Study and
publication year
|
Country
|
RCT design (blinding)
|
Total
sample
(case:
control)
|
Participants
|
Intervention and intervention details
|
Control
|
Duration
|
Mean age
|
Sex (F: M)
|
Outcomes
|
Chow et al. (2020)[35]
|
USA
|
A randomized clinical trial
|
11:9
|
People with overweight or obesity
|
TRF: 11:8 hour window, with unrestricted eating within the window
|
Unrestricted (non-TRE) control
|
12w
|
46.5 ±12.4
|
9:2
|
weight, FM, SBP, DBP, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C
|
Cienfuegos et al. (a) (2020) [36]
|
USA
|
A randomized controlled trial
|
16:14
|
Adults with obesity
|
4-hour TRF: eating only between 3 and 7 pm (without having to count calories)
|
The control group continued their usual diet pattern with no meal timing restrictions
|
8w
|
47 ± 8
|
14:2
|
FM, SBP, DBP, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, FBG, Fins, HbA1c, HOMA-IR
|
Cienfuegos et al. (b) (2020) [36]
|
USA
|
A randomized controlled trial
|
19:14
|
Adults with obesity
|
6-hour TRF: eating only between 1 and 7 pm (without having to count calories)
|
The control group continued their usual diet pattern with no meal timing restrictions
|
8w
|
47 ± 13.8
|
18:1
|
FM, SBP, DBP, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, FBG, Fins, HbA1c, HOMA-IR
|
de Oliveira Maranhao Pureza et al. (2020)[39]
|
Brasil
|
A randomized, parallel, controlled clinical trial
|
31:27
|
Obesity people
|
TRF and a hypoenergetic diet: meals only in a 12-hour feeding window and fasting for the other 12 hours.
|
Hypo energetic diet
|
12w
|
31.03 ±7.16
|
NA
|
weight, WC, BMI, SBP, DBP
|
Domaszewski et al. (2020) [40]
|
Poland
|
A randomized clinical trial
|
25:20
|
Overweight women over 60 years of age
|
Experimental group involved
completely abstaining from food for 16 hours a day, from 8 pm to 12 am (the next day)
|
Followed their previous eating plan
|
6w
|
65 ± 4
|
25f
|
weight, FM, BMI
|
Finlayson et al. (2020)[41]
|
USA
|
A parallel-group controlled-feeding randomized controlled trial
|
24:22
|
Overweight and obesity Women
|
IER: alternating ad libitum and 75% energy restriction days
|
CER
|
12w
|
34 ± 10
|
24f
|
WC, FM, BMI,
|
Lowe et al. (2020)[15]
|
USA
|
A randomized clinical trial
|
59:57
|
Adults with obesity
|
TRF: Eat 8 hours a day and fast the rest of the day
|
Consistent meal timing
|
12w
|
46.8 ±10.8
|
24:35
|
weight, WC, FM
|
Martens et al. (2020)[50]
|
USA
|
A randomized controlled crossover trial
|
14:10
|
Healthy middle-aged and older men and postmenopausal women
|
TRF: Eat 8 hours a day and fast the rest of the day
|
Chronic calorie restriction
|
6w
|
66 ± 6.92
|
7:5
|
TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, FBG
|
Pinto et al. (2020)[69]
|
UK
|
A parallel-arm randomized controlled trial
|
21:22
|
Non-smoking men and women
|
Short-term effects of IER: 48 hours, 600 kcal/day, followed by 5-day
healthy eating advice
|
CER: 500 kcal/day, healthy eating advice
|
4w
|
50 ± 12
|
15:6
|
weight, WC, BMI, SBP, DBP, TG, FBG, Fins, HOMA-IR
|
Pureza et al. (2020)[54]
|
Brazil
|
A randomized, parallel, controlled trial
|
31:27
|
Women with obesity
|
Hypoenergetic diet with TRF. women were instructed to eat only
during a 12 hour and fasted during the other 12 hours
|
A diet with the same energy
restriction but without TRF
|
21d
|
31.8 ± 7.25
|
31f
|
Weight, WC, BMI, SBP, DBP, FBG, Fins, HOMA-IR
|
Stratton et al. (2020)[57]
|
USA
|
A randomized controlled trial
|
13:13
|
Active males
|
TRF: 8 hours eating window, 25% caloric deficit, 1.8 g/kg/day protein, and body resistance training
|
