Electrochemical analysis of the fabricated cell with PVA based silver ion conducting Gel Polymer Electrolyte

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2208300/v1

Electrochemical analysis of Silver ion conducting Gel polymer Electrolyte (Ag-GPE) was done with Linear sweep Voltammetry (LSV) and Cyclic Voltammetry (CV). The silver ion conducting GPE was prepared by solution casting technique with PVA as polymer, AgBF₄ as salt and de-ionized water as solvent. The synthesized films were-characterized using XRD and-FTIR to study the structural and functional characteristics of GPE and confirmed the complexation between polymer and salt. The optical properties of the Ag-GPE sample was studied by UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The highest ionic conductivity, 1.28 × 10^− 5 Scm^-1 was observed for Ag-GPE sample (60:40 wt%) by AC impedance. Dielectric studies of Ag-GPE samples were done from AC impedance data. LSV used to analyze the electrochemical working voltage of the synthesized material, which is found to be 1.1V. CV studies were done for highest ion conducting GPE (60:40 wt%) by fabricating two different cells. The first cell SS/GPE/Ag showed good stability up to 25 cycles and the second cell Ag/GPE/Zn was analysed for the re-dox reaction of the cell which shows the electrochemical behaviour of battery and confirmed that, the synthesized material can be used for energy storage applications.

PVA

XRD

FTIR

UV-Visible spectroscopy

Ionic conductivity

Dielectric studies

LSV

CV

Energy storage

Currently, the energy supply in our world is deficient due to the increasing industrial utilization and growing population. To address the growing energy demand and shortage of fossil fuel resources, there is necessity for finding alternate and efficient energy resources and storage are needed^[1][2]. The development in automobile field requires optional source with high energy and power density^[3]. Battery provides efficient energy, which is eco-friendly and having high energy density, less weight, low cost and easy to use^[1]. Normally, liquid electrolyte has been used for batteries which acquire high ionic conductivity though it had some difficulties like low potential range, short circuit, cell leakage, corrosion, etc^[4]. To avoid these problems Solid Polymer Electrolytes (SPE) have been introduced, which is having good thermal strength, electrical strength, etc^[5]. SPE is said to be an idyllic candidate to replace liquid electrolyte which possess high energy density and a stable electrode-electrolyte interface^[4].

The primary objective for SPE is high ionic conductivity^[6]. Wright et.al., One who started effort in the synthesis of Polymer electrolyte had achieved conductivity in the order of 10^− 5 S.cm^− 1 at 330K and after many reports were in the literature on PEO based polymer electrolyte^[6][7]. Compared to solid polymer electrolyte, GPEs have extra advantages consist of flexibility, interface stability, good ionic conductivity, etc which are useful in supercapacitors, batteries, fuel cells, etc^[8]. GPEs were initially synthesized in 1975 by Feuillade and Perche. It defines a plasticized polymer included with alkali metal salt. Here alkali metal salt were mixed inside the polymer matrix^[9]. GPE is made of polymer with metal salt and the liquid constituents are trapped in polymer host matrix which can have both solid property and liquid property ^[10].

Poly (vinyl alcohol) PVA, is a polymer mostly with the presence of vinyl alcohol groups with a little amount of vinyl acetate groups a semi-crystalline polymer with biodegradable properties^[8]. PVA is having good charge storage ability, high dielectric strength, etc and possesses excellent film forming nature^[11][12]. PVA is a polymer, which possess good bio-compatibility and eco-friendly. PVA is a water soluble polymer and contains hydroxyl group with the interaction of inter-intra molecular hydrogen bonding ^[11][13][14].

Silver ion conducting polymer electrolyte were mostly reported for membrane separation applications like Olefin/Paraffin separation^[15][16]. Accroding to the Literature, Silver ion conducting polymer is having good ionic conductivity up to 10^− 5 Scm^− 1 and-Silver Nitrate and Silver Triflate salts are mostly used^[17][18]19]. Shujahadeen et-al., reported Chitosan:Silver salt to study about the reduction of silver ions to silver nanoparticles^[18]. Polar polymers like PMMA, PVC, etc., have the oxygen atoms where reduction of silver ions into silver nanoparticles occurs^[17]. Silver tetrafluoroborate (AgBF₄) salt is mostly reported in polymer electrolyte for membrane separation applications and mostly not used for energy storage applications^[15][16]. Few reported with Polymer and silver nanoparticles only for the synthesis of polymer electrolyte^[20].

