Wealth based inequality
Table 1 presents utilization of ORT and continued feeding for each subgroup of the economic status stratifier across the 35 low income, lower middle income and upper middle income SSA countries along with the population share of each.
Table 1
utilization of ORT and continued feeding for each subgroup of the economic status stratifier across the 35 low income, lower middle income and upper middle income SSA countries
Setting | Year | Subgroup | Estimate (95% CI) | Population | National Coverage |
Ghana | 2014 | Quintile 1 (poorest) | 40.16(32.36,48.49) | 26.37345 | 41.5043 |
Quintile 2 | 43.15(34.95,51.740) | 25.67383 | 41.5043 |
Quintile 3 | 36.27(27.92,45.55) | 20.94055 | 41.5043 |
Quintile 4 | 43.33(28.31,59.68) | 16.25041 | 41.5043 |
Quintile 5 (richest) | 48.26(32.49,64.39) | 10.76177 | 41.5043 |
Algeria | 2012 | Quintile 1 (poorest) | 40.09(32.73,47.93) | 23.93135 | 41.73203 |
Quintile 2 | 36.58(27.52,46.70) | 24.41469 | 41.73203 |
Quintile 3 | 40.12(32.16,48.64) | 18.40896 | 41.73203 |
Quintile 4 | 42.41(34.64,50.56) | 18.62111 | 41.73203 |
Quintile 5 (richest) | 54.15(44.00,63.97) | 14.6239 | 41.73203 |
Angola | 2015 | Quintile 1 (poorest) | 27.43(22.84,32.55) | 19.5731 | 39.68827 |
Quintile 2 | 33.53(28.58,38.86) | 23.10405 | 39.68827 |
Quintile 3 | 43.05(36.10,50.28) | 22.36672 | 39.68827 |
Quintile 4 | 42.32(33.53,51.62) | 19.44796 | 39.68827 |
Quintile 5 (richest) | 56.16(46.86,65.05) | 15.50817 | 39.68827 |
Benin | 2014 | Quintile 1 (poorest) | 28.05(21.70,35.42) | 21.3574 | 32.54792 |
Quintile 2 | 31.98(25.84,38.81) | 20.12819 | 32.54792 |
Quintile 3 | 31.00(24.48,38.38) | 22.32397 | 32.54792 |
Quintile 4 | 35.60(28.02,43.98) | 21.33978 | 32.54792 |
Quintile 5 (richest) | 37.70(28.43,47.96) | 14.85066 | 32.54792 |
Burundi | 2016 | Quintile 1 (poorest) | 31.65(27.61,36.00) | 24.07388 | 34.95439 |
Quintile 2 | 32.21(28.14,36.57) | 23.54476 | 34.95439 |
Quintile 3 | 37.66(33.02,42.53) | 20.69663 | 34.95439 |
Quintile 4 | 37.69(33.03,42.60) | 18.96193 | 34.95439 |
Quintile 5 (richest) | 37.76(32.52,43.30) | 12.7228 | 34.95439 |
Cameroon | 2014 | Quintile 1 (poorest) | 29.41(22.99,36.77) | 36.38363 | 39.29078 |
Quintile 2 | 37.54(31.76,43.70) | 24.52436 | 39.29078 |
Quintile 3 | 47.46(39.76,55.29) | 19.50633 | 39.29078 |
Quintile 4 | 48.74(40.43,57.13) | 11.29913 | 39.29078 |
Quintile 5 (richest) | 55.68(45.82,65.10) | 8.286552 | 39.29078 |
Chad | 2014 | Quintile 1 (poorest) | 24.78(20.69,29.38) | 22.99905 | 28.88636 |
Quintile 2 | 26.2(21.84,31.28) | 21.46346 | 28.88636 |
Quintile 3 | 30.54(26.08,35.41) | 20.63436 | 28.88636 |
Quintile 4 | 29.64(24.54,35.31) | 18.16671 | 28.88636 |
Quintile 5 (richest) | 34.97(30.83,39.35) | 16.73641 | 28.88636 |
Comoros | 2012 | Quintile 1 (poorest) | 42.44(29.79,56.16) | 21.86407 | 53.94333 |
Quintile 2 | 52.14(38.79,65.19) | 26.10099 | 53.94333 |
Quintile 3 | 53.81(43.76,63.56) | 21.8048 | 53.94333 |
Quintile 4 | 70.43(57.13,80.98) | 15.80697 | 53.94333 |
Quintile 5 (richest) | 56.76(43.31,69.27) | 14.42317 | 53.94333 |
