/Vs²), but the energy band gaps of SnO₂ has larger than TiO₂, which were 3.5eV and 3.2eV, respectively, have compensated [14, 28]. The influence of band gap width and electron affinity of ETM on solar cell performance having the device structure[29].

Figure 2 shows illuminated J-V characteristics of IGZO, SnO₂, TiO₂, and ZnO based solar cells with a thickness of 35 nm for all ETM materials. Structure-based on SnO₂ exhibits better electrical parameters than that found on IGZO, TiO₂, and ZnO. The better transparency of the SnO₂ material than other materials improves light absorption in the perovskite layer [30]. The solar cell based on SnO₂ as ETM displayed maximum J_sc than other ETMs as its higher light absorption by the perovskite, which also reflects in the External Quantum Efficiency, which is maximum in the 300–400 nm spectral regions. Furthermore, SnO₂ has a wider band gap (3.5eV) as comparison to ZnO (3.3eV) and TiO₂ (3.2eV)and it exhibits higher transmittance between 300–400 nm [31, 32].

Table 1

The proposed ETM's material parameters
Parameters	IGZO	SnO₂	TiO₂	ZnO
Thickness (nm)	35	35	35	35
E_g (eV)	3.05	3.5	3.2	3.3
X (eV)	4.16	4	4.1	4
ε_r	10	9	9	9
N_c (cm^− 3)	5×10¹⁸	2.2x10¹⁸	1x10²¹	2.2x10¹⁸
N_v (cm^− 3)	5×10¹⁸	1.8x10¹⁹	2x10²⁰	1.9x10¹⁹
µ_n (cm/Vs)	15	20	20	100
µ_p (cm/Vs )	0.1	10	10	25
N_d (cm^− 3)	1×10¹⁸	1x10¹⁷	1x10¹⁹	1x10¹⁸
N_a (cm^− 3)	0.0	0.0	0	0
N_t (cm^− 3)	1×10¹⁵	1x10¹⁵	1x10¹⁵	1×10¹⁵

Table 2

Effect of ETM on n-i-p solar cells' output characteristics
Parameter	TiO2	SnO2	ZnO	IGZO
V_OC(V)	1.241722	1.248528	1.248576	1.24698
Jsc(mA/cm²)	31.33979163	31.35126528	31.33322517	31.32625888
FF(%)	85.2649	84.8553	84.7987	84.9381
η(%)	33.1811	33.2148	33.1749	33.1795

To evaluate the effects of various HTMs on PCE for different solar cell-based designs, the parameters of Table 3 are used. The numerical simulation is performed, and the foundlings are presented in Table 4 and Fig. 3.These findings indicate that the Spiro-OMeTAD as HTM gives a highest PCE which was 33.2148%, as compared with NiO, Cu₂O and CuO, which was 32.7986, 32.7986 and19.1483, respectively of solar cells. It is seen that Spiro-OMeTAD is better than NiO, Cu₂O and CuO as HTM. Therefore, the performances with Spiro-OMeTAD thickness of 350 nm are improved compared to the same thickness of NiO, Cu₂O and CuO. These agreed with [33],which revealed that the PCE was increased in perovskite solar cells using Spiro-OMeTAD as the hole-transporting layer. As well as, [34] showed that Spiro-OMeTAD has good stability and is beneficial for obtaining a regular HTM on top layer of the perovskite solar cell. Such a homogeneous coverage significantly reduces pinhole induced charge losses in PSC devices, resulting in an excellent performance.

Table 3

Parameters of the proposed HTM
arameters	Spiro-OMeTAD	NiO	Cu₂O	CuO
Thickness (nm)	350	350	350	350
E_g (eV)	3.17	3.6	2.17	1.48
X (eV)	2.2	1.8	3.2	4.07
ε_r	3	11.7	7.1	18.1
N_c (cm^− 3)	1x10²⁰	2.5x10²⁰	2x10¹⁷	2.1x10¹⁹
N_v (cm^− 3)	1x10²⁰	2.5x10²⁰	1.1x10¹⁹	5.5x10¹⁹
µ_n (cm/Vs)	2.0	2.8	200	100
µ_p (cm/Vs )	1x10^− 2	2.8	80	0.1
N_d (cm^− 3)	0	0	0	0
N_a (cm^− 3)	2x10¹⁹	3x10¹⁸	1x10¹⁸	1x10¹⁶
N_t (cm^− 3)	1×10¹⁴	1 x10¹⁴	1x10¹⁴	1x10¹⁴

