1. HIV Rapid Diagnostic Testing Statistics
1.1 HIV-RDT Uptake Frequency and Positivity
Figure 2 depicts the frequency of HIV testing uptake and test positivity in each year during the study period. Over a five-year study period, conducting 66359 HIV-RDTs yielded 312 (0.5%) positive results, 168 (53.8%) of which were men. The number of HIV testing experienced a sharp reduction by 90% in 2020 (P-value <0.001). Despite an overall downward trend in HIV testing, the test positivity rate increased during the study period (P-value <0.001).
2. Background Characteristics of the Study Population
A total of 66546 clients received HIV testing in 115 PHC and 7 VCT sites during the study period. Approximately two third of the clients (62.9%) were female, 75.2% were married, and 38% were pregnant women. The clients’ mean age was 30.31 years (± 9.781), ranging from 3 to 97 years, and 75% of the clients were below 36 years of age. In terms of the level of education, only nearly one-fifth of the clients (21.6%) had any university degree. Most clients were Iranian (80%), and almost half (48.7%) of the clients were homemakers. Table 1 has summarized the clients’ detailed demographic information and statistics on HIV-RDT uptake.
3. Statistics of HIV-RDT Uptake
As sown in table 1, prenatal care was the most common reason for HIV-RDT uptake in the testing sites, followed by suspicious heterosexual intercourse, occupational exposure, and tattooing, accounting for 24%, 5.9%, and 3.3%, in turn. Those clients with other risky behavior including drug injection, having an HIV-infected sexual partner, men having sex with men (MSM), female sex worker, and transgenders were the least presented population in the testing sites. The results show that women were referred for testing more than men, even without considering prenatal visits (15.7% vs. 9.4%, p-value<0.001). In the other words, male clients, in comparison to women, are more likely to seek tests voluntarily, after a 3-month exposure time (45% vs. 29%, p-value<0.001). Regarding the risky exposure duration, 57.1% of the clients did not remember the exact exposure time and only 13.1% of clients took HIV-RDT within three months from exposure.
Table1- Demographic and Testing Characteristics of HIV-RDT Clients
Characteristics
|
Total
N (%)
|
Gender Distribution
|
P-value**
|
Male
N (%)
|
Female
N (%)
|
Gender
|
66546
|
24716(37.1)
|
41840(62.9)
|
|
Marital status
|
Married
|
49807(75.2)
|
12277(50)
|
37530(90)
|
<0.001
|
Never married
|
13329(20.0)
|
10773(43.9)
|
2556(6.1)
|
Divorced
|
2499(3.8)
|
1259(5.1)
|
1240(3.0)
|
Widowed
|
632(1.0)
|
249(1.0)
|
383(0.9)
|
Pregnancy Status among Women
|
Pregnant women
|
29555 (70.6)
|
-
|
29555(70.6)
|
|
Non-pregnant women
|
12314(29.4)
|
-
|
12314(29.4)
|
Education level
|
Illiterate
|
3058(4.6%)
|
886(3.6)
|
2172(5.2)
|
<0.001
|
Primary School
|
11217(16.9%)
|
3337(13.5)
|
7780(18.8)
|
Secondary School
|
15208(22.8%)
|
4843(19.6)
|
10365(24.8)
|
High school and Diploma
|
22602(34.0%)
|
8111(32.9)
|
14491(34.7)
|
University Degree
|