In the present work, electrochemical studies of silver ion conducting GPE were done to identify the performance of battery using synthesized sample. GPE was prepared in different concentrations of PVA polymer and AgBF₄ salt (PVA:AgBF₄ wt%) and the characterizations XRD, FTIR and UV-Vis spectroscopy studies are done to study the complexation between polymer and salt. Through XRD and FTIR it revealed the structural and functional characteristics of the GPE. UV-Visible spectroscopy analysis studied for the optical properties of the GPE. A.C. Impedance spectroscopy and dielectric properties were studied to know the ionic conductivity of the material and Dielectric behaviour of the material. LSV and CV were studied for the cell fabricated using silver ion conducting GPE and confirms the electrochemical behaviour of the fabricated cell.

Poly (vinyl alcohol) PVA polymer with the molecular weight of 85000–124000 g.mol^− 1, silvertetrafluoroborate(AgBF₄) with the molecular weight of 194.67 g.mol^− 1 purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and de-ionized water were used in the synthesis of the GPE. The sample prepared in four different concentration (Polymer:salt wt%) 100:00wt%, 80:20wt%, 70:30wt% and 60:40wt%. Total of 1 gram of PVA:AgBF₄ has been taken in each concentration. To attain the homogeneous mixture of PVA:AgBF₄ the Polymer and salt in the de-ionized water were stirred for 48 hours at room temperature. After the complete mixture of polymer and salt, the solution was poured in a separate polypropylene petri dishes and dried at room temperature to eradicate solvent traces and finally Ag-GPEs were formed after 24h of vacuum drying at 65°C.

Characterization

Gel polymer Electrolytes(GPEs) prepared in different concentration of PVA:AgBF₄ wt%, i.e., 100:00wt%, 80:20wt%, 70:30wt% and 60:40wt% concentrations using solution casting method. These GPEs were characterized to know the interaction between polymer and salt by means of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), and UV-Vis absorption spectrophotometry studies. XRD Characterization shows the structural characteristics of the film, FTIR was used to analyse the elemental groups present and interaction between polymer and salt has been analyzed. UV-Visible spectroscopy analysis characterized to learn about the optical characteristics of the film. Using PANalytical EMPYREAN diffractometer (λ = 1.5405 A°) within the range of 2θ = 10°-70° the XRD characterization were done. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy was analyzed using JASCO FT/IR-4700 Spectrometer within the wave number region of 4000 − 400 cm^− 1. Optical band gap analysis was done using UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy which was studied within the wavelength range of 200–800 nm using JASCO V-670 spectrophotometer. The AC Conductivity studies are done in the frequency range 1000Hz to 1MHz to know the ionic conductivity, and Dielectric behaviour of the synthesized sample were studied by means of AC Impedance data, which were initiated with 3532-50 HIOKI LCR HITESTER instrument. Electrochemical studies like Linear Sweep Voltammerty and Cyclic Voltammetry were carried out by using PARSTAT PMC 2000A at room temperature (RT). The LSV and CV test were studied for the fabricated cell using the synthesized GPE with a two electrode coin cell setup.

XRD Studies

The atomic structure of GPE was analyzed with the help of XRD. It shows the change in the crystalline nature of the samples due to the doping of salt^[21]. The XRD spectrum of the pure PVA and PVA:AgBF₄ wt% samples are shown in Fig. 1. The sharp peak at 19.41° and a small peak at 40.6° obtained in the crystalline plane (101) and (111) which is mentioned in the non-doped PVA film (100:00wt%)^[22][23]. XRD spectrum of pure 100:00 wt% sample confirms the Quasi-crystalline behaviour of PVA^[23]. This behaviour takes place from the molecular interaction with PVA through bonding of hydrogen atoms^[20]. The intensity of sharp peak gets decreased for salt doped polymer. The diminish in the intensity denotes that crystallinity reduced and become amorphous due to the doping of salt, which defines the complexation of polymer and salt^[24]. The doping of salt leads to the interaction of positive ions of the PVA hydroxyl group and weak interaction of negative ions leads to the amorphous nature of the sample^[25]. Due to the increasing concentration of salt electrolyte gains ion concentration in the GPE and becomes amorphous, which gives enhancement in the divisional mobility of ions and gives rise in ionic conductivity of the polymer electrolyte^[26].