Normal diet and body resistance training
|
4w
|
22.9 ± 3.6
|
13m
|
weight, FM
|
Cai et al. (a) (2019)[29]
|
China
|
A randomized clinical trial
|
90:79
|
Adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
|
ADF: 25% baseline energy needs, mealtime between 12.00 p.m. and 2.00 p.m
|
Control group
|
12w
|
35.50±4.417
|
60:35
|
weight, WC, FM, BMI, TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, FBG, Fins
|
Cai et al. (b) (2019)[29]
|
China
|
A randomized clinical trial
|
95:79
|
Adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
|
TRF: 16:8 fasting window
|
Control group
|
12w
|
33.56 ± 6.23
|
66:29
|
weight, WC, FM, BMI, TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, FBG, Fins
|
Cho et al. (a) (2019)[34]
|
Korea
|
A randomized, controlled, parallel-arm diet trial
|
9:9
|
Asian population with overweight or obesity
|
ADF and exercise
|
Continued their regular
eating and exercise habits
|
8w
|
34.5 ± 5.7
|
4:5
|
weight, FM, BMI, TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, FBG, Fins, HOMA-IR
|
Cho et al. (b) (2019)[34]
|
Korea
|
A randomized, controlled, parallel-arm diet trial
|
8:9
|
Asian population with overweight or obesity
|
ADF
|
CER
|
8w
|
33.5 ± 5
|
6:2
|
weight, FM, BMI, TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, FBG, Fins, HOMA-IR
|
Gabel et al. (a) [42]
|
USA
|
Secondary analysis of a study
|
11:17
|
Individuals with overweight and obesity
|
ADF: participants consumed 25% of their baseline energy needs at lunch
(between 12 and 2 pm)
|
Control
group
|
12m
|
43±9.95
|
9:2
|
weight, FM, BMI, SBP, DBP, TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, FBG
|
Gabel et al. (b) (2019)[42]
|
USA
|
Secondary analysis of a study
|
11:15
|
Individuals with overweight and obesity
|
ADF: participants consumed 25% of their baseline energy needs at lunch
(between 12 and 2 pm)
|
CR: consumed 75% baseline energy
|
12m
|
43±9.95
|
9:2
|
weight, FM, BMI, SBP, DBP, TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, FBG
|
Hirsh et al. (2019)[46]
|
USA
|
A randomized clinical trial
|
10:12
|
Overweight individuals
|
Nutrition
program
group: two fasting days of balanced shake and dietary supplements, 5 days of habitual diet
|
Habitual diet
|
52d
|
43.4±13
|
8:2
|
weight, SBP, DBP, TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, Fins
|
Panizza et al. (2019)[52]
|
USA
|
A randomized active comparator pilot study
|
30:30
|
BMI 25–40 kg/m2, VAT ≥ 90 cm for men and women
|
IER and a Mediterranean diet: 2 consecutive days with 70% energy restriction and 5 days of a Mediterranean diet
|
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet
|
12w
|
48.4±4.7
|
21:9
|
weight, WC, FM, BMI, SBP, DBP, TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, FBG, Fins
|
Parvaresh et al. (2019)[53]
|
Iran
|
A single-center, randomized clinical trial
|
35:34
|
Patients with MetS and overweight
|
ADF: 25% of the individual's energy needs
|
CR
|
8w
|
44.6±9.08
|
14:20
|
weight, WC, BMI, SBP, DBP, TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, FBG, Fins, HOMA-IR
|
Stekovic et al. (2019)[71]
|
Austria
|
An embedded
randomized controlled trial
|
30:30
|
Healthy study participants
|
ADF: eat every second-day ad libitum, refrain from calorie intake on the fast days
|
Ad libitum number of meals
|
4w
|
48
|
17:12
|
weight, FM, BMI, SBP, DBP, HOMA-IR
|
Tinsley et al. (2019)[63]
|
USA
|
A randomized controlled trial
|
13:14
|
Healthy females
|
TRF: consume all calories between 12 and 8 pm each day
|
Control diet
|
8w
|
22.1 ± 7.27
|
13f
|