Congo | 2014 | Quintile 1 (poorest) | 36.33(32.17,40.71) | 26.99686 | 42.24259 |
Quintile 2 | 37.76(31.53,44.42) | 22.61654 | 42.24259 |
Quintile 3 | 46.79(38.79,54.95) | 23.70311 | 42.24259 |
Quintile 4 | 48.67(38.10,59.36) | 15.47905 | 42.24259 |
Quintile 5 (richest) | 47.01(34.83,59.55) | 11.20444 | 42.24259 |
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 2013 | Quintile 1 (poorest) | 32.22(27.70,37.10) | 22.11872 | 39.94501 |
Quintile 2 | 41.93(36.12,47.98) | 20.3818 | 39.94501 |
Quintile 3 | 42.45(36.89,48.21) | 17.5361 | 39.94501 |
Quintile 4 | 41.13(32.75,50.07) | 21.77431 | 39.94501 |
Quintile 5 (richest) | 43.24(36.99,49.72) | 18.18908 | 39.94501 |
Eswatini | 2014 | Quintile 1 (poorest) | 45.38(35.66,55.47) | 24.64696 | 46.37177 |
Quintile 2 | 42.35(33.10,52.18) | 25.42505 | 46.37177 |
Quintile 3 | 59.32(47.64,70.03) | 21.65247 | 46.37177 |
Quintile 4 | 40.04(23.45,59.27) | 17.34297 | 46.37177 |
Quintile 5 (richest) | 42.30(24.44,62.43) | 10.93255 | 46.37177 |
Ethiopia | 2016 | Quintile 1 (poorest) | 23.84(17.54,31.53) | 20.66412 | 28.65617 |
Quintile 2 | 34.24(25.29,44.47) | 23.14477 | 28.65617 |
Quintile 3 | 28.52(21.26,37.09) | 21.78754 | 28.65617 |
Quintile 4 | 25.52(16.47,37.32) | 20.64595 | 28.65617 |
Quintile 5 (richest) | 31.38(21.22,43.70) | 13.75762 | 28.65617 |
Gabon | 2012 | Quintile 1 (poorest) | 53.44(46.83,59.93) | 23.05507 | 51.90965 |
Quintile 2 | 46.54(36.24,57.15) | 22.88687 | 51.90965 |
Quintile 3 | 52.79(41.63,63.67) | 25.56293 | 51.90965 |
Quintile 4 | 56.01(41.00,70.00) | 19.25994 | 51.90965 |
Quintile 5 (richest) | 50.36(30.35,70.25) | 9.235194 | 51.90965 |
Gambia | 2013 | Quintile 1 (poorest) | 45.46(35.70,55.58) | 18.60457 | 50.84321 |
Quintile 2 | 48.78(40.93,56.68) | 22.01013 | 50.84321 |
Quintile 3 | 54.75(47.19,62.09) | 19.14623 | 50.84321 |
Quintile 4 | 56.77(48.68,64.52) | 20.97492 | 50.84321 |
Quintile 5 (richest) | 48.04(36.23,60.08) | 19.26415 | 50.84321 |
Guinea | 2016 | Quintile 1 (poorest) | 32.55(25.30,40.75) | 23.38568 | 44.17994 |
Quintile 2 | 46.59(37.20,56.22) | 21.31853 | 44.17994 |
Quintile 3 | 37.88(29.63,46.90) | 21.44252 | 44.17994 |
Quintile 4 | 48.71(39.90,57.60) | 17.28433 | 44.17994 |
Quintile 5 (richest) | 60.89(51.64,69.43) | 16.56895 | 44.17994 |
Guinea-Bissau | 2014 | Quintile 1 (poorest) | 48.29(40.19,56.50) | 20.4378 | 54.61463 |
Quintile 2 | 50.44(41.34,59.52) | 18.95342 | 54.61463 |
Quintile 3 | 55.97(47.37,64.23) | 20.75555 | 54.61463 |
Quintile 4 | 59.24(48.25,69.38) | 25.1164 | 54.61463 |
Quintile 5 (richest) | 58.91(49.28,67.90) | 14.73684 | 54.61463 |
Kenya | 2014 | Quintile 1 (poorest) | 39.21(35.39,43.16) | 26.97726 | 45.1324 |
Quintile 2 | 43.17(38.66,47.79) | 22.85396 | 45.1324 |
Quintile 3 | 44.55(38.79,50.46) | 18.44987 | 45.1324 |
Quintile 4 | 49.88(43.87,55.89) | 17.77935 | 45.1324 |
Quintile 5 (richest) | 54.51(47.23,61.61) | 13.93956 | 45.1324 |
Lesotho | 2014 | Quintile 1 (poorest) | 50.74(38.34,63.05) | 23.5475 | 61.38574 |
Quintile 2 | 58.67(45.27,70.90) | 22.94458 | 61.38574 |
Quintile 3 | 63.59(50.86,74.66) | 20.5444 | 61.38574 |