From Fig. 1, the comparison of all the spectra with the pure spectrum has been shown with the miller indices of the peaks present in it. Here, the peak at 19.41° in the pure spectrum getting broad when salt doped with polymer and the intensity of the peak is getting reduced. For 60:40 wt% sample, the peak at 19.41° is becomes broad when compared to the other concentration samples and intensity of the peak is also small. It clarifies that the structure of the material changes from semi-crystalline structure to nearly amorphous structure. The crystallinity of the material is also calculated for the prepared materials from XRD spectra using Origin 8.5 software^[27]. The following relation used to calculate the degree of Crystallinity of the material.

X = (A/a) × 100 ....(1)

Here, X_c represents the Crystallinity. A_c and A_t are the area of Crystalline peaks and area of the complete XRD spectrum^[27]. The values of the degree of crystallinity for different concentration of samples has been given in Table.1. From the calculation of degree of crystallinity of the material, the crystallinity is getting reduced when the salt is doped with the polymer and it shows low crystallinity for 60:40 wt% sample, which confirms the complexation between polymer and salt.

Table 1

Degree of Crystallinity values of PVA:AgBF₄ sample in different wt% compositions
S.No	PVA:AgBF₄ (wt%)	Degree of Crystallinity (%)
1.	100:00	66.526
2.	80:20	47.406
3.	70:30	40.496
4.	60:40	32.528

FTIR

FTIR was used to analyze the functional groups of the sample and used to confirm the Polymer:salt complexation^[28]. Figure 2(a)., illustrates the FTIR spectra for pure PVA polymer films and the vibrational bands in the spectrum has been clearly identified. Figure 2(b)., shows combined FTIR spectra of PVA:AgBF₄ (wt%) samples with various salt concentration. It shows that the peaks has been shifted and transmittance of the peak has been changed in the salt doped GPE. This change in the wavelength of the peak and transmittance of the peak has been clearly shown for each wt% samples in Table.2. Figure 2(a) shows a broad peak at 3270cm^− 1 mentions O-H stretching, which is appeared due to hydroxyl group presents in the PVA^[29]. The peaks from 2938 cm^− 1 and 2910cm^− 1 defines C-H bond of asymmetric and symmetric stretching vibrations^[30]. A small peak presents at 1658cm^− 1 defines the C = O stretching^[30]. The peaks from 1414 cm^− 1 and 1086 cm^− 1 wavelengths identifies CH₂ bending and C-O stretching^[30]. When the salt doped to the polymer the peaks shifts has been achieved in the wavelength of the spectra and changes in the peak transmittance in the FTIR spectra has been taken place.

Table 2

Identification of peaks from the FTIR spectra of PVA:AgBF₄
Peaks	100:00		80:20		70:30		60:40
	X-axis	Y-axis	X-axis	Y-axis	X-axis	Y-axis	X-axis	Y-axis
O-H Stretch	3270	60	3275.501	55.99	3273.57	55.98	3291.893	58.85
C-H sym stretch	2938	83	2938.01	73.14	2938.984	73.1514	-	-
C-H Asym stretch	2910	84	2911.98	73.02	2911.985	72.9907	2915.842	74.5094
C = O stretch	1658.482	106.208	1641.12	91.42	1642.09	91.2842	1641.125	90.546
C-H bend	1414	86	1412.6	77.41	1412.602	77.3991	1412.602	81.6287
C-O stretch	1086	74	1041.37	55.16	1039.44	55.1361	1039.44	66.2123

From Table.2 it shows the wavelength and transmittance of peak present in the FTIR spectrum of different wt% samples. From the table, the O-H stretching peak of pure PVA (100:00 wt%) at 3275cm^− 1 shifted to the wavelength 3291cm^− 1 for salt doped GPE. This shift in the O-H stretching denotes the interaction of silver ions with the oxygen atom present in the hydroxyl group of PVA polymer^[31]. From the other peaks there is a very small shift in the wavelength of the spectra, but change in transmittance of the peak has been taken place. From Fig. 3, it illustrates the possible modes of interaction between polymer and salt. In Fig. 3(a), it shows the molecular structure of PVA and in Fig. 3(b) molecular structure of AgBF₄ and in Fig. 3(c) possible modes of interactions between PVA and AgBF₄ has been shown. It shows the interaction of silver ions with the oxygen atom present in the hydroxyl group of polymer. From the FTIR analysis, we can conclude that, the Table.2, shows the wavelength of the peak present in the spectra which gets shifted for salt doped GPE confirms the complexation between polymer and salt. From Fig. 3, it illustrates the interaction of silver ion with the polymer chains. From Fig. 2, the graphs illustrates the peaks due to vibrational bands presents in the material and peak shifts for the salt doped GPE, which explains the complexation between polymer and salt.