Table 4

HTM's impact on the n-i-p PSC's output parameters
Parameter	Spiro-OMe TAD	NiO	Cu₂O	CuO
V_OC(V)	1.248528	1.241249	1.241249	0.738443
J_sc(mA/cm²)	31.35126528	31.35095	31.35094	31.331190
F(%)	84.8553	84.2841	84.2841	82.763
η(%)	33.2148	32.7986	32.7986	19.1483

Table 5 shows the free leads non-toxic PSC parameters in n-i-p arrangement with SnO₂ as ETM and Spiro-OMeTAD as HTM. Considering the thickness of the ETM, methylammonium tin iodide (CH₃NH₃SnI₃) and HTM layers were 35, 900 and 350 nm, respectively. The output parameters of V_oc=1.248528, J_sc= 31.35127 mA/cm², FF = 84.8553%, and η = 33.2148%, under AM1.5 simulated sun lights of 1000mW/cm²were found. This study has demonstrated that it could greatly improve the device's performance by inserting suitable materials such as the ETM and HTM.

Table 5

Input parameters of the proposed HTM
Parameters	SnO₂	CH₃NH₃SnI₃	Spiro-OMeTAD
Thickness (nm)	35	900	350
E_g (eV)	3.5	1.3	3.17
X (eV)	4	4.7	2.2
ε_r	9	10	3
N_c (cm^− 3)	2.2x10¹⁷	1X10¹⁸	1X10²⁰
N_v (cm^− 3)	2.2x10¹⁶	1X10¹⁹	1X10²⁰
µ_n (cm/Vs)	20	1.6	2
µ_p (cm/Vs )	10	1.6	1X10^− 20
N_d (cm^− 3)	1x10¹⁷	3.10¹⁷	0
N_a (cm^− 3)	0.0	3.X10¹⁷	2X10¹⁹
N_t (cm^− 3)	1x10¹⁵	1X10¹³	1X10¹⁴

The thickness of the tin oxide on device performance has been studied. Figure 4 revealed that, as the thickness of SnO₂ increases from 10- 110nm, the J_sc, FF and QE is partially increased and then became maximum from 20nm to 30nm. Furthermore, V_oc is decreased as the thickness is increased. The maximum solar cell parameter values such as V_oc, J_sc, FF and η were recorded at 1.248533V, 31.35351045mA/cm²84.8548% and 33.2172%, respectively. These agreed with [35], experimentally, which revealed that, SnO₂ was deposited at a rate of around 2 nm/min, and its thickness ranged from ~30 to ~180 nm. Also, [36]showed that the thickness of the ETM significantly influences solar cell optimization. As a result, the properties of electrical, optical and morphology were examined in relation to the thickness of the SnO₂ layer. In both cases, η and V_OCincreased in a specific thickness and reached its maximum value, and then decreased. Furthermore, J_sc rises as thickness grows, because a thicker absorber layer will absorb more photons and produce more electron-hole pairs [37].

Figure 5 shows QE, J_sc, V_oc and FF with varying thicknesses of HTM. From the result, it has been discovered that J_sc increases as HTM thickness increases from 100 to 700nm as shown in Table 6. As the thickness rises, the other values, including V_oc, FF, and PCE, decreases. The optimized layer thicknesses for the HTM and perovskite layers provide better PCE. [38]revealed that HTM thickness increases from 0.1 to 10 nm, the cell efficiency and FF increases 28.10% and 80.85%, respectively, when the thickness of HTM is increased to 800 nm, FF and PCE are decreased to 73.19% and 25.46%, respectively. The possibility of recombination is increased because a thin HTM (< 10 nm) does not completely cover the perovskite layer. Increased coverage causes the FF to rise as the HTM thickness rises from 0.1 to 10 nm. The FF reduces as a result of the increase in series resistance (Rs) with the thickness of HTM.

