Table 1 The misallocation degree of land resources in China and cities of different grades
Year
|
National average
|
Type I and above cities
|
Type II large cities
|
Medium sized cities
|
Small Cities
|
2006
|
2.1486
|
1.6871
|
2.1924
|
1.2669
|
3.7707
|
2007
|
1.6829
|
1.1336
|
0.9405
|
1.8569
|
2.7706
|
2008
|
1.4503
|
0.7985
|
0.9601
|
1.1281
|
3.0046
|
2009
|
1.6221
|
0.8114
|
1.5636
|
1.1421
|
2.7695
|
2010
|
1.5054
|
1.0310
|
1.0411
|
1.0684
|
3.1738
|
2011
|
2.5182
|
1.1344
|
1.8165
|
2.1949
|
4.5976
|
2012
|
2.8781
|
0.9304
|
1.8090
|
1.7895
|
7.0492
|
2013
|
1.7837
|
1.1215
|
1.3375
|
1.3240
|
3.4918
|
2014
|
1.8041
|
0.9566
|
1.6407
|
1.4626
|
2.8693
|
2015
|
1.5087
|
0.8201
|
1.4075
|
1.4615
|
1.9236
|
2016
|
1.6988
|
0.9661
|
1.4160
|
1.4619
|
2.7616
|
2017
|
1.6705
|
0.9142
|
1.4467
|
1.5034
|
2.5182
|
2018
|
1.6260
|
0.9001
|
1.4414
|
1.4576
|
2.4011
|
Total average
|
1.8383
|
1.0158
|
1.4625
|
1.4706
|
3.3155
|
Table 2. Statistics of urban land misallocation, air quality and other variables of Chinese cities
Variables
|
Mean
|
Std. Dev.
|
Min.
|
Max.
|
P (air quality)
|
5.3025
|
0.4418
|
0.8312
|
6.8452
|
L (Quantity of labor force,10,000 people)
|
51.8367
|
105.3122
|
1.9845
|
1729.0757
|
K (Capital stock,RMB 10,000)
|
20094465.98
|
41813148.89
|
231584.81
|
488269275.52
|
l ( Input of pollution governance, RMB 10,000 )
|
23990.72
|
83217.20
|
0.1026
|
2199815.18
|
G (Land misallocation)
|
6.3786
|
6.7499
|
0.0025
|
147.9756
|
FDI ( FDI stock,RMB 10,000)
|
1971983
|
5921332
|
0.0000
|
79721306
|
URB (Urbanization rate,%)
|
54.4543
|
34.0913
|
3.4122
|
100.0000
|
Table 3. Panel data global Moran’s I value of urban air quality
|
Geographic distance matrix
|
Economic distance matrix
|
Nested spatial matrix of geographical and economic distance
|
Moran’s I values
|
0.0993
|
0.0920
|
0.1065
|
Statistics
|
23.3516
|
11.4634
|
51.3993
|
P values
|
0.0000
|
0.0000
|
0.0000
|
Explanatory variables
|
6
|
6
|
6
|
Table 4. Results of the SDM estimation of land misallocation influencing urban air quality
Variables
|
Economic distance matrix
|
Nested spatial matrix of geographical and economic distance
|
Geographic distance matrix
|
k=0
|
k=0.1
|
k=0.2
|
k=0.3
|
k=0.4
|
k=0.5
|
k=0.6
|
k=0.7
|
k=0.8
|
k=0.9
|
k=1
|
lnL
|
0.0459**
|
0.0482**
|
0.0706**
|
0.0618**
|
0.0519**
|