Uv-vis Spectroscopy Studies:

To analyze the optical properties of the material, UV-Vis Spectroscopy analysis were studied. The optical band gap of the synthesized GPEs are analyzed^[32]. Optical absorption analysis were used to investigate band structure of the synthesized GPE from the absorption spectrum^[33]. At low wavelength, there is an abrupt rise in absorption is said to be absorption edge. The energy gap of the material is calculated by using UV-Visible absorption spectrum^[32][33]. To calculate the absorption coefficient, the following equation was used.

α = 2.303 × (A/d) ....(2)

Here, A and d represents the absorption and thickness of the material^[34].

From optical studies, it classifies the energy gap as direct and indirect band gap. The valence band when establish directly above the conduction band represents direct energy gap contains equivalent wave vector and it is vice versa in indirect band gap^[32][35]. At close to the absorption edge, the Indirect and direct transitions of electrons occurs^[32]. To determine the band gap of the material,

(αhν) = B(Hν-e) ….(3)

(αhν)^1/2=B(hν-E_g)ⁿ ….(4)

Here, B is considered as constant which depends on structure of specimen, E_g relates energy band gap, h represents Planck’s constant ν is defined as the incident optical frequency and a denotes absorption coefficient. The estimation of absorption coefficient can be done by, (2.303. A)/t. Here, A is considered to be absorption and t is the thickness of the sample^[36].

In the case of silver ion conducting polymer electrolyte, there is an absorption in the spectra which denotes the Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) peak^[18]. This peak will form when the frequency of incident photon radiation is equal to the natural frequency of surface electrons oscillating against to the restoring force of positive nuclei^[18]. The absorption spectra of PVA:AgBF₄ (wt%) is shown in Fig. 4.(a). The Evaluation of Absorption coefficient from absorption spectra is shown in Fig. 4(b). and the graph of direct and indirect band gap is mentioned in Fig. 4(c). and 4(d). From Table.3 the Band gap of PVA and PVA:AgBF₄ sample with different wt% samples has been shown. From the table it shows that when salt increases, band gap is decreasing. Due to the complexation between polymer and salt, changes in the band gap of the material were observed. Since the band gap is more than 3eV, it confirms that the charge carriers inside the GPE are ions^[37].

Table 3

Band gap values calculated from UV-Visible spectra for PVA:AgBF₄ samples
Sample Concentrations	Absorption Coefficient α (eV)	Direct energy gap (αhν)²(eV)	Indirect energy gap (αhν)^1/2(eV)
Pure	5.53	5.90	5.60
80:20	5.42	5.82	5.45
70:30	5.08	5.70	5.11
60:40	4.84	5.62	4.92

A.C. Impedance:

Ionic conductivity is an important parameter for the synthesized Gel Polymer Electrolyte, which is studied by AC Conductivity analysis^[38]. Ionic conductivity could be effective in amorphous structured Polymer electrolyte^[39]. Shujahadeen et.al studied Chitosan based silver ion conducting polymer electrolyte^[40]. A.C Conductivity analysis studied for prepared GPEs using 3532-50 HIOKI-LCR HITESTER instrument. Using two stainless steel plates as electrodes the analysis were done in the range of AC frequency 1000Hz – 1MHz. The following equation helps to determine the ionic conductivity value.

σ = t/(R_b.A) ….(5)

Here, the term t denotes the thickness of the sample, R_b considered as bulk resistance and A mentions the surface area of the electrode^[41][46]. The Cole-Cole/Nyquist plot has been shown in Fig. 5 with electrical equivalent circuit.

