Table 2. Sociodemographic characteristics of the study population, in terms of gender (KNHANES 2013–2017).
|
Male
|
Female
|
|
|
Total
|
No
|
Yes
|
P-value†
|
Total
|
No
|
Yes
|
P-value†
|
|
|
N
|
N
|
(%)*
|
N
|
(%)*
|
N
|
N
|
(%)*
|
N
|
(%)*
|
|
|
Total
|
18,216,345
|
16,685,501
|
91.6
|
1,530,845
|
8.4
|
|
18,942,760
|
16,397,734
|
86.6
|
2,545,026
|
13.4
|
|
|
|
Age (years)
|
19–39
|
7,134,247
|
6,454,879
|
90.5
|
679,368
|
9.5
|
0.002
|
6,729,728
|
5,815,876
|
86.4
|
913,851
|
13.6
|
0.000
|
|
|
40–59
|
7,397,520
|
6,797,499
|
91.9
|
600,021
|
8.1
|
|
7,574,482
|
6,690,238
|
88.3
|
884,244
|
11.7
|
|
|
|
≥60
|
3,684,579
|
3,433,123
|
93.2
|
251,456
|
6.8
|
|
4,638,551
|
3,891,620
|
83.9
|
746,931
|
16.1
|
|
|
|
Marital status
|
Married and cohabiting
|
12,153,503
|
11,199,408
|
92.1
|
954,095
|
7.9
|
0.005
|
12,472,117
|
10,964,171
|
87.9
|
1,507,946
|
12.1
|
0.000
|
|
|
Married but not cohabiting, or bereaved or divorced
|
952,475
|
834,613
|
87.6
|
117,862
|
12.4
|
|
3,038,706
|
2,488,206
|
81.9
|
550,500
|
18.1
|
|
|
|
Unmarried
|
5,110,367
|
4,651,479
|
91.0
|
458,888
|
9.0
|
|
3,431,937
|
2,945,357
|
85.8
|
486,580
|
14.2
|
|
|
|
Number of family person
|
1
|
1,591,858
|
1,403,956
|
88.2
|
187,902
|
11.8
|
0.001
|
1,733,710
|
1,399,696
|
80.7
|
334,014
|
19.3
|
0.000
|
|
|
2
|
4,332,376
|
4,020,407
|
92.8
|
311,969
|
7.2
|
|
4,626,732
|
4,034,561
|
87.2
|
592,171
|
12.8
|
|
|
|
3
|
5,039,486
|
4,572,429
|
90.7
|
467,057
|
9.3
|
|
5,253,312
|
4,536,896
|
86.4
|
716,416
|
13.6
|
|
|
|
4
|
5,425,420
|
4,996,671
|
92.1
|
428,749
|
7.9
|
|
5,208,615
|
4,608,789
|
88.5
|
599,826
|
11.5
|
|
|
|
5 or more
|
1,827,206
|
1,692,037
|
92.6
|
135,168
|
7.4
|
|
2,120,391
|
1,817,791
|
85.7
|
302,600
|
14.3
|
|
|
|
Family type
|
Solo
|
1,591,858
|
1,403,956
|
88.2
|
187,902
|
11.8
|
0.002
|
1,733,710
|
1,399,696
|
80.7
|
334,014
|
19.3
|
0.000
|
|
|
1st generation
|
3,627,903
|
3,370,651
|
92.9
|
257,253
|
7.1
|
|
3,424,477
|
2,990,585
|
87.3
|
433,891
|
12.7
|
|
|
|
2nd generation
|
11,622,273
|
10,653,148
|
91.7
|
969,125
|
8.3
|
|
11,934,761
|
10,455,630
|
87.6
|
1,479,130
|
12.4
|
|
|
|
3rd generation or higher
|
1,374,311
|
1,257,746
|
91.5
|
116,565
|
8.5
|
|
1,849,813
|
1,551,822
|
83.9
|
297,991
|
16.1
|
|
|
|
Education Level
|
Elementary school or lower
|
1,919,911
|
1,725,704
|
89.9
|
194,208
|
10.1
|
0.031
|
4,052,135
|
3,300,280
|
81.4
|
751,855
|
18.6
|
0.000
|
|
|
Middle school
|
1,614,136
|
1,476,394
|
91.5
|
137,743
|
8.5
|
|
1,739,105
|
1,498,772
|
86.2
|
240,333
|
13.8
|
|
|
|
High school
|
7,092,204
|
6,459,846
|
91.1
|
632,358
|
8.9
|
|
6,544,948
|
5,762,870
|
88.1
|
782,078
|
11.9
|
|
|
|
College or higher
|
7,590,094
|
7,023,558
|
92.5
|
566,536
|
7.5
|
|
6,606,572
|
5,835,812
|
88.3
|
770,760
|
11.7
|
|
|
|
Region
|
Seoul
|
3,712,026
|
3,429,116
|
92.4
|
282,910
|
7.6
|
0.212