14410(21.7)
|
7494(30.4)
|
6916(16.5)
|
Nationality
|
Iranian
|
61378(79.0)
|
2371 (92.2)
|
3764(89.1)
|
<0.001
|
Non-Iranian
|
16305(21.0)
|
991(7.8)
|
4210 (10.9)
|
Occupation
|
Homemaker
|
20882(48.7)
|
0
|
20882(70.5)
|
<0.001
|
Unemployed
|
3051(7.1)
|
2225(16.7)
|
826(2.8)
|
Clerk
|
2460(5.7)
|
1645(12.3)
|
815(2.8)
|
Laborer
|
1893(4.4)
|
1745(13)
|
148(0.5)
|
Technician
|
1398(3.3)
|
1242 (9.3)
|
156(0.5)
|
Driver
|
1085(2.5)
|
107(8)
|
15(0.05)
|
Health care provider
|
890(2.1)
|
322(2.4)
|
568(1.9)
|
Constructive worker
|
846(2.0)
|
846(6.3)
|
0
|
Seller
|
821(1.9)
|
713(5.3)
|
108(0.4)
|
Barber/Hairdresser
|
769(1.8)
|
193(1.4)
|
576(1.9)
|
Teacher/Trainer
|
338(0.8)
|
125(0.9)
|
213(0.8)
|
Tailor
|
263(0.6)
|
151(1.1)
|
112(0.4)
|
Farmer
|
219(0.5)
|
217(1.6)
|
2(0)
|
Engineer
|
213(0.5)
|
210(1.6)
|
2(0)
|
Occupational trainee
|
118(0.3)
|
101(0.8)
|
17(0.1)
|
Artist
|
114(0.3)
|
70(0.5)
|
44(0.2)
|
Animal care worker
|
95(0.2)
|
86(0.6)
|
9(0)
|
Cleaner
|
91(0.2)
|
70(0.5)
|
21(0.1)
|
Baker
|
81(0.2)
|
80(0.6)
|
1(0)
|
Cook
|
56(0.1)
|
51(0.4)
|
5(0)
|
Administrator/Manager
|
48(0.1)
|
29(0.2)
|
19(0.1)
|
Guardsman/woman
|
43(0.1)
|
41(0.3)
|
2(0)
|
Athletics
|
17(0.0)
|
11(0.1)
|
6(0)
|
Gardener
|
15(0.0)
|
15(0.1)
|
0
|
Lawyer
|
13(0.0)
|
9 (0.1)
|
4(0)
|
Other occupations
|
7144(16.6)
|
2127(15.9)
|
5017(16.9)
|
Duration from First Exposure
|
<3 months
|
10145(15.2)
|
1951(7.9)
|
8193(19.6)
|
<0.001
|
≥3 months
|
23157(34.8)
|
11036(44.7)
|
12110(29.0)
|
Not Defined
|
33274(50.0)
|
11722(47.4)
|
21552(51.4)
|
Referral Type
|
Prenatal care
|
Referred Client
|
-
|
-
|
16867(57.1)
|
0.75
|
Volunteer
|
-
|
-
|
12674(42.9)
|
Others
|
Referred Client
|
4247(11.5)
|
2315(9.4)
|
1932(15.7)
|
<0.001
|
Volunteer
|
32776(88.5)
|
22394(90.6)
|
10382(84.3)
|
Testing History
|
First time
|
63430(95.3)
|
23667(95.8)
|
39750(95)
|
<0.001
|
≥2
|
3148(4.7)
|
1042(4.2)
|
2103(5.0)
|
Reasons for Taking HIV-RDT
|
Prenatal Care
|
29901(52.0)
|
-
|
29901(77.6)
|
<0.001
|
Heterosexual intercourse
|
13824(24)
|
11589 (61.2)
|
2229(5.8)
|
Occupational exposure
|
3515 (6.1)
|
1723 (9.1)
|
1792(4.7)
|
Tattooing
|
1941(3.4)
|
1307 (6.9)
|
632(1.6)
|
Public HIV campaigns
|
1398(2.4)
|
926 (4.9)
|
471(1.2)
|
Sexual partner to whom at risk¶
|
1465(2.5)
|
133(0.7)
|
1332(3.5)
|
Physician order due to sign and symptom
|
1089(1.9)
|
618 (3.3)
|
471(1.2)
|
Tuberculosis
|
831(1.4)
|
381 (2.0)
|
450(1.2)
|
Person's request
|
825(1.4)
|
515 (2.7)
|
310(0.8)
|
Substance Abuse
|
327(0.6)
|
301(1.6)
|
26(0.1)
|
Needle Sticking
|
410(0.7)
|
259(1.4)
|
151(0.4)
|
History of imprisonment/ addiction recovery center
|
276(0.5)
|
260(1.4)
|
16(0)
|
Dormitory Residency
|
213(0.4)
|
135(0.4)
|
78(0.2)
|
Blood Transfusion
|
233(0.4)
|
77(0.4)
|
156(0.4)
|
Unsanitary Dental Procedures
|
177(0.3)
|
65(0.3)
|
112(0.3)
|
Cupping
|
142(0.2)
|
87 (0.5)
|
55(0.1)
|
STD
|
119(0.2)
|
13 (0.1)
|
106(0.3)
|
Child labor
|
99(0.2)
|
68(0.4)
|
31(0.1)
|
MTCT
|
66(0.1)
|
33(0.2)
|
33(0.1)
|
Having an HIV-infected family member
|
35(0.1)
|
17(0.1)
