Models use
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References
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Objective
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Level
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Data used
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Domain of application
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Location/use
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Location/apply
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Challenges
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CoastCLIM Sea-Level Simulator (component of the SimCLIM system).
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(Thepsiriamnuay & Pumijumnong, 2019)
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Quantify the role of sea-level rise (SLR) in sandy beach erosion in comparison to other factors, such as ad hoc short-term impacts from stochastic storminess.
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Local
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- SimCLIM 2013 version 3.3
- Two representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5)
- Input parameters underlying the modified Brunn Rule
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Spatial and temporal aspects of SLR impact
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Mainland Southeast Asia/Thailand
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Sandy Beaches
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Distinguish the relevance and contribution of sea level rise (including storms) to beach erosion.
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(Ramachandran et al., 2017)
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Examine the SLR projections for the specified study region under various scenarios.
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Local
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- SimCLIM version 6.0
-RCP scenarios viz., RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, RCP 6.0 and RCP 8.5 of IPCC AR5.
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Sea-Level Rise projection
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Tamil Nadu and Puducherry coast of India/Asia
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Coastal district
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-Willingness of different parties to accept the results of the model. –NN eew in the Indian context and the first of its kind for SLR projection at a different time-scale at the local level
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(Secretary of the Pacisif Regional Environment Programme, 2013)
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Climate Change Adaptation in the Pacific is Being Mainstreamed
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Local, regional, global
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Sea-Level rise and impact
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Asia; America
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(Addo et al., 2011)
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Assessment of the predicted effects of rising sea levels in three settlements in Accra's Dansoman coastal area.
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Local
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- Global scenarios
-Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization General Circulation Models-CSIRO_MK2_GS GCM
- SimCLIM model based on the modified Bruun rule and the simulated results overlaid on near vertical aerial photographs
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Sea-Level Rise and Flooding impact
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West Africa/Ghana
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Coastal area
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- Coastal inundation as the major problem
- No systems in place to help to adapt to the problem of inundation
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(Michael J. et al, 2008)
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Examine the effects of climate change and variability on transportation infrastructure and systems.
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Regional
SRES B1, A1B, A2, and A1FI emissions scenarios based on the combined output of 7 GCMs
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Climate Change and Variability
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North American continent/ Gulf Coast
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Coastal zone
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The SLRRP results capture seasonal variability and interannual trends in relative sea level change, while the CoastClim results do not
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(Abuodha & Woodroffe, 2006)
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Examine any changes in the regions that could be flooded.
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Local, regional, global
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Project DINAS- COAST database
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Sea-level rise and impact
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Western Australia
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Continental area
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- Offers potential but requires further testing and validation
-No “off-the-shelf” methodology appropriate for the entire Australian coast
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NOAA inundation frequency analysis program
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(Elliott & Williams, 2019)
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Simulate the implications of a 1.5-meter rise in sea level.
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Local
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- Two-dimensional wetland class data and three-dimensional elevation data
- Digital elevation model (DEM)
- National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) classification file
- Slope raster file
- Dike raster file
- Vdatum file
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Wetland classification due to SLR
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North America/Texas
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Coastal archaeological sites (wetland categories, marsh accretion, wave erosion and surface elevation change)
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Considerable damage to sites will occur with the loss of valuable cultural resources.
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(Abuodha & Woodroffe, 2006)
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Examine how vulnerable coastal locations are to rising sea levels.
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Local, regional, global
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Project DINAS- COAST database
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SLR and flooding
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Australian mainland
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Coastal area
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- Segmentation approach could be used at more appropriate scale
-No “off-the-shelf” methodology appropriate for the entire Australian coast
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(US EPA, 2019)
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Project the effects of rapid SLR on seven sites in the Lower Delaware Bay.
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Local
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- site-specific accretion data
- VDATUM, version 3.2; NOAA 2013
- National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) GIS shapefiles for DE and NJ
- NWI maps
- Image dates
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Sea-Level Rise impact
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United States/ Lower Delaware Bay
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Salt marshes
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One of the factors that affects the outcome of the SLAMM simulations is the selection of the model protection scenario
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(Dahl et al., 2017)
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Assess the influence of future sea level rise on tidal flooding frequency and severity.