Quintile 4 | 74.18(58.20,85.56) | 18.49361 | 61.38574 |
Quintile 5 (richest) | 63.51(44.54,79.04) | 14.46991 | 61.38574 |
Liberia | 2013 | Quintile 1 (poorest) | 40.90(34.20,47.96) | 27.80155 | 46.43533 |
Quintile 2 | 46.12(39.69,52.68) | 23.096 | 46.43533 |
Quintile 3 | 40.22(33.34,47.50) | 18.49649 | 46.43533 |
Quintile 4 | 56.40(47.37,65.02) | 18.8366 | 46.43533 |
Quintile 5 (richest) | 53.91(40.07,67.17) | 11.76936 | 46.43533 |
Malawi | 2015 | Quintile 1 (poorest) | 55.52(51.36,59.61) | 25.49789 | 56.68572 |
Quintile 2 | 52.71(48.71,56.67) | 23.42749 | 56.68572 |
Quintile 3 | 58.30(53.79,62.69) | 18.02529 | 56.68572 |
Quintile 4 | 58.00(53.33,62.53) | 17.38706 | 56.68572 |
Quintile 5 (richest) | 61.17(53.64,68.21) | 15.66228 | 56.68572 |
Mali | 2015 | Quintile 1 (poorest) | 22.87(18.05,28.53) | 22.17164 | 28.70292 |
Quintile 2 | 23.73(19.26,28.86) | 23.23614 | 28.70292 |
Quintile 3 | 27.42(22.49,32.99) | 20.08137 | 28.70292 |
Quintile 4 | 32.73(26.86,39.20) | 18.74054 | 28.70292 |
Quintile 5 (richest) | 41.04(35.12,47.24) | 15.77031 | 28.70292 |
Mauritania | 2015 | Quintile 1 (poorest) | 29.11(24.50,34.19) | 26.2099 | 34.50784 |
Quintile 2 | 29.46(25.27,34.04) | 27.03965 | 34.50784 |
Quintile 3 | 41.39(35.90,47.10) | 20.9822 | 34.50784 |
Quintile 4 | 40.05(33.33,47.17) | 16.64085 | 34.50784 |
Quintile 5 (richest) | 38.98(29.33,49.57) | 9.12741 | 34.50784 |
Mozambique | 2015 | Quintile 1 (poorest) | 28.06(18.00,40.93) | 23.96414 | 43.02846 |
Quintile 2 | 39.37(28.76,51.08) | 25.08219 | 43.02846 |
Quintile 3 | 48.54(35.87,61.40) | 20.93607 | 43.02846 |
Quintile 4 | 60.70(48.43,71.75) | 16.14818 | 43.02846 |
Quintile 5 (richest) | 46.59(36.45,57.02) | 13.86943 | 43.02846 |
Namibia | 2013 | Quintile 1 (poorest) | 50.30(42.25,58.34) | 28.4082 | 51.98061 |
Quintile 2 | 54.44(45.82,62.81) | 23.81028 | 51.98061 |
Quintile 3 | 50.37(42.12,58.60) | 22.05145 | 51.98061 |
Quintile 4 | 57.02(47.05,66.46) | 16.40956 | 51.98061 |
Quintile 5 (richest) | 45.68(31.24,60.89) | 9.320512 | 51.98061 |
Niger | 2012 | Quintile 1 (poorest) | 33.29(26.22,41.19) | 18.80169 | 42.96736 |
Quintile 2 | 42.07(33.83,50.79) | 19.04196 | 42.96736 |
Quintile 3 | 44.06(36.99,51.37) | 20.24891 | 42.96736 |
Quintile 4 | 46.83(40.56,53.19) | 23.01669 | 42.96736 |
Quintile 5 (richest) | 47.60(41.43,53.85) | 18.89076 | 42.96736 |
Nigeria | 2013 | Quintile 1 (poorest) | 16.43(13.44,19.93) | 28.04678 | 29.23584 |
Quintile 2 | 25.88(22.51,29.57) | 26.07713 | 29.23584 |
Quintile 3 | 34.69(29.02,40.84) | 18.50417 | 29.23584 |
Quintile 4 | 37.51(31.18,44.30) | 15.16292 | 29.23584 |
Quintile 5 (richest) | 47.23(40.61,53.94) | 12.209 | 29.23584 |
Rwanda | 2014 | Quintile 1 (poorest) | 18.53(13.68,24.61) | 29.05479 | 19.46708 |
Quintile 2 | 17.59(12.63,23.95) | 25.62788 | 19.46708 |
Quintile 3 | 20.12(14.66,26.97) | 18.91029 | 19.46708 |
Quintile 4 | 23.03(16.42,31.30) | 14.8677 | 19.46708 |
Quintile 5 (richest) | 20.31(13.06,30.20) | 11.53934 | 19.46708 |
Sao Tome and Principe | 2014 | Quintile 1 (poorest) | 63.70(52.01,73.97) | 24.57356 | 61.02909 |
