Reference number | Author, year | Study design (location of the study) | Patients | Exposure | Non-exposure | Outcome |
sample size (male% ) | Age | Diseases | Number of patients | Definition of the exposed cohort | Number of patients | Non-exposed cohort | Outcome indicators | Absolute effect (n.event/total or mean ± sd) | Relative effect |
Exposed cohort | Non-exposed cohort | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
1 | Mentec et al, 200120 | Prospective (France) | 153 (56) | 65 ± 15 | Surgery%: 26, Trauma%: 5, Digestive%: 7 | 70 | Large-GRV-containing GI symptoms cluster | 83 | Patients without FI | Pneumonia | 30/70 | 20/83 | - |
All-cause ICU mortality | 29/70 | 21/83 | - |
All-cause hospital mortality | 37/70 | 34/83 | - |
Length of ICU stay, days | 23 ± 21 | 15 ± 16 | - |
2 | Brown et al, 200321 | Prospective (America) | 20 (70) | 34.7 ± 12.9 | Surgery%: 0, Trauma%: 100, Mechanical ventilation%: 100 | 6 | 14 | Mechanical ventilation days | 12.1 ± 13.5 | 14.9 ± 9.9 | - |
Length of ICU stay, days | 14.5 ± 6.9 | 21 ± 10.2 | - |
Length of hospital stay, days | 30.7 ± 15.2 | 32.6 ± 11.4 | - |
3 | Nguyen&Ching et al, 200722 | Retrospective (Australia) | 145 (62) | 54.3 ± 2.3 | Surgery%: 18, Trauma%: 58, Burns%: 10, Sepsis%: 54, Mechanical ventilation%: 100 | 95 | 50 | Length of ICU stay, days | 18 ± 2 | 11 ± 1 | - |
4 | Nguyen&Lam et al, 200723 | 272 (54) | 54.8 ± 18.4 | Surgery%: 31, Trauma%: 22, Burns%: 5 | 155 | 117 | 19.3 ± 34.6 | 11.7 ± 8.2 | - |
5 | Stevens et al, 200824 | Retrospective (America) | 61 (75) | 33.8 ± 16.3 | Surgery%: 0 | 29 | Only large GRV > 75 mL×2 times | 32 | All-cause mortality | 6/29 | 12/32 | - |
Mechanical ventilation days | 19.1 ± 11.1 | 22 ± 17.5 | - |
Length of ICU stay, days | 25.8 ± 12 | 24.4 ± 19.9 | - |
Length of hospital stay, days | 42.6 ± 36.4 | 27.4 ± 18.7 | - |
6 | Bejarano et al, 201325 | Prospective (Spain) | 72 (67) | 57.7 ± 14.7 | Surgery%: 22, Trauma%: 42, Digestive%: 9, Sepsis%: 24, Mechanical ventilation%: 95 | 21 | EF insufficiency in 3 feeding days | 51 | All-cause hospital mortality | 9/21 | 14/51 | - |
7 | Lavrentieva et al, 201426 | Prospective (Greece) | 46 (76) | 49.7 ± 21.7 | Surgery%: 0, Burns%: 100, Sepsis%: 100 | 16 | Large-GRV-containing GI symptoms cluster | 30 | All-cause ICU mortality | 10/16 | 7/30 | - |
Mechanical ventilation days (survivors only) | 25.5 ± 10.4 | 17.8 ± 9.7 | - |
Length of ICU stay (survivors only), days | 31 ± 23 | 25 ± 22 | - |
8 | Gungabissoon et al, 201527 | Retrospective (21 countries, 167 ICUs) | 1888 (61) | 57.6 ± 17.6 | Surgery%: 9, Trauma%: 14, Digestive%: 3, Sepsis%: 12, Mechanical ventilation%: 100 | 576 | 1312 | All-cause 60-day mortality | 177/576 | 344/1312 | - |
Length of ICU stay, days | 19.1 ± 16.1 | 16 ± 14.4 | - |
Length of hospital stay (survivors only), days | 26.8 ± 15.5 | 23.2 ± 14 | - |
Abdominal surgery%: 5, Trauma%: 14, Digestive%: 3, Sepsis%: 12, Mechanical ventilation%: 100 | 451 | GI symptoms cluster containing large GRV that should be greater than 200 mL | 990 | All-cause 60-day mortality | 133/451 | 257/990 | - |