0.0721**
|
0.0562**
|
0.0596***
|
0. 0411***
|
0.0583***
|
0.0798***
|
|
(2.15)
|
(2.23)
|
(2.20)
|
(2.34)
|
(2.30)
|
(2.25)
|
(2.05)
|
(2.79)
|
(2.82)
|
(2.09)
|
(2.71)
|
lnK
|
0.5802***
|
0.5810***
|
0.5828***
|
0.5826***
|
0.5828***
|
0.5825***
|
0.5819***
|
0.5837***
|
0.5877***
|
0.5806***
|
0.5628***
|
|
(14.49)
|
(14.51)
|
(14.56)
|
(14.55)
|
(14.56)
|
(14.59)
|
(14.66)
|
(14.83)
|
(15.11)
|
(15.15)
|
(14.83)
|
lnl
|
-0.3188***
|
-0.3194***
|
-0.3226***
|
-0.3214***
|
-0.3229***
|
-0.3249***
|
-0.3270***
|
-0.3286***
|
-0.3283***
|
-0.3261***
|
-0.3245***
|
|
(-29.18)
|
(-29.24)
|
(-29.61)
|
(-29.46)
|
(-29.64)
|
(-29.89)
|
(-30.16)
|
(-30.41)
|
(-30.45)
|
(-30.33)
|
(-30.26)
|
lnG
|
0.0618***
|
0.0599***
|
0.0463***
|
0.0523***
|
0.0449***
|
0.0339**
|
0.0181
|
0.0015
|
0.0226
|
0.0386**
|
0.0409**
|
|
(3.88)
|
(3.75)
|
(2.85)
|
(3.25)
|
(2.76)
|
(2.05)
|
(1.07)
|
(0.09)
|
(1.27)
|
(2.13)
|
(2.25)
|
lnFDI
|
-0.0528***
|
-0.0534***
|
-0.0551***
|
-0.0546***
|
-0.0552***
|
-0.0554***
|
-0.0548***
|
-0.0525***
|
-0.0479***
|
-0.0411***
|
-0.0354***
|
|
(-9.29)
|
(-9.41)
|
(-9.78)
|
(-9.67)
|
(-9.80)
|
(-9.89)
|
(-9.84)
|
(-9.49)
|
(-8.65)
|
(-7.38)
|
(-6.29)
|
lnURB
|
-0.2032***
|
-0.2017***
|
-0.1908***
|
-0.1955***
|
-0.1898***
|
-0.1814***
|
-0.1698***
|
-0.1558***
|
-0.1407***
|
-0.1270***
|
-0.1193***
|
|
(-8.31)
|
(-8.24)
|
(-7.75)
|
(-7.95)
|
(-7.70)
|
(-7.34)
|
(-6.84)
|
(-6.24)
|
(-5.61)
|
(-5.09)
|
(-4.85)
|
ρ
|
0.0380
|
0.0680*
|
0.1840***
|
0.1640***
|
0.2560***
|
0.3850***
|
0.5670***
|
0.7390***
|
0.8180***
|
0.8650***
|
0.8570***
|
|
(1.17)
|
(1.90)
|
(4.87)
|
(3.68)
|
(5.13)
|
(6.97)
|
(10.14)
|
(16.65)
|
(24.54)
|
(34.83)
|
(33.62)
|
W×lnL
|
-0.4634***
|
-0.5217***
|
-0.5844***
|
-0.6760***
|
-0.7758***
|
-0.8796***
|
-0.9550***
|
-0.9259***
|
-0.7099**
|
-0.2790
|
-0.1621
|
|
(-4.21)
|
(-4.28)
|
(-4.40)
|
(-4.38)
|
(-4.40)
|
(-4.31)
|
(-4.00)
|
(-3.31)
|
(-2.21)
|
(-0.79)
|
(-0.47)
|
W×lnK
|
-0.4874***
|
-0.5435***
|
-0.5830***
|
-0.6903***
|
-0.7697***
|
-0.8364***
|
-0.8381***
|
-0.7293***
|
-0.4800
|
-0.0775
|
-0.1667
|
|
(-4.26)
|
(-4.29)
|
(-4.26)
|
(-4.33)
|
(-4.24)
|
(-4.01)
|
(-3.49)
|
(-2.64)
|
(-1.52)
|
(-0.22)
|
(-0.47)
|
W×lnl
|
-0.0724**
|
-0.0696*
|
-0.0342
|
-0.0574
|
-0.0414
|
-0.0215
|
-0.0013
|
-0.0167
|
-0.0854
|
-0.0709
|
-0.1606
|
|
(-2.20)
|
