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Research Article
Chihiro Tanikawa
Osaka University
Corresponding Author
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Facial features may reflect an individual’s probability of survival because of natural selection—for example, through reproduction and feeding abilities. However, questions remain about which facial characteristics contribute to facial masculinity and/or femininity across races. Given that sexual dimorphism stems from the common natural selection process, it is hypothesized that there is cross-racial consistency in sexual dimorphism of facial forms. Examining the extent to which sex differences in facial soft tissue configurations are similar across diverse populations could suggest the source of the indirect evolutionary benefits of facial sexual dimorphism traits. To explore this idea, we selected two geographically distinct races. Three-dimensional model faces were derived from 272 Turkish and Japanese men and women; their facial morphologies were evaluated using landmark and surface-based analyses. We found four common facial features related to sexual dimorphism. Both Turkish and Japanese females had a shorter lower face height, a flatter forehead, greater sagittal cheek protrusion in the infraorbital region but less prominence of the cheek in the parotid-masseteric region, and an antero-posteriorly smaller nose when compared with their male counterparts. We also discussed the possible phylogenetic contribution of masticatory organ function and morphogenesis on sexual dimorphism of the human face.
Keywords
Sexual dimorphism, Cross-racial consistency, Masticatory organ, Human face, 3D
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No competing interests reported.
This is a list of supplementary files associated with this preprint. Click to download.
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CURRENT STATUS: Published
View the published article at Scientific Reports.
Version 1
Posted 22 Feb, 2021
No community comments so far
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 06 Apr, 2021
Reviews received
Received 25 Mar, 2021
Reviewers agreed
On 08 Mar, 2021
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 07 Mar, 2021
Editor assigned
On 01 Mar, 2021
Editor invited
On 17 Feb, 2021
Submission checks complete
On 16 Feb, 2021
First submitted
On 07 Feb, 2021
Metrics
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PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
Subject Areas
Anthropology
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A new preprint design is coming!
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See the published version of this preprint at Scientific Reports.
This is a preprint, a preliminary version of a manuscript that has not completed peer review at a journal. Research Square does not conduct peer review prior to posting preprints. The posting of a preprint on this server should not be interpreted as an endorsement of its validity or suitability for dissemination as established information or for guiding clinical practice.
Learn more about In Review
Research Article
Chihiro Tanikawa
Osaka University
Corresponding Author
Badges
Prescreen
This manuscript passed our Prescreen assessment
Complete author information
Appropriate declaration statements
Potential risks to human health
Prescreen
Peer Review Timeline
CURRENT STATUS: Published
View the published article at Scientific Reports.
Version 1
Posted 22 Feb, 2021
No community comments so far
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 06 Apr, 2021
Reviews received
Received 25 Mar, 2021
Reviewers agreed
On 08 Mar, 2021
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 07 Mar, 2021
Editor assigned
On 01 Mar, 2021
Editor invited
On 17 Feb, 2021
Submission checks complete
On 16 Feb, 2021
First submitted
On 07 Feb, 2021
Metrics
Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
Subject Areas
Anthropology
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
View the published article at Scientific Reports.
Facial features may reflect an individual’s probability of survival because of natural selection—for example, through reproduction and feeding abilities. However, questions remain about which facial characteristics contribute to facial masculinity and/or femininity across races. Given that sexual dimorphism stems from the common natural selection process, it is hypothesized that there is cross-racial consistency in sexual dimorphism of facial forms. Examining the extent to which sex differences in facial soft tissue configurations are similar across diverse populations could suggest the source of the indirect evolutionary benefits of facial sexual dimorphism traits. To explore this idea, we selected two geographically distinct races. Three-dimensional model faces were derived from 272 Turkish and Japanese men and women; their facial morphologies were evaluated using landmark and surface-based analyses. We found four common facial features related to sexual dimorphism. Both Turkish and Japanese females had a shorter lower face height, a flatter forehead, greater sagittal cheek protrusion in the infraorbital region but less prominence of the cheek in the parotid-masseteric region, and an antero-posteriorly smaller nose when compared with their male counterparts. We also discussed the possible phylogenetic contribution of masticatory organ function and morphogenesis on sexual dimorphism of the human face.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
No competing interests reported.
This is a list of supplementary files associated with this preprint. Click to download.
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