Length of ICU stay, days | 19.1 ± 15.9 | 15.2 ± 13 | - |
Length of hospital stay (survivors only), days | 28.5 ± 18.9 | 23 ± 13.7 | - |
9 | Blaser et al, 20156 | Prospective (Estonia) | 1712 (63) | 71.5 ± 65.2 | Mechanical ventilation%: 82 | 371 | Only large GRV > = 500 mL | 1341 | All-cause ICU mortality | 85/371 | 136/1341 | - |
690 | >=250 mL | 1022 | 128/690 | 93/1022 | - |
128 | >=1000 mL | 1584 | 37/128 | 184/1584 | - |
381 | >=473 mL | 1331 | 86/381 | 135/1331 | - |
928 | EF < 20% of caloric needs on any feeding day | 784 | 167/928 | 54/784 | - |
1459 | < 50% | 253 | 213/1459 | 8/253 | - |
989 | < 23% | 723 | 181/989 | 40/723 | - |
897 | EF < 80% of caloric needs on feeding day 3 | 145 | 113/897 | 7/145 | - |
644 | < 50% | 398 | 91/644 | 29/398 | - |
574 | < 59% | 468 | 86/574 | 34/468 | - |
728 | EF < 80% of caloric needs on feeding day 4 | 163 | 96/728 | 12/163 | - |
478 | < 50% | 413 | 79/478 | 29/413 | - |
447 | < 46% | 444 | 78/447 | 30/444 | - |
848 | At least 1 symptom among 4 candidate large-GRV-containing GI symptoms (1 out of 4) | 864 | 150/848 | 71/864 | - |
391 | 2 out of 4 | 1321 | 87/391 | 134/1321 | - |
79 | 3 out of 4 | 1633 | 24/79 | 197/1633 | - |
972 | At least 1 symptom among 5 candidate large-GRV-containing GI symptoms (1 out of 5) | 740 | 163/972 | 58/740 | - |
520 | 2 out of 5 | 1192 | 112/520 | 109/1192 | - |
146 | 3 out of 5 | 1566 | 52/146 | 169/1566 | - |
371 | Only large GRV > = 500 mL | 1341 | All-cause 90-day mortality | 138/371 | 357/1341 | - |
690 | >=250 mL | 1022 | 237/690 | 258/1022 | - |
128 | >=1000 mL | 1584 | 55/128 | 440/1584 | - |
381 | >=473 mL | 1331 | 140/381 | 355/1331 | - |
928 | EF < 20% of caloric needs on any feeding day | 784 | 345/928 | 150/784 | - |
1459 | < 50% | 253 | 456/1459 | 39/253 | - |
989 | < 23% | 723 | 372/989 | 123/723 | - |
897 | < 80% of caloric needs on feeding day 3 | 145 | 274/897 | 31/145 | - |
644 | < 50% | 398 | 210/644 | 95/398 | - |
574 | < 59% | 468 | 188/574 | 117/468 | - |
728 | EF < 80% of caloric needs on feeding day 4 | 163 | 231/728 | 42/163 | - |
478 | < 50% | 413 | 161/478 | 112/413 | - |
447 | < 46% | 444 | 157/447 | 116/444 | - |
848 | At least 1 symptom among 4 candidate large-GRV-containing GI symptoms (1 out of 4) | 864 | 298/848 | 197/864 | - |
391 | 2 out of 4 | 1321 | 147/391 | 348/1321 | - |
79 | 3 out of 4 | 1633 | 37/79 | 458/1633 | - |
972 | At least 1 symptom among 5 candidate large-GRV-containing GI symptoms (1 out of 5) | 740 | 327/972 | 168/740 | - |
520 | 2 out of 5 | 1192 | 197/520 | 298/1192 | - |
146 | 3 out of 5 | 1566 | 74/146 | 421/1566 | - |
All-cause ICU mortality | - | - | 3.39 (2.23 to 5.14) |
989 | EF < 23% of caloric needs on any feeding day | 723 | All-cause 90-day mortality | - | - | 2.34 (1.8 to 3.04)* |
371 | Only large GRV > = 500 mL | 1341 | - | - | 1.07 (0.81 to 1.41) |
690 | >=250 mL | 1022 | - | - | 0.98 (0.77 to 1.25) |
128 | >=1000 mL | 1584 | - | - | 1.39 (0.29 to 2.11) |
381 | >=473 mL | 1331 | - | - | 1.03 (0.78 to 1.36) |