(-1.90)
|
(-0.85)
|
(-1.23)
|
(-0.77)
|
(-0.34)
|
(-0.12)
|
(-0.18)
|
(-0.75)
|
(-0.51)
|
(-1.12)
|
W×lnG
|
0.1083**
|
0.1313***
|
0.1878***
|
0.2021***
|
0.2526***
|
0.3143***
|
0.3788***
|
0.4379***
|
0.4714***
|
0.4214***
|
0.3142***
|
|
(2.40)
|
(2.63)
|
(3.51)
|
(3.23)
|
(3.56)
|
(3.89)
|
(4.11)
|
(4.23)
|
(4.12)
|
(3.48)
|
(2.68)
|
W×lnFDI
|
-0.0591***
|
-0.0641***
|
-0.0602***
|
-0.0745***
|
-0.0787***
|
-0.0786***
|
-0.0677**
|
-0.0301
|
-0.0536
|
-0.1672***
|
-0.2619***
|
|
(-4.84)
|
(-4.72)
|
(-3.97)
|
(-4.27)
|
(-3.90)
|
(-3.30)
|
(-2.36)
|
(-0.85)
|
(-1.22)
|
(-3.26)
|
(-5.10)
|
W×lnURB
|
0.1404**
|
0.1530**
|
0.1654*
|
0.1901*
|
0.2206**
|
0.2727**
|
0.3722**
|
0.5663***
|
0.8745***
|
1.1051***
|
0.7307**
|
|
(2.05)
|
(2.01)
|
(1.95)
|
(1.95)
|
(1.96)
|
(2.06)
|
(2.34)
|
(2.92)
|
(3.68)
|
(3.94)
|
(2.51)
|
log-lik
|
-2041.730
|
-2040.378
|
-2031.681
|
-2035.427
|
-1973.884
|
-1979.998
|
-1996.480
|
-2012.480
|
-2023.677
|
-2030.851
|
-2008.957
|
R2
|
0.8877
|
0.8878
|
0.8885
|
0.8882
|
0.8932
|
0.8928
|
0.8917
|
0.8903
|
0.8893
|
0.8886
|
0.8908
|
N
|
3679
|
3679
|
3679
|
3679
|
3679
|
3679
|
3679
|
3679
|
3679
|
3679
|
3679
|
Note: log-lik represents log-likelihood, *p < 0.10,**p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.
Table 5. Direct and indirect effects of land misallocation on urban air quality
|
Variables
|
Model 5.1
|
Model 5.2
|
Model 5.3
|
Direct effects
|
lnL
|
0.0630*
|
0.1044***
|
0.0329***
|
|
(1.79)
|
(-2.83)
|
(7.88)
|
lnK
|
0.8122***
|
0.5500***
|
0.0706***
|
|
(18.40)
|
(14.20)
|
(15.86)
|
lnl
|
|
-0.3214***
|
-0.0157***
|
|
|
(-30.72)
|
(-12.65)
|
lnG
|
0.0226**
|
|
0.0102***
|
|
(1.97)
|
|
(3.90)
|
lnFDI
|
-0.0261***
|
-0.0573***
|
-0.0046***
|
|
(-4.12)
|
(-10.25)
|
(-7.22)
|
lnURB
|
-0.1949***
|
-0.1841***
|
-0.0177***
|
|
(-7.36)
|
(-7.32)
|
(-6.17)
|
Indirect effects
|
lnL
|
-1.2982***
|
-1.0674***
|
-0.0110
|
|
(-2.33)
|
(-4.11)
|
(-0.44)
|
lnK
|
-1.6430***
|
-0.8115***
|
-0.0301*
|
|
(-6.00)
|
(-3.60)
|
(-1.94)
|
lnl
|
|
-0.1573
|
-0.0015
|
|
|
(-1.23)
|
(-0.19)
|
lnG
|
0.3030***
|
|
0.0203*
|
|
(2.71)
|
|
(1.80)
|
lnFDI
|
-0.1001**
|
-0.0605**
|
-0.0049
|
|
(-3.07)
|
(-2.22)
|
(-0.16)
|
lnURB
|
0.3633**
|
0.1008***
|
0.0483***
|
|
(2.11)
|
(2.65)
|
(2.72)
|
Note: *p < 0.10,**p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.