|
3,957,342
|
3,451,044
|
87.2
|
506,298
|
12.8
|
0.574
|
|
|
Metro
|
4,379,973
|
4,029,841
|
92.0
|
350,132
|
8.0
|
|
4,656,018
|
4,033,340
|
86.6
|
622,678
|
13.4
|
|
|
|
Rural
|
10,124,346
|
9,226,543
|
91.1
|
897,803
|
8.9
|
|
10,329,400
|
8,913,350
|
86.3
|
1,416,050
|
13.7
|
|
|
|
Employment status
|
Unemployed
|
4,465,236
|
4,143,690
|
92.8
|
321,546
|
7.2
|
0.022
|
9,248,403
|
8,056,557
|
87.1
|
1,191,846
|
12.9
|
0.111
|
|
|
Employed
|
13,751,109
|
12,541,811
|
91.2
|
1,209,299
|
8.8
|
|
9,694,357
|
8,341,177
|
86.0
|
1,353,180
|
14.0
|
|
|
|
Income**
|
1Q (lowest)
|
4,550,538
|
4,115,607
|
90.4
|
434,930
|
9.6
|
0.017
|
4,701,072
|
3,866,590
|
82.2
|
834,483
|
17.8
|
0.000
|
|
|
2Q
|
4,548,682
|
4,153,534
|
91.3
|
395,148
|
8.7
|
|
4,738,686
|
4,088,322
|
86.3
|
650,364
|
13.7
|
|
|
|
3Q
|
4,512,661
|
4,126,987
|
91.5
|
385,674
|
8.5
|
|
4,733,493
|
4,127,687
|
87.2
|
605,805
|
12.8
|
|
|
|
4Q (highest)
|
4,604,465
|
4,289,372
|
93.2
|
315,093
|
6.8
|
|
4,769,509
|
4,315,135
|
90.5
|
454,374
|
9.5
|
|
|
|
Occupation
|
White collar
|
5,675,473
|
5,225,634
|
92.1
|
449,840
|
7.9
|
0.026
|
4,210,948
|
3,697,355
|
87.8
|
513,592
|
12.2
|
0.001
|
|
|
Pink collar
|
2,157,717
|
1,986,487
|
92.1
|
171,230
|
7.9
|
|
2,787,396
|
2,415,371
|
86.7
|
372,024
|
13.3
|
|
|
|
Blue collar
|
5,157,143
|
4,647,831
|
90.1
|
509,312
|
9.9
|
|
2,234,315
|
1,856,211
|
83.1
|
378,104
|
16.9
|
|
|
|
Unemployed or other
|
5,226,012
|
4,825,549
|
92.3
|
400,463
|
7.7
|
|
9,710,102
|
8,428,797
|
86.8
|
1,281,306
|
13.2
|
|
|
|
Medical insurance type
|
NHI
|
17,520,008
|
16,080,991
|
91.8
|
1,439,016
|
8.2
|
0.025
|
18,075,601
|
15,743,253
|
87.1
|
2,332,347
|
12.9
|
0.000
|
|
|
Medicaid
|
494,275
|
430,209
|
87.0
|
64,066
|
13.0
|
|
646,528
|
474,806
|
73.4
|
171,722
|
26.6
|
|
|
|
No and don't know
|
202,063
|
174,300
|
86.3
|
27,762
|
13.7
|
|
220,631
|
179,675
|
81.4
|
40,956
|
18.6
|
|
|
|
Private insurance
|
Yes
|
14,384,239
|
13,223,721
|
91.9
|
1,160,517
|
8.1
|
0.094
|
15,011,361
|
13,156,749
|
87.6
|
1,854,612
|
12.4
|
0.000
|
|
|
No
|
3,638,702
|
3,284,231
|
90.3
|
354,471
|
9.7
|
|
3,771,901
|
3,104,828
|
82.3
|
667,073
|
17.7
|
|
|
|
Don't know
|
193,404
|
177,548
|
91.8
|
15,856
|
8.2
|
|
159,498
|
136,157
|
85.4
|
23,341
|
14.6
|
|
|
|
Smoking
|
Non-smoker
|
4,504,920
|
4,195,041
|
93.1
|
309,879
|
6.9
|
0.000
|
16,636,672
|
14,478,079
|
87.0
|
2,158,593
|
13.0
|
0.000
|
|
|
Past smoker
|
6,460,273
|
6,014,161
|
93.1
|
446,113
|
6.9
|
|
1,120,625
|
959,229
|
85.6
|
161,396
|
14.4
|
|
|
|
Current smoker
|
7,251,152
|
6,476,300
|
89.3
|
774,853
|
10.7
|
|
1,185,463
|
960,426
|
81.0
|
225,038
|
19.0
|
|
|
|
Alcohol consumption
|
Never drink
|
2,633,850
|
2,430,482
|
92.3
|
203,368
|
7.7
|
0.544
|
6,116,013
|
5,184,505
|
84.8
|
931,508
|
15.2
|
0.000
|
|
|
Less than 1 time per month
|
2,040,101
|
1,872,840