weight, FM, SBP, DBP, TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, FBG, Fins
|
Antoni et al. (2018)[30]
|
UK
|
A randomized, parallel-arm trial
|
15:12
|
Individuals with overweight and obesity
|
IER:
25% of the energy requirements for two consecutive days. On the remaining 5 normal days
|
CER
|
7d
|
45±15.49
|
7:8
|
weight, WC, FM, SBP, DBP, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, FBG, Fins, HOMA-IR
|
Bowen et al. (2018)[27]
|
Australia
|
A randomized parallel study
|
82:81
|
Adults with overweight and obesity
|
ADF + Daily energy restriction (DER); 3 days of ADF, 3 days of alternate DER, and one ad libitum day
|
Daily energy restriction
|
16w
|
40.0 ± 8.3
|
67:15
|
weight, FM, BMI, SBP, DBP, TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, FBG, Fins
|
Byrne et al. (2018)[28]
|
Australia
|
A single-center, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial
|
26:25
|
Males with obesity
|
IER: alternating ad libitum and 75% energy restriction days
|
CER
|
16w
|
39.9± 9.2
|
26m
|
weight, FM, BMI
|
Carter et al. (2018)[32]
|
Australia
|
A randomized noninferiority trial
|
70:67
|
Adults with type 2 diabetes who were
overweight or obese
|
IER: 500-600 kcal/day, followed for 2 nonconsecutive days per week (their usual diet for the other 5 days)
|
CER
|
12m
|
61±9
|
39:31
|
weight, FM, BMI, HbA1c
|
Conley et al. (2018)[37]
|
Australia
|
A single-center, parallel-group randomized controlled trial
|
11:12
|
Veterans: males with a BMI greater than or equal to 30 kg/m2 and stable weight
|
IER: 2 non-consecutive days per week (restrict calorie intake to 600 calories) and eat ad libitum on the remaining 5 days
|
Standard energy-restricted diet
|
3m
|
68 ± 2.7
|
11m
|
weight, WC, BMI, SBP, DBP, TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, FBG
|
Corley et al. (2018)[68]
|
Australia
|
A randomized controlled trial
|
19:18
|
Participants with type 2 diabetes who were taking medication for diabetes
|
Non-consecutive days caloric restriction: 5:2 schedule a VLCD for 2 days per week
|
CR
|
12w
|
58 (42 to 74)
|
8:11
|
weight, WC, FM, BMI, SBP, DBP, TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, FBG, HbA1c
|
Coutinho et al. (2018)[38]
|
Norway
|
A randomized controlled trial
|
14:14
|
Adults with obesity
|
IER: 3 non-consecutive days (followed a commercial very low-calorie diet (550 and 660 kcal/day for women and men, respectively)
|
CER: followed a low-calorie diet
|
12w
|
39.4±11.0
|
10:4
|
weight, FM
|
Gasmi et al. (young) (2018)[43]
|
Italy
|
A randomized controlled trial
|
10:10
|
Young men
|
TRF: young and older were asked to fast for 2 days separated by 48 hours (Monday and Thursday) for 3 months (February, March, April)
|
Normal meals
|
12w
|
26.90±1.97
|
10m
|
weight
|
Gasmi et al. (old) (2018)[43]
|
Italy
|
A randomized controlled trial
|
10:10
|
Aged men
|
TRF: young and older were asked to fast for 2 days separated by 48 hours (Monday and Thursday) for 3 months (February, March, April)
|
Normal meals
|
12w
|
51.60±5.87
|
10m
|
weight
|
Hutchison et al. (a) (2018)[47]
|
Australia
|
A randomized controlled trial
|
25:26
|
Overweight women
|
IF70: an IF diet at 70% of calculated baseline energy requirements per week
|
Dietary restriction (DF70)
|
8w
|
49 ± 10
|
25f
|
weight, WC, SBP, DBP, TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, FBG, Fins, HOMA-IR
|
Hutchison et al. (b) (2018)[47]
|
Australia
|
A randomized controlled trial
|
25:12
|
Overweight women
|
IF100: an IF diet at 100% of calculated baseline energy requirements per week
|
Continuous energy intake at 100 % of baseline energy