Table 6. The results of robustness tests (1)
Variables
|
Industrial NOx emissions
|
industrial SO2 emission
|
industrial dust emission
|
Direct effects
|
Indirect effects
|
Direct effects
|
Indirect effects
|
Direct effects
|
Indirect effects
|
lnL
|
0.1061***
|
0.1481**
|
0.0958***
|
1.0248***
|
0.0315*
|
1.3519***
|
|
(3.83)
|
(2.20)
|
(2.60)
|
(4.16)
|
(1.72)
|
(3.88)
|
lnK
|
0.5771***
|
0.5462***
|
0.5955***
|
1.1525***
|
0.5524***
|
1.2095***
|
|
(1.92)
|
(6.22)
|
(14.94)
|
(4.57)
|
(12.18)
|
(3.42)
|
lnl
|
-0.0691***
|
-0.0965***
|
-0.3240***
|
-0.1680
|
-0.2780***
|
-0.1549
|
|
(-5.76)
|
(-2.71)
|
(-28.95)
|
(-1.32)
|
(-22.51)
|
(-1.59)
|
lnG
|
0.0374**
|
0.0481
|
0.0320*
|
0.0508
|
0.0562**
|
0.0644*
|
|
(2.24)
|
(0.74)
|
(1.78)
|
(1.55)
|
(2.13)
|
(1.88)
|
lnFDI
|
-0.0518***
|
-0.0708
|
-0.0546***
|
-0.0935***
|
-0.0515***
|
-0.1692***
|
|
(-3.63)
|
(-1.19)
|
(-9.94)
|
(-3.43)
|
(-8.26)
|
(-4.08)
|
lnURB
|
-0.4500***
|
0.0864**
|
-0.1871***
|
0.2386
|
-0.1860***
|
0.2669**
|
|
(-8.11)
|
(2.35)
|
(-7.59)
|
(1.61)
|
(-6.86)
|
(2.28)
|
Note: *p < 0.10,**p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.
Table 7. The results of robustness tests (2)
Variables
|
The index of land misallocation is industrial land price deviation
|
The index of land misallocation is the proportion of industrial and mining storage land supply area
|
Direct effects
|
Indirect effects
|
Direct effects
|
Indirect effects
|
lnL
|
0.0336***
|
0.0217
|
0.0334***
|
0.0055**
|
|
(8.43)
|
(0.90)
|
(8.18)
|
(2.21)
|
lnK
|
0.0706***
|
0.0716**
|
0.0659***
|
0.0616***
|
|
(16.34)
|
(2.29)
|
(15.35)
|
(2.60)
|
lnl
|
-0.0159***
|
-0.0057
|
-0.0158***
|
-0.0022
|
|
(-12.45
|
(-0.77)
|
(-12.66)
|
(-0.29)
|
lnG
|
0.0180***
|
0.0143*
|
0.0057**
|
0.0310
|
|
(5.29)
|
(1.78)
|
(2.31)
|
(1.32)
|
lnFDI
|
-0.0042***
|
-0.0950**
|
-0.0049***
|
-0.0028*
|
|
(-6.79)
|
(-2.33)
|
(-7.94)
|
(-1.90)
|
lnURB
|
-0.0071**
|
0.0089
|
-0.0133***
|
0.0249**
|
|
(-2.34)
|
(1.50)
|
(-4.56)
|
(2.46)
|
Note: *p < 0.10,**p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.
Table 8. SLX model estimation of land misallocation on urban air quality
Variables
|
Dependent variable: PM2.5
|
Dependent variable: industrial NOx emissions
|
Dependent variable: industrial SO2 emission
|
Dependent variable: industrial dust emission
|
Independent variable: industrial land price deviation
|
Independent variable: the proportion of industrial and mining storage land supply area
|
lnL
|
0.0316***
|
0.2350***
|
0.0942***
|
0.0223**
|
0.0333***
|
0.0335***
|
|
(7.54)
|
(7.24)
|
(2.55)
|
(2.54)
|
(8.10)
|
(8.03)
|
lnK
|
0.0685***
|
0.3308***
|
0.5932***
|
0.5397***
|
0.0705***
|