Quintile 2 | 69.18(58.35,78.24) | 25.02055 | 61.02909 |
Quintile 3 | 50.86(35.49,66.07) | 15.9972 | 61.02909 |
Quintile 4 | 56.27(43.49,68.27) | 25.59041 | 61.02909 |
Quintile 5 (richest) | 62.68(40.22,80.75) | 8.818278 | 61.02909 |
Senegal | 2014 | Quintile 1 (poorest) | 52.81(46.24,59.28) | 27.18121 | 48.59681 |
Quintile 2 | 50.32(44.33,56.29) | 21.1315 | 48.59681 |
Quintile 3 | 46.93(39.24,54.78) | 17.29135 | 48.59681 |
Quintile 4 | 37.46(25.85,50.73) | 18.27034 | 48.59681 |
Quintile 5 (richest) | 53.61(44.13,62.84) | 16.12561 | 48.59681 |
Sierra Leone | 2013 | Quintile 1 (poorest) | 57.62(50.33,64.60) | 22.22783 | 57.57013 |
Quintile 2 | 60.08(53.52,66.30) | 22.29513 | 57.57013 |
Quintile 3 | 54.14(46.04,62.03) | 20.87473 | 57.57013 |
Quintile 4 | 56.03(48.36,63.42) | 19.55251 | 57.57013 |
Quintile 5 (richest) | 60.50(50.90,69.35) | 15.04979 | 57.57013 |
Togo | 2013 | Quintile 1 (poorest) | 40.94(35.38,46.75) | 28.48436 | 33.42139 |
Quintile 2 | 32.95(26.88, 39.65) | 24.30891 | 33.42139 |
Quintile 3 | 26.22(19.61,34.11) | 20.28351 | 33.42139 |
Quintile 4 | 27.85(19.42,38.20) | 15.24718 | 33.42139 |
Quintile 5 (richest) | 35.79(25.33,47.80) | 11.67604 | 33.42139 |
Uganda | 2016 | Quintile 1 (poorest) | 34.12(30.36,38.09) | 25.49751 | 37.38395 |
Quintile 2 | 33.69(29.79,37.82) | 22.57913 | 37.38395 |
Quintile 3 | 37.10(32.42,42.03) | 19.02055 | 37.38395 |
Quintile 4 | 39.31(34.10,44.78) | 16.46589 | 37.38395 |
Quintile 5 (richest) | 45.89(39.81,52.11) | 16.43692 | 37.38395 |
United Republic of Tanzania | 2015 | Quintile 1 (poorest) | 36.89(30.29,44.02) | 18.46905 | 45.45398 |
Quintile 2 | 45.18(37.37,53.25) | 20.84221 | 45.45398 |
Quintile 3 | 49.36(40.11,58.65) | 19.80412 | 45.45398 |
Quintile 4 | 47.24(38.70,55.95) | 20.98889 | 45.45398 |
Quintile 5 (richest) | 47.89(38.41,57.52) | 19.89573 | 45.45398 |
Zambia | 2013 | Quintile 1 (poorest) | 51.68(45.86,57.46) | 22.3005 | 56.17617 |
Quintile 2 | 50.66(45.96,55.36) | 21.90483 | 56.17617 |
Quintile 3 | 57.75(51.77,63.50) | 20.3411 | 56.17617 |
Quintile 4 | 66.16(59.93,71.87) | 21.10007 | 56.17617 |
Quintile 5 (richest) | 54.63(45.61,63.36) | 14.35349 | 56.17617 |
Zimbabwe | 2014 | Quintile 1 (poorest) | 48.26(42.74,53.82) | 22.88103 | 56.36424 |
Quintile 2 | 57.50(52.22,62.61) | 22.07989 | 56.36424 |
Quintile 3 | 55.22(49.40,60.91) | 17.80418 | 56.36424 |
Quintile 4 | 62.28(56.87,67.41) | 25.47947 | 56.36424 |
Quintile 5 (richest) | 58.87(51.45,65.90) | 11.75543 | 56.36424 |
In the vast majority of the studied countries, ORT and continued feeding is higher among the richest subgroups. There are also few countries with disproportionately higher coverage in quintiles 3 and 4. For instance, in Mozambique and Lesotho, the average coverage among quintile 4 is higher than among quintile 5. In the other few countries, coverage is higher among the poorest subgroup than among the richest subgroup. For instance, the coverage is, on average, higher among the poorest subgroups in Togo, Namibia, Gabon and Eswatini (Table 1).