928 | EF < 20% of caloric needs on any feeding day | 784 | - | - | 1.71 (1.33 to 2.19) |
1459 | < 50% | 253 | - | - | 1.24 (0.83 to 1.85) |
989 | < 23% | 723 | - | - | 2.07 (1.59 to 2.7)* |
897 | EF < 80% of caloric needs on feeding day 3 | 145 | - | - | 0.97 (0.74 to 1.27) |
644 | < 50% | 398 | - | - | 1.2 (0.88 to 1.63) |
574 | < 59% | 468 | - | - | 1.02 (0.81 to 1.3) |
728 | EF < 80% of caloric needs on feeding day 4 | 163 | - | - | 0.91 (0.69 to 1.19) |
478 | < 50% | 413 | - | - | 0.95 (0.77 to 1.32) |
447 | < 46% | 444 | - | - | 1.04 (0.8 to 1.35) |
848 | At least 1 symptom among 4 candidate large-GRV-containing GI symptoms (1 out of 4) | 864 | - | - | 1.13 (0.88 to 1.44) |
391 | 2 out of 4 | 1321 | - | - | 1.13 (0.86 to 1.49) |
79 | 3 out of 4 | 1633 | - | - | 1.32 (0.77 to 2.25) |
972 | At least 1 symptom among 5 candidate large-GRV-containing GI symptoms (1 out of 5) | 740 | - | - | 1.07 (0.83 to 1.38) |
520 | 2 out of 5 | 1192 | - | - | 1.25 (0.97 to 1.61) |
146 | 3 out of 5 | 1566 | - | - | 1.64 (1.1 to 2.44) |
432 | Vomiting | 1280 | All-cause ICU mortality | 62/432 | 159/1280 | - |
370 | Absent bowel sounds | 1342 | 81/370 | 140/1342 | - |
176 | Large GRV > = 500 mL | 1536 | 39/176 | 182/1536 | - |
67 | Abdominal distention | 1645 | 25/67 | 196/1645 | - |
56 | Diarrhea | 1656 | 17/56 | 204/1656 | - |
432 | Vomiting | 1280 | All-cause 90-day mortality | 120/432 | 375/1280 | - |
370 | Absent bowel sounds | 1342 | 137/370 | 358/1342 | - |
176 | Large GRV > 500 mL | 1536 | 66/176 | 429/1536 | - |
67 | Abdominal distention | 1645 | 37/67 | 458/1645 | - |
56 | Diarrhea | 1656 | 31/56 | 464/1656 | - |
10 | Merchan et al, 201729 | Retrospective (America) | 120 (60) | 65.5 ± 19.4 | Surgery%: 0, Sepsis%: 100, Mechanical ventilation%: 100 | 46 | Large-GRV-containing GI symptoms cluster | 74 | All-cause hospital mortality | 22/46 | 16/74 | - |
All-cause ICU mortality | 20/46 | 16/74 | - |
Length of hospital stay, days | 20 ± 11.8 | 22.3 ± 20.7 | - |
Length of ICU stay, days | 13.3 ± 8.1 | 14.4 ± 9.5 | - |
11 | Wang&McIlroy et al, 201730 | Retrospective (New Zealand) | 455 (62) | 56 ± 50 | Surgery%: 70, Digestive%: 2, Sepsis%: 7 | 162 | 293 | Pneumonia | 2/162 | 2/293 | - |
All-cause 30-day mortality | 32/162 | 29/293 | - |
12 | Hu et al, 201728 | Prospective (China, 14 ICUs) | 418 (72) | 65.1 ± 18.3 | Surgery%: 17, Mechanical ventilation%: 85 | 106 | EF < 80% of caloric needs on in 7 feeding days | 312 | All-cause 28-day mortality | 41/106 | 76/312 | - |
All-cause 60-day mortality | 47/106 | 92/312 | - |
Length of ICU stay, days | 12.6 ± 5.52 | 14.1 ± 6.35 | - |
All-cause 60-day mortality | - | - | 2.55 (1.79 to 3.65)* |
- | - | 2.33 (1.59 to 3.4)* |
- | - | 2.41 (1.65 to 3.51)* |
13 | Li et al, 201931 | Retrospective (China) | 568 (58) | 48.7 ± 42.3 | Surgery%: 0, Digestive%: 100 | 184 | EF < 80% of caloric needs in 3 feeding days | 384 | Length of hospital stay, days | 15.8 ± 12.7 | 9 ± 4.3 | - |
14 | Virani et al, 201932 | Retrospective (America) | 147 (73) | 42.2 ± 3.0 | Surgery%: 0, Trauma%: 100 | 49 | EF < 80% of caloric needs on in 3 feeding days | 98 | All-cause mortality | 4/49 | 13/98 | - |