|
8w
|
51 ± 10
|
25f
|
weight, WC, SBP, DBP, TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, FBG, Fins, HOMA-IR
|
Schübel, et al. (2018)[55]
|
Germany
|
A randomized controlled trial
|
49:49
|
Men and women with overweight and obesity
|
IER: 5:2 diet (2 days with 75% energy deficit and 5 days without energy restriction)
|
No advice to restrict energy
|
12w
|
49.4 ± 9.0
|
24:25
|
TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, FBG, Fins, HOMA-IR
|
Sundfor et al. (2018)[58]
|
Norway
|
A randomized controlled clinical trial
|
54:58
|
Men and women with overweight and obesity
|
IER: 5:2 diet
|
CER
|
6m
|
49.9±10.1
|
26:28
|
weight, WC, BMI, SBP, DBP, TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, FBG, HbA1c
|
Trepanowski et al. (a) (2018)[64]
|
USA
|
A randomized controlled trial
|
25:29
|
Men and women with overweight and obesity
|
ADF: repeatedly alternate between consuming 25% of energy needs over 24-hour
|
CR
|
24w
|
46 ± 10
|
22:3
|
FM, FBG, Fins, HOMA-IR
|
Trepanowski et al. (b) (2018)[64]
|
USA
|
A randomized controlled trial
|
25:25
|
Men and women with overweight and obesity
|
ADF: repeatedly alternate between consuming 25% of energy needs over 24-hour
|
Consumed 100% of energy needs every day
|
24w
|
46 ± 10
|
22:3
|
FM, FBG, Fins, HOMA-IR
|
Li et al. (2017)[49]
|
Germany
|
A randomized controlled clinical pilot study
|
23:23
|
Persons with a manifest and treated type 2 diabetes
|
A 7-day fasting program (an initial fasting program followed a Mediterranean diet)
|
A Mediterranean diet
|
4m
|
64.7 ± 7.0
|
NA
|
weight, WC, BMI, SBP, DBP, TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, FBG, Fins, HbA1c, HOMA-IR
|
Wei et al. (2017)[66]
|
USA
|
A randomized crossover
design
|
52:48
|
Healthy participants
|
Fasting-mimicking diet: a plant-based diet designed to attain fasting-like effects
|
Unrestricted diet
|
3m
|
43.3 ± 11.7
|
33:19
|
weight, WC, BMI, SBP, DBP, TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, FBG
|
Carter et al. (2016)[31]
|
Australia
|
A parallel randomized controlled trial
|
31:32
|
Obesity adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus; BP of <160/100 mmHg
|
IER: an ER of 1670-2500kJ/day for 2 days each week, and the remaining 5 days included habitual eating
|
CER
|
12w
|
61 ± 7.5
|
17:14
|
weight, FM, HbA1c
|
Catenacci et al. (2016)[33]
|
USA
|
A randomized pilot study
|
13:12
|
Individuals with obesity
|
ADF: zero-calories
|
Caloric restriction (2400 kcal/day)
|
8w
|
39.6±9.5
|
9:3
|
weight FM, BMI, TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, FBG, Fins,
|
Moro et al. (2016)[51]
|
Italy
|
A randomized controlled trial
|
17:17
|
Resistance-trained males
|
TRF: participants consumed 100% of energy needs in an 8-hour
|
Normal
diet group
|
8w
|
29.94 ± 4.07
|
17m
|
FM, TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, FBG, Fins
|
Tinsley et al. (2016)[62]
|
USA
|
A randomized controlled trial
|
10:8
|
Generally healthy, recreationally active men
|
Resistance training and TRF: consuming all calories within a four-hour period,
4 days per week. Resistance training program
was performed 3 days per week
|
Resistance training and normal diet
|
8w
|
22.9 ± 4.1
|
10m
|
weight, FM
|
Keogh et al. (2014)[48]
|
Australia
|
A parallel, randomized controlled trial
|
19:17
|
Women with overweight or obesity
|
IER: 1-week normal diet followed by 1 week of energy restriction
|
CER
|
52w
|
59.5 ± 8.7
|
19f
|
weight, WC
|
Harvie et al. (b) (2013)[44]
|
USA
|
A single-center, randomized
study
|
37:40
|
Women with overweight or obesity
|