|
18(0)
|
Hepatitis
|
31(0.1)
|
8(0)
|
23(0.1)
|
Unsanitary Medical Procedures
|
29(0.1)
|
15(0.1)
|
14(0)
|
Rape
|
25(0)
|
7(0)
|
18(0)
|
Drug injection within one year
|
22(0)
|
21(0.1)
|
1(0)
|
Sexual partner to an HIV-infected person
|
18(0)
|
6(0)
|
12(0)
|
MSM
|
7(0)
|
7(0)
|
0
|
FSW
|
4(0)
|
0
|
4(0)
|
Transgender
|
2(0)
|
2(0)
|
0
|
Any other suspicious contact
|
113(0.2)
|
54(0.3)
|
59(0.2)
|
≥ two risk factors of the above
|
362(0.6)
|
316(1.7)
|
46(0.1)
|
**P-Value <0.05 Considered statistically significant as a result of Chi-Square tests.
Partner characteristics included illicit drug use, history of incarceration, the concurrence of sexual relationships, and occupational risks.
- Univariate analyses; Factors Associated with Positive HIV-RDT Results
The majority of clients with HIV-RDT positive were male (53.8%), Iranian (89%), married (51.8%), and with the education of high school diploma or below (85%, p-value <0.001). Those clients reported a more extended time from HIV exposure (>3 months), and those who had sought HIV-RDT voluntarily accounted for approximately 80% and 60% proportions of positive results among the test takers, respectively (P-value<0.05). In terms of occupation, although unemployed subjects comprised only 7% of the test takers, they accounted for 34% of the positive results. Furthermore, suspicious heterosexual intercourse yielded nearly half of the positive test results (45%), followed by MTCT (5.3%), tuberculosis (5.3%), and tattooing (4.8%). The results of HIV-RDT stratified by the tests’ and clients’ characteristics have been illustrated in table 2.
Table2- Univariate Analysis- HIV-RDT Positivity Stratified by Clients’ Characteristics and Genders.
Characteristics
|
Total
|
Gender Distribution of Positive HIV-RDT
|
Positive N (%)
|
P-value*
|
Male
N (%)
|
Female
N (%)
|
P-value*
|
Total
|
312 (0.47)
|
-
|
168 (53.8)
|
144 (46.2)
|
<0.001
|
Marital status
|
Married
|
156(51.8)
|
<0.001
|
69(42.6)
|
87(62.6)
|
<0.001
|
Never married
|
79(26.2)
|
63(38.9)
|
16(11.5)
|
Divorced
|
39(13)
|
19(11.7)
|
20(14.4)
|
Widowed
|
27(9)
|
11(6.8)
|
16(11.5)
|
Pregnancy status
|
Pregnant women
|
39(27.1)
|
<0.001
|
-
|
39
|
-
|
Non-pregnant women
|
105(72.9)
|
-
|
105
|
Education level
|
Illiterate
|
26(8.3)
|
0.00
|
11(6.5)
|
15(10.4)
|
0.08
|
Primary School
|
59(18.9)
|
35(20.8)
|
24(16.7)
|
Secondary School
|
82(26.3)
|
51(30.4)
|
31(21.5)
|
High school and Diploma
|
98(31.4)
|
43(25.6)
|
55(38.2)
|
University Degrees
|
47(15.4)
|
28(16.7)
|
19(13.2)
|
Nationality
|
Iranian
|
278(89.1)
|
0.042
|
151
|
127
|
0.63
|
Non-Iranian
|
34(10.9)
|
17
|
17
|
Duration from First Exposure
|
<3 months
|
29(9.3)
|
0.009
|
13(7.7)
|
16(11.1)
|
0.38
|
≥3 months
|
113(36.2)
|
61(36.3)
|
52(36.1)
|
Not Defined
|
170(54.5)
|
94(56)
|
76(52.8)
|
|
Referral Type
|
Referred Client
|
129(41.3)
|
<0.001
|
60(35.7)
|
69(47.9)
|
0.029
|
Volunteer
|
183(58.7)
|
108(64.3)
|
75(52.1)
|
Testing History
|
First Time
|
297(95.2)
|
0.94
|
160(95.2)
|
137(95.1)
|
0.97
|
≥2
|
15(4.8)
|
8(4.8)
|
7(4.9)
|