The summary measures showed considerable absolute and relative wealth-based inequality in 20 countries, and just half of which saw disparity by all the four measures. However, 15 countries did not see any economic status inequality: Burundi, Comoros, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Lesotho, Namibia, Rwanda, Sao Tome, Sierra Leone, Togo, Tanzania and Zambia. Of all the countries with economic inequality, the highest, at least on average, wealth related inequality was observed in Nigeria, Angola, Guinea and Cameroon. The difference in point estimates between the richest and poorest subgroups, showed that there were nearly 31 percentage point (pp) in Nigeria, nearly 29 pp in Angola, 28 pp in Guinea and 26 pp in Cameroon (Table 2).
Table 2
wealth-related inequality in ORT and continued feeding in the 35 low income, lower middle income and upper middle income SSA countries
Country | Year | Type and value of inequality measure with 95% CI |
D | R | PAR | PAF |
Ghana | 2014 | 8.10 (-10.22, 26.44) | 1.20 (0.72, 1.67) | 6.76 (0.37, 13.15) | 16.29 (0.89, 31.70) |
Algeria | 2012 | 14.06 (1.39, 26.72) | 1.35 (0.99, 1.71) | 12.42 (7.79, 17.05) | 29.77 (18.67, 40.87) |
Angola | 2015 | 28.73 (18.35, 39.11) | 2.04 (1.55, 2.54) | 16.48 (12.38, 20.57) | 41.52 (31.19, 51.85) |
Benin | 2014 | 9.64 (-2.37, 21.66) | 1.34 (0.86, 1.82) | 5.15 (0.26, 10.03) | 15.83 (0.82, 30.84) |
Burundi | 2016 | 6.10 (-0.72, 12.93) | 1.19 (0.96, 1.42) | 2.80 (-0.23, 5.85) | 8.03 (-0.68, 16.75) |
Cameroon | 2014 | 26.26(14.34, 38.18) | 1.89 (1.33, 2.44) | 16.38 (13.11, 19.66) | 41.71(33.38, 50.04) |
Chad | 2014 | 10.18 (4.10, 16.27) | 1.41 (1.11, 1.71) | 6.08 (3.49, 8.67) | 21.07 (12.11, 30.03) |
Comoros | 2012 | 14.31 (-4.48, 33.12) | 1.33 (0.81, 1.86) | 2.81 (-5.37, 11.00) | 5.22 (-9.96, 20.40) |
Congo | 2014 | 10.67 (-2.61, 23.96) | 1.29 (0.91, 1.67) | 4.77 (0.83, 8.70) | 11.29 (1.98, 20.60) |
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 2013 | 11.02 (3.09, 18.94) | 1.34 (1.06, 1.62) | 3.30 (0.03, 6.57) | 8.26 (0.08, 16.45) |
Eswatini | 2014 | -3.08 (-25.30, 19.14) | 0.93 (0.44, 1.41) | 0 (-8.17, 8.17) | 0 (-17.63, 17.63) |
Ethiopia | 2016 | 7.54 (-5.79, 20.88) | 1.31 (0.70, 1.92) | 2.73 (-2.04, 7.50) | 9.53 (-7.12, 26.18) |
Gabon | 2012 | -3.08 (-25.11, 18.94) | 0.94 (0.53, 1.35) | 0 (-6.46, 6.46) | 0 (-12.45, 12.45) |
Gambia | 2013 | 2.58 (-13.12, 18.29) | 1.05 (0.70, 1.410 | 0 (-5.64, 5.64) | 0 (-11.11, 11.11) |
Guinea | 2016 | 28.34(16.51, 40.17) | 1.87 (1.34, 2.39) | 16.72 (10.47, 22.96) | 37.84 (23.70, 51.98) |
Guinea-Bissau | 2014 | 10.61 (-1.83, 23.06) | 1.21 (0.93, 1.50) | 4.29 (-2.17, 10.77) | 7.87 (-3.98, 19.72) |
Kenya | 2014 | 15.30 (7.09, 23.51) | 1.39 (1.16, 1.62) | 9.38 (6.40, 12.36) | 20.79 (14.18, 27.3)9 |
Lesotho | 2014 | 12.77 (-8.99, 34.53) | 1.25 (0.78, 1.71) | 2.12 (-7.46, 11.72) | 3.46 (-12.16, 19.10) |
Liberia | 2013 | 13.00 (-2.45, 28.46) | 1.31 (0.91, 1.72) | 7.47 (3.18, 11.77) | 16.10 (6.85, 25.35) |
Malawi | 2015 | 5.64 (-2.75, 14.05) | 1.10 (0.94, 1.25) | 4.49 (1.71, 7.27) | 7.92 (3.01, 12.82) |
Mali | 2015 | 18.17(10.15, 26.18) | 1.79 (1.30, 2.28) | 12.34 (9.10, 15.58) | 43.00 (31.70, 54.29) |
Mauritania | 2015 | 9.86 (-1.44, 21.17) | 1.33 (0.92, 1.75) | 4.47 (1.13, 7.80) | 12.96 (3.30, 22.62) |