|
91.8
|
167,261
|
8.2
|
|
4,465,941
|
3,957,458
|
88.6
|
508,483
|
11.4
|
|
|
|
1–4 times per month
|
7,012,060
|
6,386,257
|
91.1
|
625,803
|
8.9
|
|
6,068,744
|
5,279,258
|
87.0
|
789,486
|
13.0
|
|
|
|
≥ 5 drinking episodes per month
|
6,530,334
|
5,995,922
|
91.8
|
534,412
|
8.2
|
|
2,292,062
|
1,976,513
|
86.2
|
315,549
|
13.8
|
|
|
|
Body mass index
|
Normal weight
|
10,540,097
|
9,671,147
|
91.8
|
868,950
|
8.2
|
0.168
|
12,549,645
|
10,972,946
|
87.4
|
1,576,699
|
12.6
|
0.001
|
|
|
Underweight
|
510,387
|
448,310
|
87.8
|
62,077
|
12.2
|
|
1,174,258
|
978,254
|
83.3
|
196,005
|
16.7
|
|
|
|
Obese
|
7,165,862
|
6,566,044
|
91.6
|
599,817
|
8.4
|
|
5,218,856
|
4,446,534
|
85.2
|
772,323
|
14.8
|
|
|
|
Exercise
|
None
|
16,706,537
|
15,445,099
|
92.4
|
1,261,438
|
7.6
|
0.000
|
16,274,205
|
14,414,380
|
88.6
|
1,859,825
|
11.4
|
0.000
|
|
|
Mild
|
1,456,613
|
1,203,825
|
82.6
|
252,789
|
17.4
|
|
2,523,305
|
1,899,396
|
75.3
|
623,909
|
24.7
|
|
|
|
High
|
53,195
|
36,577
|
68.8
|
16,618
|
31.2
|
|
145,250
|
83,958
|
57.8
|
61,292
|
42.2
|
|
|
|
Stress level
|
High
|
4,646,371
|
3,975,432
|
85.6
|
670,939
|
14.4
|
0.000
|
5,380,940
|
4,288,734
|
79.7
|
1,092,207
|
20.3
|
0.000
|
|
|
Moderate
|
10,652,409
|
9,903,651
|
93.0
|
748,758
|
7.0
|
|
10,725,638
|
9,520,775
|
88.8
|
1,204,863
|
11.2
|
|
|
|
Low
|
2,822,867
|
2,717,241
|
96.3
|
105,626
|
3.7
|
|
2,713,771
|
2,483,941
|
91.5
|
229,830
|
8.5
|
|
|
|
None
|
94,698
|
89,177
|
94.2
|
5,521
|
5.8
|
|
122,410
|
104,284
|
85.2
|
18,126
|
14.8
|
|
|
|
Self-rated health status
|
Very good/good
|
6,366,031
|
6,067,433
|
95.3
|
298,597
|
4.7
|
0.000
|
5,168,004
|
4,835,422
|
93.6
|
332,582
|
6.4
|
0.000
|
|
|
Fair
|
9,202,108
|
8,432,601
|
91.6
|
769,507
|
8.4
|
|
9,947,397
|
8,705,500
|
87.5
|
1,241,897
|
12.5
|
|
|
|
Poor/very poor
|
2,648,207
|
2,185,466
|
82.5
|
462,741
|
17.5
|
|
3,827,359
|
2,856,812
|
74.6
|
970,547
|
25.4
|
|
|
|
Pain
|
None
|
15,243,143
|
14,284,214
|
93.7
|
958,930
|
6.3
|
0.000
|
13,975,362
|
12,620,501
|
90.3
|
1,354,861
|
9.7
|
0.000
|
|
|
Mild
|
2,775,714
|
2,247,400
|
81.0
|
528,313
|
19.0
|
|
4,494,769
|
3,470,452
|
77.2
|
1,024,317
|
22.8
|
|
|
|
Severe
|
197,488
|
153,887
|
77.9
|
43,602
|
22.1
|
|
472,629
|
306,781
|
64.9
|
165,848
|
35.1
|
|
|
|
Depression
|
None
|
16,948,918
|
15,666,651
|
92.4
|
1,282,267
|
7.6
|
0.000
|
16,579,396
|
14,703,608
|
88.7
|
1,875,788
|
11.3
|
0.000
|
|
|
Mild
|
1,202,449
|
976,826
|
81.2
|
225,623
|
18.8
|
|
2,184,118
|
1,593,660
|
73.0
|
590,458
|
27.0
|
|
|
|
Severe
|
64,978
|
42,023
|
64.7
|
22,955
|
35.3
|
|
179,245
|
100,466
|
56.0
|
78,779
|
44.0
|
|
|
|
Notes. A chi-square test was performed to determine the differences between groups with and without unmet needs. * Weighted (%)
**The income divided by the quartile. Abbreviations: NHI: National Health Insurance
|