Occupation
|
Homemaker
|
58(25)
|
-
|
-
|
58(53.7)
|
-
|
Unemployed
|
78(33.6)
|
56 (45.2)
|
22(20.4)
|
Clerk
|
6(2.6)
|
3 (2.4)
|
3(2.8)
|
Laborer
|
14(6)
|
11 (8.9)
|
3(2.8)
|
Technician
|
2(0.9)
|
2 (1.6)
|
0
|
Driver
|
11(4.7)
|
11 (8.9)
|
0
|
Health care provider
|
2(0.9)
|
2 (1.6)
|
0
|
Constructive worker
|
7(3)
|
7 (5.6)
|
0
|
Seller
|
9(3.9)
|
5 (4.0)
|
4(3.7)
|
Barber/Hairdresser
|
4(0.5)
|
0
|
4(3.7)
|
Teacher/Trainer
|
1(0.4)
|
0
|
1(0.9)
|
Tailor
|
2(0.9)
|
1 (0.8)
|
1(0.9)
|
Farmer
|
0(0)
|
0
|
0
|
Engineer
|
2(0.9)
|
1 (0.8)
|
1(0.8)
|
Occupational Trainee
|
3(1.3)
|
2 (1.6)
|
1(0.9)
|
Artist
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Animal care worker
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Cleaner
|
0(0)
|
0
|
0
|
Baker
|
2(0.9)
|
2(1.6)
|
0
|
Cook
|
1(0.4)
|
1(0.8)
|
0
|
Administrator/Manager
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Guardsman
|
1(0.4)
|
1 (0.8)
|
0
|
Athletics
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Gardener
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Lawyer
|
1(0.4)
|
1 (0.8)
|
0
|
Other occupations
|
28(12.1)
|
18 (14.5)
|
10(9.3)
|
Reasons for Taking HIV-RDT
|
Prenatal Care
|
38(16.7)
|
-
|
-
|
38(33.0)
|
-
|
Heterosexual intercourse
|
102(44.7)
|
68 (60.2)
|
34(29.6)
|
Occupational exposure
|
3(1.3)
|
0
|
3(2.6)
|
Tattooing
|
11(4.8)
|
10 (8.8)
|
1(0.9)
|
Public HIV campaigns
|
1(0.4)
|
1(0.9)
|
0
|
Sexual partner to whom at-risk ¶
|
10(4.4)
|
1 (0.9)
|
9(7.8)
|
Physician order due to sign and symptom
|
8(3.5)
|
2 (1.8)
|
6(5.2)
|
Tuberculosis
|
12(5.3)
|
6 (5.3)
|
6(5.2)
|
Person's request
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Substance Abuse
|
5(2.2)
|
3 (2.7)
|
2(1.7)
|
Needle Sticking
|
1(0.4)
|
0
|
1(0.9)
|
History of imprisonment/addiction recovery centers
|
4(1.8)
|
4 (3.5)
|
0
|
Dormitory Residency
|
1(0.4)
|
1 (0.9)
|
0
|
Blood Transfusion
|
1(0.4)
|
0
|
1(0.9)
|
Unsanitary Dental Procedures
|
1(0.4)
|
1(0.9)
|
0
|
Cupping
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
STD
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Child labor
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
MTCT
|
12(5.3)
|
7 (6.2)
|
5(4.3)
|
Having an HIV-infected family member
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Hepatitis
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Unsanitary Medical Procedures
|
1(0.4)
|
0
|
1(0.9)
|
Rape
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Drug injection within one year
|
5(2.2)
|
4 (3.5)
|
1(0.1)
|
Sexual partner to an HIV-infected person
|
1(0.4)
|
0
|
1(0.1)
|
MSM
|
2(0.9)
|
2 (1.8)
|
-
|
FSW
|
0
|
-
|
0
|
Transgender
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Any other suspicious contact
|
1(0.4)
|
1 (0.9)
|
0
|
≥ two risk factors of the above
|
8(3.5)
|
2 (1.8)
|
6(5.2)
|
*Chi-square test was conducted as appropriate/P-Value <0.05 considered statistically significant with
Partner characteristics included illicit drug use, history of incarceration, the concurrence of sexual relationships, and occupational risks.