Table 6

Output parameters of the HTM with varying in thickness.
V_oc	1.248526	Volt
J_sc	31.35126	mA/cm2
FF	84.8507	%
ɳ	33.213	%
V_MPP	1.10377	Volt
J_MPP	30.09053	mA/cm2

Figure 6: illustrates the thickness effect of absorber layer (CH₃NH₃SnI₃) on different electrical parameter. The efficiency increases as thickness rises from 500 to 1100 nm, then slightly reduces from 1200 to 1700 nm. As the perovskite layer thickness is increased, the solar cell efficiency is increase up to certain value, these may be due to the absorber layer thickness absorbs more photon. With an increase in thickness, the J_sc rises and the charges in a thicker absorber layer must travel a greater distance for diffusion. These agreed with [39], which observed that, the charges in a thicker absorber layer must travel a greater distance for diffusion. When the absorber layer is thinner, there are fewer charge carriers and less areas available for conduction, which results in a smaller PCE value. However, when the absorber layer is at its optimal thickness 0.65µm, there is a sharp increase in PCE value because there are more charge carriers and their movement is increased by the availability of more areas and more conduction.

According to the Table 7, the final model has an absorber layer thickness of 1.1 µm and a defect density of 10¹³ cm^− 3.The final J-V characteristic is shown in Fig. 7. The obtained results demonstrate that perovskite (CH₃NH₃SnI₃) has high electrochemical capabilities kits layer provide a better power conversional efficiency of 33.269%.As thickness increases, the efficiency rises as well. It will be interpreted by an increase in the creation of electron-hole pairs in the absorber layer. As a result, there is an increasing the optical density. Additionally, the J_sc increases with increasing thickness as a result of the thicker absorber layer absorbing more photons and producing more electron-hole pairs. Moreover, the chance of recombination increases with a thicker absorber layer and the charges must travel over a greater distance for diffusion[40, 41].

Table 7

Output parameters of the n-i-p PSC
V_oc	1.243636 Volt
J_sc	31.61613912 mA/cm²
FF	84.6152%
ɳ	33.2698%
V_MPP	1.097715Volt
J_MPP	30.30826258mA/cm2

In this paper, using the SCAPS-1D solar simulator, we examined a theoretical analysis of methylammonium tin iodide CH₃NH₃SnI₃, a lead-free absorber. This optimization of perovskite solar cell layers of different n-i-p configurations showed FTO/SnO₂/CH₃NH₃SnI₃/Spiro-OMeTAD gold structure. It is found that (IGZO, SnO₂, TiO₂, and ZnO) were examined as ETM and then (Spiro-OMeTAD, NiO, Cu₂O and CuO) as HTM. Since SnO₂ has high η and is considered appropriate for ETMs, Spiro-OMeTAD is a suitable HTM. The output optimized parameters of cells was V_oc=1.248528V, J_sc=31.35127mA/cm², FF = 84.8553% and η = 33.2148%, respectively. Furthermore, it stimulates the effect of ETM, perovskite and HTM thickness. Suggesting that, using low thickness can produce a high performance of perovskite solar cells. Hence, the obtained results V_oc=1.243628V, J_sc=31.61389896mA/cm², FF = 84.6152% and η = 33.2698% provide guidance for design of perovskite solar cells for high PCE. Thus, this numerical model is used to predict other solar cells-based devices for enhanced solar cells conversion efficiency.

Acknowledgements:

The authors would like to thank Nouredine Sengouga in Université de Biskra- Faculty of Exact, Natural and Life Sciences, Algeria for helping with the SCAPS-1D simulation software.

Our manuscript entitled “Optimization of Organic-Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cell Layers" is original, does not infringe any copyright or other proprietary rights of third parties, is not submitted for publication to another journal, and has not been previously published.

Ethics approval: Not applicable

Consent for publication: All the authors provide their consent to publish the present work in the Silicon journal.

Availability of data and materials: The authors declare that data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.

Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Funding: The authors declare they have no funding

Authors' contributions: All authors whose names appear on the submission made substantial contributions to the conception, analysis, and interpretation of data and writing/revision of the article

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Optimization of Organic-Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cell Layers

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

Introduction

Theoretical Analysis

Results And Discussion

Conclusion

Declarations

References

Additional Declarations

Status:

Version 1