67 | Only large GRV > 500 mL | 80 | 7/67 | 11/80 | - |
59 | Large-GRV-containing GI symptoms cluster | 88 | 4/59 | 14/88 | - |
49 | EF < 80% of caloric needs in 3 feeding days | 98 | Length of hospital stay, days | 29.6 ± 2.3 | 24 ± 1.8 | - |
Length of ICU stay, days | 16.7 ± 1.5 | 11.2 ± 0.9 | - |
67 | Only large GRV > 500 mL | 80 | Length of hospital stay, days | 30 ± 2.2 | 22.6 ± 1.9 | - |
Length of ICU stay, days | 15.5 ± 1.3 | 11.1 ± 0.9 | - |
59 | Large-GRV-containing GI symptoms cluster | 88 | Length of hospital stay, days | 33.9 ± 2.6 | 20.9 ± 1.4 | - |
Length of ICU stay, days | 17.2 ± 3.6 | 10.6 ± 0.7 | - |
15 | Faramarzi et al, 202033 | Prospective (Iran) | 150 (63) | 57.7 ± 19.0 | Surgery%: 0, Trauma%: 16, Sepsis%: 9, Mechanical ventilation%: 100 | 53 | Only large GRV > = 250 mL | 97 | Pneumonia | 15/53 | 21/97 | - |
All-cause mortality | 19/53 | 14/97 | - |
Mechanical ventilation days | 8.71 ± 4.33 | 6.78 ± 3.17 | - |
Length of ICU stay, days | 12.96 ± 5.86 | 10.83 ± 4.15 | - |
All-cause mortality | - | - | 1.96 (0.73 to 5.28) |
Pneumonia | - | - | 0.78 (0.27 to 2.18) |
16 | Hu&Sun et al, 202034 | Prospective (China, 14 ICUs) | 499 (68) | 65.0 ± 18.1 | Surgery%: 19, Sepsis%: 34 | 196 | EF < 80% of caloric needs in 3 feeding days | 303 | All-cause 28-day mortality | 70/196 | 77/303 | - |
All-cause 60-day mortality | 79/196 | 86/303 | - |
Length of ICU stay, days | 11.1 ± 6.1 | 11.1 ± 6.2 | - |
Mechanical ventilation days | 9.96 ± 6.23 | 9.16 ± 5.7 | - |
All-cause 60-day mortality | - | - | 1.66 (1.22 to 2.26) |
17 | Mao et al, 202035 | Retrospective (China) | 132 (70) | 60.6 ± 18.1 | Surgery%: 0, Sepsis%: 100 | 35 | Large-GRV-containing GI symptoms cluster | 97 | All-cause 28-day mortality | 11/35 | 15/97 | - |
Mechanical ventilation days | 17.5 ± 13.5 | 16.2 ± 21.3 | - |
Length of ICU stay, days | 23.7 ± 14.7 | 25 ± 24.7 | - |
18 | Sierp et al, 202036 | Retrospective (Australia) | 59 (83) | 43.0 ± 18.5 | Surgery%: 0, Burns%: 100, Mechanical ventilation%: 100 | 30 | Only large GRV > = 250 mL | 29 | All-cause ICU mortality | 5/30 | 1/29 | - |
All-cause hospital mortality | 0/30 | 0/29 | - |
Pneumonia | 8/30 | 5/29 | - |
Mechanical ventilation days | 8 ± 7.4 | 7.2 ± 7.3 | - |
19 | Heyland et al, 202137 | Retrospective (41 countries, 785 ICUs) | 15918 (61) | 59.4 ± 17.6 | Surgery%: 32, Mechanical ventilation%: 100 | 4036 | Large-GRV-containing GI symptoms cluster | 11882 | All-cause 60-day mortality | 1251/4036 | 2798/11882 | - |
Length of ICU stay, days | 20.3 ± 19.2 | 15.5 ± 15.8 | - |
Mechanical ventilation%: 82 | 2785 | 9084 | Length of ICU stay (among 60-day hospital survivors), days | 22.3 ± 21.9 | 16.2 ± 17.6 | - |
Surgery%: 32, Mechanical ventilation%: 100 | 4036 | 11882 | Length of hospital stay (among 60-day hospital survivors), days | 47.8 ± 27.7 | 44 ± 35.5 | - |
All-cause 60-day mortality | - | - | 1.5 (1.38 to 1.64) |
Length of ICU stay, days | - | - | 0.74 (0.71 to 0.77) |
Mechanical ventilation%: 82 | 2785 | 9084 | Length of ICU stay (among 60-day hospital survivors), days | - | - | 0.7 (0.66 to 0.73) |