IECR: restrict energy and carbohydrates on 2 consecutive days each week and Mediterranean-type diet for the remaining 5 days of the week
|
Daily energy restriction
|
3m
|
45.6±8.3
|
37f
|
weight, WC, SBP, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, FBG, Fins, HbA1c, HOMA-IR
|
Harvie et al. (a) (2013)[44]
|
USA
|
A single-center, randomized
study
|
38:40
|
Women with overweight or obesity
|
IECR and ad libitum protein and fat
|
Daily energy restriction
|
3m
|
48.6 ±7.3
|
38f
|
weight, WC, SBP, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, FBG, Fins, HbA1c, HOMA-IR
|
Teng et al. (2013)[61]
|
Malaysia
|
A randomized controlled trial
|
28:28
|
Healthy (non-diabetic and no history of cardiovascular diseases) Malay men
|
Fasting calorie restriction
|
Maintain their present lifestyle
|
6w
|
59.6±5.4
|
28m
|
weight, FM, BMI, SBP, DBP, TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, FBG
|
Varady et al. (2013)[65]
|
USA
|
A randomized, controlled, parallel-arm feeding
trial
|
15:15
|
Healthy people
|
ADF: 25% of their baseline energy needs on the fast day and then ate ad libitum on each alternating feed day
|
Ad libitum
|
12w
|
47±7.74
|
10:5
|
SBP, DBP, TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C
|
Bhutani et al. (2013)[70]
|
US
|
A randomized, controlled, parallel-arm feeding trial
|
25:16
|
Adults with obesity
|
A 4-week controlled
feeding period: 25% of their baseline energy needs on the ‘‘fast day’’ and an 8-week self-selected “feeding period”
|
Ad libitum number of meals
|
12w
|
42 ± 10
|
24:1
|
weight, WC, FM, BMI, SBP, DBP, TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, FBG, Fins, HOMA-IR
|
Arguin et al. (2012)[26]
|
USA
|
A randomized pilot study
|
12:10
|
Postmenopausal women with sedentary obesity
|
IF: food was self-selected with dietitian supervision on macronutrient composition (55%, 30%, and 15% of energy intake from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, respectively
|
Continuous diet
|
30w
|
60.5 ±6.0
|
12f
|
weight, WC, FM, TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, FBG
|
Harvie et al. (2011)[45]
|
USA
|
A randomized trial
|
53:54
|
Premenopausal women with overweight
|
IER: 25% restriction delivered as a VLCD for 2 days per week, with no restrictions on the other 5 days of the week.
|
CER
|
6m
|
40 ±14.1
|
53f
|
weight, WC, SBP, DBP, TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, FBG, Fins, HOMA-IR
|
Teng et al. (2011)[60]
|
USA
|
A randomized controlled trial
|
13:12
|
Healthy Malay men
|
Fasting calorie restriction: reduce daily energy intake by 300-500 kcal/day and fast two days a week for three months
|
Maintenance of present lifestyle
|
12w
|
59.3 ± 3.4
|
13m
|
weight, BMI
|
Stote et al. (2007)[56]
|
USA
|
A randomized crossover design
|
Total (15)
|
Healthy, normal-weight, middle-aged adults
|
1 meal/d
|
3
meals/d
|
8w
|
45 ±2.71
|
10:5
|
weight, FM, SBP, DBP, TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, FBG
|
Williams et al.(a) (1998)[67]
|
USA
|
A parallel
Arms
|
18:18
|
T2DM patients
|
IER (1 day/
week): 400–
600 kcal/day
on fast day and
1500–1800 kcal/
day on feed day
|
CER:1500–
1800 kcal/day
every day
|
20w
|
51 ± 8
|
9:9
|
weight, TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, Fins
|
Williams et al.(b) (1998)[67]
|
USA
|
A parallel
Arms
|
18:18
|
T2DM patients
|
IER (5 days/
week): 400–
600 kcal/day on
fast day every
5 weeks and
1500–1800 kcal/
day on feed days
|
CER:1500–
1800 kcal/day
every day
|
20w
|
50 ± 9
|
11:7
|
weight, TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, Fins
|