- Multivariate Analysis; Predictors of HIV-RDT Positivity
4.1 Predictors of HIV-RDT Positivity among the Whole Population
As sown in table 3, logistic regression analysis revealed that the odds ratio of positive HIV-RDT among men was 1.95 [95% CI: 1.217- 3.121] times greater than that among women (P-value=0.005). Furthermore, 1-year older age at the time of testing could slightly increase the odds of test positivity by 1.03 times ([95% CI: 1.011-1.046], P-value=0.001). The most remarkable predictor in terms of marital status was being widowed, which significantly increased test positivity by approximately four times ([95% CI:1.931 - 8.191], P-value<0.001). Another predictor was level of education, with the highest risk at the level of high school diploma and below (OR:2.747, P-value=0.012, and OR:2.352, P-value=0.037, in turn). Unemployment status, suspicious heterosexual intercourse, drug injection, MSM, MTCT, and history of imprisonment or admitting to addiction recovery centers were the predictors of HIV-RDT positive results (OR=2.91, 13.4, 33.4, 18.7, 3.4, respectively. P-value<0.05). However, the clients’ nationality, testing history, and duration from exposure could not predict the positive result of the tests in this study (P-value>0.05).
4.2 Predictors of HIV-RDT Positivity among Men
The multivariate analysis showed that 1-year older age at the time of testing could increase HIV-RDT positivity by 1.07 times among men (P-value<0.001). Furthermore, being a widower and having the education level of secondary school were associated with a 9- and 16-times higher likelihood of positive results (P-value<0.05). Regarding reasons for test uptake, unsanitary dental procedures, drug injection, MTCT, and MSM were the most hazardous behavior, increasing HIV-RDT positivity rate by 16 [95% CI:1.83 -134.8], 8 [95% CI: 1.35- 49.9], 30 [95% CI: 2.68-333.9], 19 [95% CI: 1.74-214.03] times, respectively (P-value<0.05). However, male clients were significantly less likely to be detected as positive when seeking test voluntarily (AOR= 0.33 [95% CI: 0.14- 0.8], working as a technician (AOR= 0.102 [95% CI: 0.013-0.81], or a clerk (AOR= 0.194 [95% CI: 0.04-0.96] (P-value<0.05).
4.3 Predictors of HIV-RDT Positivity among Women
The female clients with education level of high school diploma or below have approximately five times [95% CI: 1.06 - 25.02] higher likelihood of a positive outcome of HIV-RDT relative to illiterate women (P-value<0.05). Substance abuse among women could increase HIV-RDT positivity by 12.5 times [95% CI: 1.98-74.6], which was far more than that of drug injection in men (8 [95% CI: 1.35- 49.9]). Moreover, MTCT and having two or more HIV-related risk behavior were related to 13.5 [95% CI: 1.34 -136.8] and 18 times [95% CI: 4.45-71.56] higher positive rate (P-value<0.05). Regarding occupation, being an occupational trainee was a significant predictor increasing test positivity by 15 times [95% CI: 1.4-163.7]. However, unlike men, age and marital status were not significantly associated with test positivity. (P-value>0.05).
Table 3 – Multivariate Analysis; Predictors of Positive HIV-RDT Result.