0.0662***
|
|
(14.98)
|
(9.34)
|
(14.73)
|
(11.90)
|
(16.14)
|
(15.11)
|
lnl
|
-0.0157***
|
-0.2293***
|
-0.3224***
|
-0.2761***
|
-0.0159***
|
-0.0158***
|
|
(-12.65)
|
(-23.80)
|
(-29.42)
|
(-22.39)
|
(-12.87)
|
(-12.66)
|
lnG
|
0.0117***
|
0.1355***
|
0.0325
|
0.0557**
|
0.0182***
|
0.0057*
|
|
(4.25)
|
(6.36)
|
(1.34)
|
(2.04)
|
(5.32)
|
(1.76)
|
lnFDI
|
-0.0044***
|
-0.0136**
|
-0.0543***
|
-0.0504***
|
-0.0042***
|
-0.0049***
|
|
(-6.75)
|
(-2.27)
|
(-9.55)
|
(-7.89)
|
(-6.64)
|
(-7.54)
|
lnURB
|
-0.0170***
|
-0.0511**
|
-0.1900***
|
-0.1903***
|
-0.0072**
|
-0.0135***
|
|
(-6.03)
|
(-2.34)
|
(-7.64)
|
(6.80)
|
(-2.33)
|
(-4.45)
|
W×lnL
|
0.0080**
|
0.3502**
|
-0.7018***
|
-0.6039***
|
0.0121
|
0.0031
|
|
(2.03)
|
(2.22)
|
(-3.92)
|
(-3.00)
|
(0.60)
|
(1.15)
|
W×lnK
|
0.0324*
|
0.4521***
|
0.8666***
|
0.6158***
|
0.0133*
|
0.0600***
|
|
(1.95)
|
(2.80)
|
(4.71)
|
(2.97)
|
(1.68)
|
(3.25)
|
W×lnl
|
-0.0022
|
-0.0988
|
-0.1378*
|
-0.1268
|
-0.0045
|
-0.0091
|
|
(-0.39)
|
(-1.18)
|
(1.69)
|
(1.19)
|
(-0.77)
|
(-0.15)
|
W×lnG
|
0.0174
|
0.1544*
|
0.4245***
|
0.3621***
|
0.0114*
|
0.0269
|
|
(0.14)
|
(1.89)
|
(3.78)
|
(2.87)
|
(1.76)
|
(1.44)
|
W×lnFDI
|
-0.0053**
|
-0.0124*
|
-0.0710***
|
-0.0946***
|
-0.0129
|
-0.0178*
|
|
(-2.06)
|
(-1.69)
|
(3.47)
|
(-4.11)
|
(-1.12)
|
(-1.74)
|
W×lnURB
|
0.0300**
|
0.2119**
|
0.2424**
|
0.0967*
|
0.0062
|
0.0196**
|
|
(2.31)
|
(2.12)
|
(2.13)
|
(1.75)
|
(0.45)
|
(2.46)
|
R2
|
0.7489
|
0.6823
|
0.5952
|
0.5525
|
0.6598
|
0.7459
|
F test instrumental variable lnS
|
92.69
[0.0000]
|
94.37
[0.0000]
|
91.72
[0.0000]
|
97.68
[0.0000]
|
85.83
[0.0000]
|
96.31
[0.0000]
|
F test instrumental variable W× lnD
|
105.39
[0.0000]
|
98.74
[0.0000]
|
110.38
[0.0000]
|
104.20
[0.0000]
|
113.28
[0.0000]
|
105.97
[0.0000]
|
Sargan test χ2
|
33.261
[0.3680]
|
22.368
[0.2447]
|
34.192
[0.2386]
|
42.715
[0.2826]
|
38.104
[0.1962]
|
28.518
[0.2468]
|
Note: *p < 0.10,**p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.
Table 9. Mediation mechanism test of land misallocation on urban air quality
Variables
|
The mediator variable is ECBZ
|
The mediator variable is SCBZ
|
Equation (22)
|
Equation (23)
|
Equation (24)
|
Equation (23)
|
Equation (24)
|
Direct effects
|
Indirect effects
|
Direct effects
|
Indirect effects
|
Direct effects
|
Indirect effects
|
Direct effects
|
Indirect effects
|
Direct effects
|
Indirect effects
|
lnG
|
0.0516***
|
0.0436**
|
0.0855***
|
0.0434***
|
0.0135*
|
0.0193**
|
-0.0616**
|
-0.0492***
|
0.0377**
|
0.0193*
|
|
(2.60)
|
(2.22)
|
(3.72)
|
(2.83)
|
(1.92)
|
(2.26)
|
(-2.41)
|
(-2.85)
|
(2.39)
|
(1.77)
|
lnT
|
|
|
|
|
0.0475**
|
0.0335***
|
|
|
-0.0219***
|
-0.0271**
|