633 | 2283 | All-cause 60-day mortality | 194/633 | 552/2283 | - |
Length of ICU stay, days | 19.5 ± 15.6 | 16.2 ± 15.2 | - |
439 | 1731 | Length of ICU stay (among 60-day hospital survivors), days | 21.5 ± 16.9 | 16.8 ± 16.2 | - |
633 | 2283 | All-cause 60-day mortality | - | - | 1.44 (1.16 to 1.77) |
Length of ICU stay, days | - | - | 0.73 (0.67 to 0.8) |
439 | 1731 | Length of ICU stay (among 60-day hospital survivors), days | - | - | 0.65 (0.58 to 0.73) |
20 | Lin&Liu et al, 202138 | Retrospective (China, 118 ICUs) | 1098 (71) | 67.7 ± 19.5 | Sepsis%: 2, Mechanical ventilation%: 26 | 62 | Vomiting | 1036 | All-cause 28-day mortality | 19/62 | 181/1036 | - |
38 | Absent bowel sounds | 1060 | 6/38 | 194/1060 | - |
3 | Only large GRV ˃500 mL | 1095 | 1/3 | 199/1095 | - |
317 | Abdominal distention | 781 | 82/317 | 118/781 | - |
103 | Diarrhea | 995 | 34/103 | 166/995 | - |
390 | At least 1 symptom among 4 candidate large-GRV-containing GI symptoms (1 out of 4) | 708 | 102/390 | 98/708 | - |
89 | 2 out of 4 | 1009 | 32/89 | 168/1009 | - |
6 | 3 out of 4 | 1092 | 2/6 | 198/1092 | - |
413 | At least 1 symptom among 5 candidate large-GRV-containing GI symptoms (1 out of 5) | 685 | 106/413 | 94/685 | - |
103 | 2 out of 5 | 995 | 33/103 | 167/995 | - |
7 | 3 out of 5 | 1091 | 3/7 | 197/1091 | - |
21 | Lin&Chen et al, 202139 | Prospective (China) | 237 (59) | 53.8 ± 12.3 | Surgery%: 100 | 152 | Large-GRV-containing GI symptoms cluster | 85 | All-cause mortality | 6/152 | 1/85 | - |
Length of hospital stay, days | 21.1 ± 8 | 17.8 ± 5.4 | - |
22 | Liu et al, 202140 | Retrospective (America) | 323 (64) | 59.6 ± 14.9 | Surgery%: 0 | 180 | GI symptoms cluster without large GRV | 143 | All-cause mortality | 61/180 | 23/143 | - |
Length of ICU stay, days | 22.7 ± 11.5 | 16.3 ± 9.5 | - |
Length of hospital stay, days | 30.5 ± 17 | 26 ± 14.6 | - |
Mechanical ventilation days | 22.4 ± 13.3 | 13.1 ± 8.4 | - |
All-cause mortality | - | - | 5.95 (3.53 to 10.03) |
23 | Yahyapoor et al, 202141 | Prospective (Iran, 3 ICUs) | 245 (50) | 58.4 ± 19.2 | Surgery%: 0, Digestive%: 10, Sepsis%: 23 | 162 | Large-GRV-containing GI symptoms cluster | 83 | Length of hospital stay, days | 20.2 ± 21.7 | 18.53 ± 24.2 | - |
Length of ICU stay, days | 17.38 ± 17.5 | 15.57 ± 21.1 | - |
24 | Drakos et al, 202242 | Retrospective (America) | 218 (69) | 59.8 ± 14.2 | Surgery%: 0 | 138 | EF < 80% of caloric needs in 3 feeding days | 79 | All-cause 50-day mortality | 70/138 | 18/79 | - |
All-cause 100-day mortality | 74/138 | 19/79 | - |
All-cause 150-day mortality | 76/138 | 20/79 | - |
25 | Hu&Deng et al, 202243 | Retrospective (China, 2 ICUs) | 195 (71) | 71.5 ± 13.8 | Surgery%: 0, Sepsis%: 100, Mechanical ventilation%: 76 | 86 | Large-GRV-containing GI symptoms cluster | 109 | All-cause 28-day mortality | 6/86 | 6/109 | - |
26 | Wang&Yang et al, 202244 | Retrospective (China) | 38 (63) | 61 ± 14.4 | Surgery%: 0, Trauma%: 11, Sepsis%: 29 | 17 | GI symptoms cluster without large GRV | 21 | 2/17 | 6/21 | - |