Mozambique | 2015 | 18.53(3.02, 34.03) | 1.66 (0.88, 2.43) | 3.56 (-3.18, 10.32) | 8.29 (-7.40, 23.99) |
Namibia | 2013 | -4.61 (-21.85, 12.61) | 0.90 (0.57, 1.24) | 0 (-5.50, 5.50) | 0 (-10.59, 10.59) |
Niger | 2012 | 14.31 (4.56, 24.07) | 1.43 (1.05, 1.80) | 4.64 (-0.04, 9.32) | 10.80 (-0.09, 21.70) |
Nigeria | 2013 | 30.79 (23.36, 38.23) | 2.87 (2.17, 3.57) | 17.99 (15.71, 20.28) | 61.55 (53.73, 69.37) |
Rwanda | 2014 | 1.78 (-8.32, 11.89) | 1.09 (0.53, 1.65) | 0.85 (-3.10, 4.80) | 4.36 (-15.96, 24.70) |
Sao Tome and Principe | 2014 | -1.01 (-24.85, 22.82) | 0.98 (0.61, 1.35) | 1.65 (-7.12, 10.44) | 2.71 (-11.67, 17.11) |
Senegal | 2014 | 0.80 (-10.62, 12.23) | 1.01 (0.79, 1.23) | 5.01 (0.24, 9.79) | 10.32 (0.50, 20.15) |
Sierra Leone | 2013 | 2.87 (-8.84, 14.60) | 1.04 (0.84, 1.25) | 2.93 (-2.30, 8.16) | 5.09 (-3.99, 14.18) |
Togo | 2013 | -5.15 (-17.84, 7.54) | 0.87 (0.57, 1.170 | 2.37 (-2.53, 7.28) | 7.10 (-7.58, 21.80) |
Uganda | 2016 | 11.77 (4.49, 19.05) | 1.34 (1.10, 1.58) | 8.51 (5.50, 11.52) | 22.77 (14.72, 30.83) |
United Republic of Tanzania | 2015 | 10.99 (-0.85, 22.84) | 1.29 (0.94, 1.65) | 2.43 (-3.57, 8.44) | 5.36 (-7.86, 18.58) |
Zambia | 2013 | 2.95 (-7.72, 13.62) | 1.05 (0.84, 1.26) | 0 (-4.05, 4.05) | 0 (-7.22, 7.22) |
Zimbabwe | 2014 | 10.60 (1.46, 19.74) | 1.21 (1.01, 1.420 | 2.50 (-2.10, 7.11) | 4.44 (-3.73, 12.62) |
Educational Inequality
Eswatini, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo and Gambia had the average coverage highest among non-education group. In other 7 countries (Ghana, Algeria, Comoros, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Gabon and Liberia), the average coverage is higher among the primary group. In Rwanda, we observed unusual concentration of the service, where the coverage is highest among no education, followed by primary and secondary. In the remaining countries, it is higher among children born into women who completed the secondary education (Table 3).
Table 3
utilization of ORT and continued feeding for each subgroup of the education status stratifier across the 35 low income, lower middle income and upper middle income SSA countries
Country | Year | Subgroup | Estimate (95% CI) | Population | National Coverage |
Ghana | 2014 | No education | 38.82(30.10, 48.31) | 33.16994 | 41.5043 |
Primary school | 51.38(40.67, 61.97) | 19.29688 | 41.5043 |
Secondary school + | 39.36(31.97, 47.27) | 47.53319 | 41.5043 |
Algeria | 2012 | No education | 36.14(26.59, 46.93) | 14.57784 | 41.73203 |
Primary school | 46.84 (38.73, 55.12) | 20.97527 | 41.73203 |
Secondary school + | 41.33 (36.54, 46.28) | 64.44688 | 41.73203 |
Angola | 2015 | No education | 29.85 (25.05, 35.12) | 27.03046 | 39.68827 |
Primary school | 41.66 (37.05, 46.42) | 40.60347 | 39.68827 |
Secondary school + | 45.42 (40.04, 50.90) | 32.36607 | 39.68827 |
Benin | 2014 | No education | 32.06 (28.14, 36.25) | 67.97112 | 32.54792 |
Primary school | 31.01 (23.75, 39.33) | 23.47904 | 32.54792 |
Secondary school + | 37.37 (27.69, 48.18) | 8.549847 | 32.54792 |
Burundi | 2016 | No education | 31.76 (28.82, 34.85) | 47.54028 | 34.95439 |
Primary school | 36.98 (33.74, 40.35) | 44.59535 | 34.95439 |
Secondary school + | 42.71 (35.07, 50.72) | 7.864367 | 34.95439 |
Cameroon | 2014 | No education | 33.06 (27.61, 39.00) | 46.81973 | 39.29078 |