|
|
|
|
|
(2.32)
|
(2.85)
|
|
|
(-3.27)
|
(-2.28)
|
lnL
|
0.0416***
|
0.0123***
|
0.0440*
|
0.0204***
|
0.0543***
|
0.0616***
|
0.0142
|
0.0203
|
0.0235
|
0.0345*
|
|
(12.41)
|
(2.73)
|
(1.69)
|
(4.58)
|
(2.73)
|
(3.21)
|
(1.26)
|
(1.37)
|
(1.57)
|
(1.92)
|
lnK
|
0.0229***
|
0.0264**
|
0.0420*
|
0.0521**
|
0.0567**
|
0.0609**
|
-0.0436**
|
-0.0269*
|
0.0296***
|
0.0659**
|
|
(4.69)
|
(1.98)
|
(1.95)
|
(2.39)
|
(2.04)
|
(2.21)
|
(-2.11)
|
(-1.94)
|
(3.68)
|
(2.18)
|
lnl
|
-0.0187**
|
-0.0029
|
-0.0186**
|
-0.0372
|
-0.0773*
|
-0.0073
|
0.0412***
|
0.0381**
|
-0.0659**
|
-0.0183*
|
|
(-2.39)
|
(-1.38)
|
(-2.43)
|
(-1.61)
|
(-1.90)
|
(-1.04)
|
(3.58)
|
(2.17)
|
(2.51)
|
(1.80)
|
lnFDI
|
-0.0232*
|
-0.0105
|
-0.0538*
|
-0.0391**
|
-0.0328***
|
-0.0305***
|
0.0505**
|
0.0465*
|
-0.0520
|
-0.0398*
|
|
(-1.82)
|
(-1.35)
|
(-1.72)
|
(-2.36)
|
(-3.63)
|
(-4.35)
|
(2.44)
|
(1.68)
|
(-0.89)
|
(-1.74)
|
lnURB
|
-0.0585***
|
0.0382**
|
-0.0550***
|
-0.0472**
|
-0.1022***
|
0.0873**
|
0.0454*
|
0.0647**
|
-0.0459*
|
0.0551
|
|
(-8.86)
|
(2.34)
|
(-3.33)
|
(-2.31)
|
(-2.75)
|
(2.29)
|
(1.73)
|
(2.35)
|
(-1.72)
|
(1.11)
|
Note: *p < 0.10,**p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.
Table10. Direct and indirect effects of land misallocation on urban air quality of different grade cities
Variables
|
large cities of type I and above
|
Type II large cities
|
medium-sized cities
|
small cities
|
Direct effects
|
Indirect effects
|
Direct effects
|
Indirect effects
|
Direct effects
|
Indirect effects
|
Direct effects
|
Indirect effects
|
lnL
|
0.1070***
|
0.0131**
|
0.0125***
|
0.0489*
|
0.0079**
|
0.0347*
|
0.0072**
|
0.0408
|
|
(6.25)
|
(2.21)
|
(2.72)
|
(1.71)
|
(2.18)
|
(1.79)
|
(2.25)
|
(1.21)
|
lnK
|
0.2373***
|
0.0724*
|
0.0238***
|
0.0310*
|
0.0795***
|
0.0359**
|
0.0351**
|
0.0378**
|
|
(3.47)
|
(1.69)
|
(3.13)
|
(1.73)
|
(2.59)
|
(2.23)
|
(2.52)
|
(1.96)
|
lnl
|
-0.0176**
|
-0.0666
|
-0.0555**
|
-0.0130
|
-0.0096
|
-0.0024
|
-0.0029
|
-0.0097
|
|
(-2.28)
|
(-1.65)
|
(-2.31)
|
(-1.02)
|
(-0.69)
|
(-0.76)
|
(-1.46)
|
(-0.0764)
|
lnG
|
-0.0118
|
-0.2146
|
0.0075
|
0.0037
|
0.0060**
|
0.0074**
|
0.0247**
|
0.0386**
|
|
(-1.66)
|
(-1.55)
|
(1.41)
|
(1.11)
|
(2.44)
|
(2.53)
|
(1.98)
|
(2.02)
|
lnFDI
|
-0.0522**
|
-0.0100**
|
-0.0072**
|
-0.0656***
|
-0.0188
|
-0.0474***
|
-0.0074***
|
-0.0229**
|
|
(-1.33)
|
(-2.06)
|
(-2.41)
|
(-3.78)
|
(-1.12)
|
(-5.58)
|
(-4.13)
|
(-2.06)
|
lnURB
|
-0.3985***
|
0.8159**
|
-0.0313***
|
0.1965***
|
0.0517***
|
0.0330
|
0.0027**
|
0.0172
|
|
(-4.20)
|
(2.38)
|
(-3.83)
|
(4.21)
|
(7.21)
|
(0.91)
|
(2.31)
|
(0.31)
|
Note: *p < 0.10,**p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.