Logistic Regression of clients’ independent characteristics and HIV-RDT Outcome
|
Risk Predictors
|
Total Population
|
Male
|
Female
|
AOR [95% CI]
|
Wald P-value
|
AOR [95% CI]
|
Wald P-value
|
AOR [95% CI]
|
Wald P-value
|
Gender
|
Male
|
1.9[1.22-3.12]
|
0.005*
|
-
|
|
-
|
-
|
Age
|
Age at testing time
|
1.032[1.01-1.05]
|
0.001*
|
1.07[1.03-1.11]
|
<0.001*
|
1.0[0.98-1.05]
|
0.54
|
Marital Status
|
Married
|
Ref
|
0.002*
|
Ref
|
|
Ref
|
|
Never married
|
1.3[0.81 - 2.12]
|
0.27
|
2.1[0.85-4.99]
|
0.11
|
1.2[0.38-4.4]
|
0.68
|
Divorced
|
1.6[0.95 - 2.7]
|
0.08
|
1.7[0.51-5.88]
|
0.38
|
1.5[0.51-4.55]
|
0.45
|
Widowed
|
3.98[1.93 – 8.2]
|
<0.001*
|
9.0[1.5-54.5]
|
0.017*
|
3.1[0.8 - 11.7]
|
0.11
|
Education Level
|
Illiterate
|
Ref
|
0.039*
|
Ref
|
|
Ref
|
|
Primary school
|
1.9[0.9- 4.1]
|
0.09
|
5.9[0.54-63.18]
|
0.14
|
1.5[0.28-7.76]
|
0.64
|
Secondary school
|
2.8[1.25 -6.04]
|
0.012*
|
16.7 [1.6-174.23]
|
0.019*
|
5.6[1.1-27.8]
|
0.036*
|
High school and diploma
|
2.4[1.05-5.25]
|
0.037*
|
9.13 [0.82-101.7]
|
0.07
|
5.14[1.06-25.02]
|
0.043*
|
University Degrees
|
1.7[0.71-4.3]
|
0.22
|
6.5[0.51-83.3]
|
0.15
|
5.4[0.97-30.3]
|
0.55
|
Referral Type
|
Referred Clients
|
Ref
|
|
Ref
|
|
Ref
|
|
Volunteer
|
0.4[0.25-0.54]
|
<0.001*
|
0.3[0.14- 0.8]
|
0.011*
|
0.6[0.3 - 1.4]
|
0.26
|
Reasons for Taking HIV-RDT
|
Suspicious Heterosexual Intercourse
|
Ref
|
<0.001*
|
Ref
|
|
Ref
|
|
Prenatal care
|
0.12[0.06-0.24]
|
<0.001*
|
-
|
-
|
0.12[0.03-0.43]
|
<0.001*
|
Occupational Exposure
|
0.1[0.02 - 0.44]
|
0.003*
|
0.0
|
0.99
|
0.0
|
0.99
|
Tattooing
|
0.7[0.32-1.34]
|
0.24
|
0.64 [0.15-2.83]
|
0.55
|
0.2[0.02 -1.65]
|
0.13
|
Public HIV Campaigns
|
0.0
|
0.99
|
0.0
|
0.99
|
0.0
|
0.99
|
Sexual Partner to whom at risk¶
|
0.6[0.3-1.5]
|
0.29
|
0.0
|
0.99
|
0.5[0.12-1.95]
|
0.31
|
Physician Order due to Signs and Symptoms
|
1.3[0.6-2.88]
|
0.49
|
0.0
|
0.99
|
1.7[0.41-7.50]
|
0.46
|
Tuberculosis
|
0.5[0.21-1.20]
|
0.12
|
0.06[0.005-0.72]
|
0.027*
|
1.2[0.27-6.43]
|
0.81
|
Substance Abuse
|
1.5[0.59-3.94]
|
0.38
|
0.42 [0.08-2.14]
|
0.29
|
12.1[1.98-74.6]
|
0.007*
|
Needle Sticking
|
0.3[0.05-2.34]
|
0.26
|
0.0
|
0.99
|
0.82[0.1-6.94]
|
0.82
|
History of Imprisonment/ Addiction Recovery Centers
|
3.4[1.18-10.0]
|
0.024*
|
6.5 [1.5-27.8]
|
0.012*
|
0.0
|
0.99
|
Dormitory Residency
|
0.7[0.09-5.4]
|
0.72
|
0.0
|
0.99
|
0.0
|
0.99
|
Blood Transfusion
|
0.0
|
0.99