Primary school | 39.02 (34.23, 44.03) | 33.56198 | 39.29078 |
Secondary school + | 54.61 (47.87, 61.18) | 19.61829 | 39.29078 |
Chad | 2014 | No education | 25.66 (23.05, 28.46) | 59.05637 | 28.88636 |
Primary school | 30.56 (26.63, 34.80) | 29.17677 | 28.88636 |
Secondary school + | 40.86 (34.63, 47.40) | 11.76686 | 28.88636 |
Comoros | 2012 | No education | 48.65 (39.93, 57.45) | 46.24903 | 53.94333 |
Primary school | 59.12 (46.22, 70.87) | 25.64578 | 53.94333 |
Secondary school + | 57.65 (46.86, 67.74) | 28.10519 | 53.94333 |
Congo | 2014 | No education | 41.20 (32.46, 50.52) | 10.35354 | 42.24259 |
Primary school | 41.20 (35.89, 46.72) | 33.93906 | 42.24259 |
Secondary school + | 45.28 (39.88, 50.79) | 55.7074 | 42.24259 |
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 2013 | No education | 35.34 (29.53, 41.61) | 16.89113 | 39.94501 |
Primary school | 42.00 (37.65, 46.48) | 44.65941 | 39.94501 |
Secondary school + | 39.56 (34.33, 45.05) | 38.44947 | 39.94501 |
Eswatini | 2014 | No education | 55.55 (37.17, 72.52) | 6.741546 | 46.37177 |
Primary school | 48.64 (38.49, 58.89) | 34.03322 | 46.37177 |
Secondary school + | 44.02 (36.12, 52.23) | 59.22523 | 46.37177 |
Ethiopia | 2016 | No education | 27.59 (22.65, 33.15) | 62.45697 | 28.65617 |
Primary school | 31.87 (24.98, 39.67) | 30.10607 | 28.65617 |
Secondary school + | 24.50 (14.04, 39.18) | 7.436958 | 28.65617 |
Gabon | 2012 | No education | 31.17 (13.14, 57.54) | 4.16072 | 51.90965 |
Primary school | 55.29 (46.67, 63.60) | 26.72619 | 51.90965 |
Secondary school + | 51.84 (44.29, 59.31) | 69.11309 | 51.90965 |
Gambia | 2013 | No education | 53.32 (47.65, 58.90) | 54.98156 | 50.84321 |
Primary school | 46.38 (36.93, 56.09) | 17.09523 | 50.84321 |
Secondary school + | 48.69 (41.96, 55.46) | 27.92321 | 50.84321 |
Guinea | 2016 | No education | 40.77 (36.45, 45.24) | 70.64731 | 44.17994 |
Primary school | 42.89 (32.70, 53.72) | 14.57406 | 44.17994 |
Secondary school + | 61.70 (51.71, 70.80) | 14.77862 | 44.17994 |
Guinea-Bissau | 2014 | No education | 49.70 (43.11, 56.31) | 51.7701 | 54.61463 |
Primary school | 55.84 (48.22, 63.20) | 29.94337 | 54.61463 |
Secondary school + | 66.48 (55.89, 75.64) | 18.28654 | 54.61463 |
Kenya | 2014 | No education | 36.97 (30.97, 43.40) | 10.96732 | 45.1324 |
Primary school | 42.92 (39.51, 46.39) | 60.10298 | 45.1324 |
Secondary school + | 52.81 (47.79, 57.77) | 28.92971 | 45.1324 |
Lesotho | 2014 | No education | NA | 0.623956 | 61.38574 |
Primary school | 52.40 (43.47, 61.17) | 51.47592 | 61.38574 |
Secondary school + | 70.53 (62.18, 77.70) | 47.90012 | 61.38574 |
Liberia | 2013 | No education | 42.78 (37.65, 48.06) | 40.51356 | 46.43533 |
Primary school | 49.59 (43.60, 55.59) | 32.20204 | 46.43533 |
Secondary school + | 48.13 (39.16, 57.21) | 27.2844 | 46.43533 |
Malawi | 2015 | No education | 52.27 (45.63, 58.82) | 11.23334 | 56.68572 |
Primary school | 56.45 (53.74, 59.12) | 68.98157 | 56.68572 |
Secondary school + | 59.99 (54.20, 65.50) | 19.78509 | 56.68572 |
Mali | 2015 | No education | 26.34 (23.72, 29.15) | 81.46065 | 28.70292 |
Primary school | 32.76 (26.59, 39.60) | 11.97664 | 28.70292 |
Secondary school + | 37.38 (28.73, 46.92) | 6.562711 | 28.70292 |