Figure 5.(a), (b) & (c) shows the Cole-Cole/Nyquist plots of PVA:AgBF₄(wt%) samples (80:20wt%, 70:30wt% & 60:40wt%) and a simplified equivalent circuit has been drawn in each Cole-Cole/Nyquist plot. Cole-Cole plot/Nyquist plot which displays a semi-circular arc at highest frequency values and a linear peak in the lowest frequency values. The semicircular arc in the plot reflects the bulk resistance of the sample and the linear peak represents the capacitance of the material^[42]. By the Eq. (5) ionic conductivity is calculated and found out that, 60:40wt% sample is having superior ionic mobility. Figure 5(a) shows Cole-Cole/Nyquist plot for 80:20wt% sample shows a semicircle which defines the bulk resistance of the sample and it is having less ionic conductivity. The Equivalent circuit shows a parallel combination of Resistance. Here, the Resistance represents the bulk resistance presents in the sample.^[43]. In Fig. 5(b) and 5(c), it shows a peak after semicircle which mentions the ionic conductivity of the sample. In Fig. 5(c) the semicircle presents here is small when compared to 80:20wt% and 70:30wt% sample which shows that it has less resistance and more ionic conductivity. The equivalent circuit of Fig. 4(b) & (c) shows a parallel combination of resistance and capacitance and with a capacitance connected in series represents the capacitive behaviour of the material^[43]. The conductivity of the different samples are calculated and shown in Table. 4. It shows the high ionic conductivity was found to be 1.28 × 10^− 5 Scm^− 1 achieved by 60:40 wt% sample.

According to the literature survey, the present work is compared with the literature work regarding AC ionic conductivity of silver ion conducting polymer electrolyte like PEO:AgNO₃ and PEO:AgCF₃SO₃^[44][45]., given in Table.5. It concludes that, the present work, (PVA:AgBF₄) sample with 60:40wt% has good ionic conductivity and can be used for energy storage applications.

Table 4

A.C.Conductivity values of PVA:AgBF₄ samples.
Sample	Concentration	Conductivity (S.cm^− 1)
PVA	100:00	2.37×10^− 10
PVA:AgBF₄	80:20	6.28×10^− 6
	70:30	4.83×10^− 6
	60:40	1.28×10^− 5

Table 5

Ionic Conductivity of the present work compared with the Literature regarding silver ion conducting polymer electrolyte.
S.No	Material	Conductivity	Reference
1.	PEO:AgNO₃:TiO₂	1.1 × 10^− 6 S/cm	^[44]
2.	PEO:AgCF₃SO₃	7.12 × 10^− 7 S/cm	^[45]
3.	PVA:AgBF₄	1.28 × 10^− 5 S/cm	Present work

Dielectric Properties:

Dielectric properties were analyzed for the synthesized GPEs. The Dielectric constant(Ɛ') and Dielectric loss(Ɛ") of the material has been evaluated from the data of Cole-Cole/Nyquist plot and the graphs were plotted with respect to the frequency on X-axis. The evaluation of Ɛ' and Ɛ" is done by the following formulas,

Ɛ' = Z"/(ωC₀(Z'² + Z"²)) ….(6)

Ɛ" = Z'/(ωC₀(Z'² + Z"²)) ….(7)

Here, Ɛ' defined to be Dielectric Constant and Ɛ" Dielectric loss, Z' and Z" are real and imaginary part of impedance, C₀ is vacuum capacitance of the measuring cell^[47]. The graphs shown by, Fig. 6(a), (b) and (c) determines the Dielectric behavior of Dielectric Constant (Ɛ'), Loss (Ɛ") and Tangent loss (δ). In the highest frequency value a drop off in the Ɛ' and Ɛ" is taken place due to polarization phenomenon^[47]. This occurrence is owing to inability of ions orientation in the field flow direction^[48]. In the lowest frequency values the Dielectric constant and loss are high owing to the space charge effect in interface of electrode blocking effect along with dipole configuration by the applied field^[49]. The value of dielectric constant increases in low frequency leads to high storage of dipoles electric charge^[49]. The increase in the value of dielectric loss denotes energy loss due to reverse polarization with the phase change in the AC frequency^[49]. In the highest frequency region, constant and loss values gets decreased owing to instant phase changes in AC field. Here dipoles in the GPEs are not capable to align itself in the high frequency^[50]. In Fig. 6(c), Tangent loss was analyzed to examine the relaxation of dipoles in the prepared material^[39]. It is analyzed by using the relation,

tan δ = Ɛ"/Ɛ' ….(8)

Relaxation behaviour is said to be short delay while the dipoles recover to its original state from polarized state^[47]. Tan δ increases from the least frequency through increase in frequency, since the ohmic resistance was dominant than the dipole capacitance^[51]. When frequency increases to high, tan δ diminishes, since ohmic portion becomes independent from the applied frequency and the reactance component raises^[49]. The presence of maxima is observed only at a single frequency when the perfect matching between the frequency of electric field and frequency of molecules rotation occurs^[52]. This resonance leads to the maximum power transfer to the dipole in the system^[49]. From Fig. 6(c), the relaxation peaks shifts towards high frequency region which indicates the faster ion dynamics from one coordinating site to another due to a decrease of relaxation time^[52]. Here, relaxation peak of 60:40wt% (PVA:AgBF₄ wt%) sample shifts towards higher frequency than other samples is having faster ion dynamics from one coordinating site to another.