|
0.0
|
0.99
|
0.0
|
0.99
|
Unsanitary Dental Procedure
|
1.1[0.14-8.2]
|
0.94
|
15.7[1.83-134.8]
|
0.012*
|
0.0
|
0.99
|
Any suspicious contact
|
0.0
|
0.99
|
0.0
|
0.99
|
0.0
|
0.99
|
MTCT
|
18.7[6.3-55.7]
|
<0.001*
|
29.9[2.7 -333.9]
|
0.006*
|
13.5[1.3 -136.8]
|
0.027*
|
Unsanitary Medical Procedures
|
6.8[0.8- 54.3]
|
0.07
|
0
|
0.99
|
0.0
|
0.99
|
Drug Injection within one year
|
13.4[4.0-45.1]
|
<0.001*
|
8.2[1.4 - 49.9]
|
0.022*
|
0.0
|
0.99
|
Sexual partner to an HIV-infected person
|
5.7[0.6- 51.6]
|
0.12
|
0.0
|
1.0
|
8.02 [0.8-85.3]
|
0.08
|
MSM
|
33.1[5.9-186.8]
|
<0.001*
|
19.4[1.7-214.1]
|
0.016*
|
-
|
-
|
≥2 above Risk Factors**
|
1.5[0.67-3.18]
|
0.35
|
0.43 [0.09-2.17]
|
0.31
|
17.8[4.45-71.56]
|
<0.001*
|
Occupation
|
Homemaker
|
Ref
|
0.002
|
-
|
-
|
Ref
|
|
Unemployed
|
2.9[1.7-5.02]
|
<0.001*
|
Ref
|
|
1.5[0.6 - 3.9]
|
0.44
|
Laborer
|
1.1[0.5-2.5]
|
0.81
|
0.2[0.1-1.1]
|
0.06
|
3.7[0.74-19.1]
|
0.11
|
Seller
|
1.6[0.7-4.1]
|
0.29
|
0.4[0.1 -1.7]
|
0.20
|
1.2[0.1-9.8]
|
0.88
|
Driver
|
1.7[0.7-4.2]
|
0.25
|
0.6 [0.2-2.1]
|
0.46
|
0.0
|
0.99
|
Baker
|
2.1[0.3-17.4]
|
0.47
|
1.7[0.2-14.2]
|
0.63
|
-
|
-
|
Occupational Trainee
|
2.5[0.3-20.2]
|
0.38
|
0.0
|
0.99
|
15.1[1.4-163.7]
|
0.026*
|
Teacher and Trainer
|
0.7 [0.1-5.7]
|
0.75
|
0.0
|
0.99
|
0.0
|
0.99
|
Guardsman/women
|
6.1[0.8-49.3]
|
0.09
|
4.8[0.5-45.5]
|
0.17
|
0.0
|
1.0
|
Tailor
|
1.24[0.3-5.4]
|
0.77
|
0.6[0.07-5.4]
|
0.67
|
1.8[0.2 -15.2]
|
0.57
|
Health Care Provider
|
1.36[0.2-7.6]
|
0.73
|
6.8[0.7-67.5]
|
0.10
|
0.0
|
0.99
|
Technician
|
0.3[0.07-1.3]
|
0.11
|
0.10[0.01 -0.8]
|
0.03*
|
0.0
|
0.99
|
Barber/Hairdresser
|
1.2 [0.4-4.2]
|
0.7
|
0.0
|
0.99
|
3.4[0.9-13.3]
|
0.08
|
Clerk
|
0.6 [0.24-1.7]
|
0.37
|
0.2[0.04- 0.96]
|
0.045*
|
0.8[0.2-4.1]
|
0.78
|
Cook
|
4.6[0.6-36.3]
|
0.15
|
3.6[0.4-30. 7]
|
0.24
|
0.0
|
0.99
|
Constructive worker
|
0.8[0.3-2.4]
|
0.66
|
0.2[0.02-1.2]
|
0.07
|
-
|
-
|
Engineer
|
1.3[0.2-10.0]
|
0.83
|
0.0
|
0.99
|
0.0
|
0.99
|
Lawyer
|
19.9[2.2-178.1]
|
0.07
|
10.9[0.8-148.1]
|
0.07
|
0.0
|
0.99
|
Other Occupations
|
0.6[0.3- 1.3]
|
0.21
|
0.07[0.01-0.6]
|
0.017*
|
0.0
|
0.39
|
AOR: Adjusted Odds Ratio, MTCT: mother-to-child transmission, MSM: Men have Sex with Men
*Considered statistically significant.
Partner characteristics included illicit drug use, history of incarceration, the concurrence of sexual relationships, and occupational risks