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Local
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- sea level rise projections based on the Intermediate-Low, Intermediate-High, and Highest projections from the U.S. National Climate Assessment
- NOAA’s Inundation Analysis (IA) tool
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Sea-Level Rise and flooding impact
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U.S. East and Gulf Coasts
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Coastal communities
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limited by uncertainties: ice sheet response to warming temperatures and may not capture the upper end ofpotential sea level rise for this century
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(Tebaldi et al., 2012)
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Examine the impact of rising sea levels on projected storm surge-driven water levels and frequency.
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Each local state
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- Model output for global temperature changes
- Semi-empirical model of global sea level rise
- Long-term records from 55 nationally distributed tidal gauges
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Sea-Level rise and influence (on expected storm surge-driven water levels and their frequencies)
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United States.
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Contiguous zone
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Consider the non-stationarity of extreme events when evaluating risks of adverse climate impacts.
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(Marcy et al., 2011)
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Visualize the Effects of Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flooding
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Local
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- Modified bathtub approach
- Linear superposition method
- Elevation of a tidal datum (such as mean high water, or MHHW in areas with diurnal tides)
- Digital elevation models
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Sea-Level Rise and Flooding maping
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southeastern shore of Texas, U.S.
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Coastal zone
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Failing to consider these processes is a significant limitation of this mapping component (The mapped SLR levels do not incorporate future changes in coastal geomorphology and assume present conditions will persist)
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Sea-Level Rise Rectification Program (SLRRP)
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(Michael J. et al, 2008)
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Examine the effects of climate change and variability on transportation infrastructure and systems.
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Regional
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- Values for high and low tidal variation attributed to astronomical and meteorological causes
- SRES B1, A1B, A2, and A1FI emissions scenarios based on the combined output of 7 GCMs
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Climate Change and Variability
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North American continent/ Gulf Coast
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Coastal zone
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The SLRRP results capture seasonal variability and interannual trends in relative sea level change, while the CoastClim results do not.
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2D depth-integrated hydrodynamic models
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(Rahimi et al., 2020)
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Recognize the San Leandro watershed's SLR-driven groundwater rise and examine how it interacts with the surface floods generated by precipitation.
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National
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- Value of MHHW (mean higher high water) which is 1.94 m
- 1 m SLR is added to MHHW value
- Downstream boundary condition
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Sea-Level Rise, Groundwater Rise, and Coastal Precipitation
Reyhaneh
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Oakland Flatlands, CA, USA
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Coastal watershed
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Knowledge gap in understanding the compound inundation effects of this phenomenon considering the important hydrologic and hydraulic considerations under compound events
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(Yin et al., 2017)
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Describe how sea level rise (SLR) and coastal flooding affect emergency scenario-based approaches for assessing cascading responses.
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National
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- FEMA’s 100- and 500-year flood scenarios
- New York City Panel on Climate Change (NPCC2)’s high-end SLR projections
- Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
- North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88)
- GIS spatial analysis tool (Network Analyst)
- High resolution 2D hydraulic model (FloodMap)
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Cascading impacts of sea level rise and coastal flooding
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Lower Manhattan, New York/US
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-Cascade
-Coastal zone
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Methods that adopt simplified ITN in their analysis should be developed for applications in data-sparse situations.
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(Pasquier et al., 2018)
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Determine how vulnerable a coastal area is to floods from a mix of fluvial, tidal, and coastal sources.
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National
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- Logiciel HEC-RAS version 5.0
-Peaks-Over- Threshold method
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Coastal flooding
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Eastern coast of England/ United Kingdom (UK)
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- Fluvial
-Tidal
-Coastal zone
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Understanding interactions with more fluvially dominated inland areas and coastal urban areas
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(Musa et al., 2014)
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Model the impact of rising sea levels on flooding.
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National
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- Flooding data
- Normal flow data
- Rhamstorf predicted value
-ArcGIS
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Coastal flooding and impact on river
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West Africa/Niger
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- River
-Coastal area
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(Purvis et al., 2008)
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Calculate the likelihood of future coastal flooding based on the uncertainty surrounding projected sea level rise.
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National
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- 35 different future greenhouse gas emission scenarios
- Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
-Forcing data at the model boundaries.
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Coastal flooding and impact
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South-West England/UK
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Coastal area
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Coastal Storn Modeling System (CoSMos)
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(Tehranirad et al., 2020)
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Examine the effects of climate change on coastal areas.
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Regional
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- Hydro-CoSMoS in hindcast mode
- Global ocean model (HYCOM)
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Coastal impacts of climate change
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San Francisco, California coast,Bay/US
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-Coastal zone
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Lack of reliable forecast data of large-scale oceanic and watershed processes and the combined effects of multiple hazards
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