From Fig. 6(a) & (b) the Dielectric constant and Dielectric Loss increased for salt doped GPEs. It shows high dielectric constant for 60:40 wt% sample, which concludes that 60:40% wt% sample has good charge storage ability. From Fig. 6(c) the dielectric relaxation peak shifts towards high frequency region for salt doped GPEs and the shift is high for 60:40wt% sample. It confirms that 60:40wt% sample has faster ion dynamics from one co-ordinate to another.

Linear Sweep Voltammetry (Lsv):

Electrochemical stability of GPE is considered to be an essential part to study the maximum potential limits possibile to a cell^[53]. To determine the electrolyte stability of the synthesized material Linear sweep Voltammetry (LSV) was studied^[51]. LSV was analyzed to examine the stability of GPE acquires, which is defined as electrochemical operating window^[54][55]. To execute LSV for prepared sample, SS/GPE/Ag cell was exploited at RT. In the Potential range between 0-4V the LSV has been accomplished. When the voltage reaches the cell, initially current is constant and a rapid rise in particular voltage occurred denotes the decomposition voltage of the electrolyte^[56][57][58].

For silver ion conducting polymer electrolyte, LSV was reported for Chitosan:AgNO₃:Al₂O₃:Glycerol for supercapacitor application^[61]. The present work shows LSV graphs shown in the Fig. 7, shows the graph which is performed with the cell SS/GPE/Ag in 0-4V potential range with the scan rate of 50mV/s for high conductivity concentration of PVA:AgBF₄ sample (60:40 wt%). It shows the breakdown voltage at 1.1V which shows that the material is stable up to 1.1V. For other concentrations, it does not show break down voltage, instead only a linear increase in current is occurred from 0V to 4V. So, it concludes that the GPE with 60:40wt% concentration only showing electrochemical stability voltage, which is up to 1.1V.

Cyclic Voltammetry Studies (Cv):

Cyclic Voltammetry studies were done for PVA:AgBF₄(60:40 wt%) GPE by fabricating two different cells. The first cell SS/GPE/Ag and the second cell Ag/GPE/Zn have been fabricated and analysed by CV studies. In the first cell Stainless steel (SS-Stainless steel) plate has been used as cathode and silver (Ag-Silver) plate has been used as anode. The CV studied in 0-2V potential range with the scan rate of 50mV/s. Here, Fig. 8(a) represents Cyclic Voltammetry graph of PVA:AgBF₄ sample with 60:40 wt% which is having high ionic conductivity. It is having admirable stability for first 10 cycles and again it is taken for 25 cycles and shows excellent cyclic stability for 25 cycles, which is shown in Fig. 8(b). Literature regarding PEO-PVP-NaNO₃ and PEO-PMMA-LiBF₄ reported for one cycle, which has been studied using stainless steel plates as electrodes^[59][60].

The second cell Ag/PVA:AgBF₄(60:40wt%)/Zn, CV studies has been analyzed and red-ox reaction of the cell was studied. According to the literature survey, CV analysis for Silver ionic conducting polymer electrolyte is mostly studied for supercapacitor applications. One of the report has been reported regarding chitosan based plasticized silver ion conducting polymer with AgNO₃ as salt for supercapacitor application^[61]. After that the performance of the prepared GPE as a battery is analyzed here using Cyclic Voltammetry. Here, Zn is the anode and Ag is the cathode. Silver-zinc electrode cell was first designed and continuously utilized as battery due to high energy density^[62]. The most commonly used electrolyte for Ag-Zn battery is routine aqueous solution. Literature reports regarding PVA-KOH as electrolyte studied for Ag-Zn battery with addition of Zinc salt^[63]. Here, Zn as anode and Ag as cathode is used to test the performance of the prepared silver ion conducting GPE as a battery and analysed the electrochemical reactions happening in the cell. CV is tested for this cell in the voltage range of 0–1V with the scan rate 10mV/s which showing a small oxidation and reduction peak. The scan was swept from 0V to 1V with the scan rate of 10mV/s. The CV graph achieved through cathodic and anodic scan and resulted as a duck shape graph. It confirms that the fabricated cell shows the electrochemical behaviour of battery. Here oxidation peak formed at nearly 0.9V and the reduction peak formed at 0.15V and the CV is showing a quasi-reversible graph^[64][65]. This confirms that electrochemical reactions taken place in the cell and defines that the synthesized electrolyte material is opt for energy storage applications.

Preparation of GPE of PVA:AgBF₄ using solution casting technique was analyzed via XRD, FTIR and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy studies, which confirms the structural, functional and optical behavior of the Ag-GPE. In XRD spectra the intensity of the peak 19.41° becomes reduced for salt doped polymer electrolyte and it becomes broad confirmed the change in semicrystalline nature to nearly amorphous structured. The crystallinity of the synthesized material is calculated and shows very less crystallinity for 60:40 wt% concentration sample. In FTIR spectra the shift in the wavelength of the spectra and change in transmittance of the spectra for salt doped GPE confirms the complexation between polymer and salt. The illustration of possible interaction between polymer and salt explains the interaction of silver ions with the oxygen atom of PVA hrdroxyl group. Optical characteristics of the synthesized GPE were analysed. Here, there is a very little change in the bandgap for salt doped polymer when compared to pure. It declares that there is no electron transfer happening inside the Ag-GPE. From AC Impedance analysis the synthesized GPE achieved the utmost conductivity 1.28×10^− 5 S.cm^− 1 meant for 60:40wt% sample and dielectric properties of the material is calculated from the AC Impedance data which defines good charge storage capacity for 60:40wt% sample. LSV established the working voltage of the cell SS/GPE/Ag cell which is 1.1V.which confirms that the synthesized material gives a stable cyclic stability up to 1.1V. Cyclic Voltammetry studies shows the cyclic stability of the high ionic conductivity sample with the cell SS/GPE/Ag acquired admirable stability up to 25 cycles and the cell Ag/PVA:AgBF₄(60:40wt%)/Zn, which shows small re-dox peak defines a quasi-reversible CV graph and confirmed the electrochemical behaviour of battery. It denotes that electrochemical reaction taken place in the cell with Silver ion conducting Gel polymer electrolyte and the synthesized electrolyte material could be potential candidate for energy storage applications.

Acknowledgements

The authors like to express gratitude to the Management of KLEF in favor of instigating support all the way through the work. The author thanks to UGC-DAE Kalpakkam CSR-KN/CRS-/120/2018-19/1058 for funding and also for giving full support throughout the work and also thanks to DST-FIST level-1 scheme to Department of Physics, KLEF. And File No: SR/FST/PSI/2018/35-Department of Science & Technology Government of India.

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No competing interests reported.

Electrochemical analysis of the fabricated cell with PVA based silver ion conducting Gel Polymer Electrolyte

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

Introduction

Experimental Details

Characterization

Results And Discussion

XRD Studies

X = (A/a) × 100 ....(1)

FTIR

Uv-vis Spectroscopy Studies:

α = 2.303 × (A/d) ....(2)

(αhν) = B(Hν-e) ….(3)

(αhν)^1/2=B(hν-E_g)ⁿ ….(4)

A.C. Impedance:

Dielectric Properties:

Linear Sweep Voltammetry (Lsv):

Cyclic Voltammetry Studies (Cv):

Conclusion

Declarations

Acknowledgements

References

Additional Declarations

Status:

Version 1

Electrochemical analysis of the fabricated cell with PVA based silver ion conducting Gel Polymer Electrolyte

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

Introduction

Experimental Details

Characterization

Results And Discussion

XRD Studies

X = (A/a) × 100 ....(1)

FTIR

Uv-vis Spectroscopy Studies:

α = 2.303 × (A/d) ....(2)

(αhν) = B(Hν-e) ….(3)

(αhν)1/2=B(hν-Eg)n ….(4)

A.C. Impedance:

Dielectric Properties:

Linear Sweep Voltammetry (Lsv):

Cyclic Voltammetry Studies (Cv):

Conclusion

Declarations

Acknowledgements

References

Additional Declarations

Status:

Version 1

(αhν)^1/2=B(hν-E_g)ⁿ ….(4)