Mauritania | 2015 | No education | 33.12 (28.82, 37.71) | 38.87771 | 34.50784 |
Primary school | 32.84 (27.45, 38.73) | 24.21533 | 34.50784 |
Secondary school + | 33.95 (29.76, 38.41) | 36.90696 | 34.50784 |
Mozambique | 2015 | No education | 30.85 (20.74, 43.21) | 24.80309 | 43.02846 |
Primary school | 45.36 (38.40, 52.50) | 61.28754 | 43.02846 |
Secondary school + | 54.43 (42.79, 65.59) | 13.90937 | 43.02846 |
Namibia | 2013 | No education | 45.78 (32.13, 60.10) | 5.002066 | 51.98061 |
Primary school | 51.86 (44.97, 58.67) | 30.06316 | 51.98061 |
Secondary school + | 52.51 (47.83, 57.14) | 64.93478 | 51.98061 |
Niger | 2012 | No education | 43.45 (39.40, 47.58) | 83.6847 | 42.96736 |
Primary school | 38.68 (31.58, 46.30) | 10.84407 | 42.96736 |
Secondary school + | 44.83 (35.18, 54.90) | 5.471227 | 42.96736 |
Nigeria | 2013 | No education | 22.68 (19.82, 25.83) | 55.23032 | 29.23584 |
Primary school | 34.05 (29.57, 38.83) | 18.63456 | 29.23584 |
Secondary school + | 39.63 (34.93, 44.54) | 26.13512 | 29.23584 |
Rwanda | 2014 | No education | 21.28 (14.59, 29.95) | 16.7548 | 19.46708 |
Primary school | 19.46 (16.32, 23.03) | 74.03515 | 19.46708 |
Secondary school + | 16.19 (9.45, 26.33) | 9.210052 | 19.46708 |
Sao Tome and Principe | 2014 | No education | NA | 5.513231 | 61.02909 |
Primary school | 60.08 (52.87, 66.88) | 66.75923 | 61.02909 |
Secondary school + | 61.02 (47.16, 73.29) | 27.72754 | 61.02909 |
Senegal | 2014 | No education | 51.46 (46.36, 56.53) | 65.45181 | 48.59681 |
Primary school | 42.33 (31.67, 53.74) | 22.83674 | 48.59681 |
Secondary school + | 44.78 (32.10, 58.17) | 11.71145 | 48.59681 |
Sierra Leone | 2013 | No education | 58.23 (53.76, 62.58) | 69.36893 | 57.57013 |
Primary school | 54.15 (44.80, 63.22) | 14.00004 | 57.57013 |
Secondary school + | 57.65 (49.48, 65.42) | 16.63103 | 57.57013 |
Togo | 2013 | No education | 36.59 (32.35, 41.05) | 46.21846 | 33.42139 |
Primary school | 29.58 (24.16, 35.65) | 35.01645 | 33.42139 |
Secondary school + | 32.75 (25.13, 41.41) | 18.76509 | 33.42139 |
Uganda | 2016 | No education | 35.50 (29.61, 41.87) | 10.23754 | 37.38395 |
Primary school | 36.58 (34.07, 39.16) | 62.6337 | 37.38395 |
Secondary school + | 39.93 (35.43, 44.61) | 27.12877 | 37.38395 |
United Republic of Tanzania | 2015 | No education | 38.25 (30.16, 47.05) | 16.56646 | 45.45398 |
Primary school | 45.66 (40.78, 50.62) | 65.43236 | 45.45398 |
Secondary school + | 51.31 (42.52, 60.02) | 18.00118 | 45.45398 |
Zambia | 2013 | No education | 50.46 (42.38, 58.53) | 10.98515 | 56.17617 |
Primary school | 56.74 (53.02, 60.38) | 55.00752 | 56.17617 |
Secondary school + | 57.22 (51.87, 62.41) | 34.00733 | 56.17617 |
Zimbabwe | 2014 | No education | 48.90 (34.94, 63.03) | 3.129189 | 56.36424 |
Primary school | 53.13 (49.10, 57.12) | 40.16053 | 56.36424 |
Secondary school + | 59.06 (55.51, 62.51) | 56.71028 | 56.36424 |
Among the 35 countries included in the study, in Sao Tome and Lesotho the results are not applicable as the estimate is missing for some groups. Of the 33 countries, 11 countries, namely Angola, Benin, Burundi, Cameron, Chad, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique and Nigeria had educational status inequality in ORT and continued feeding. However, the extent of the inequality fluctuated in different measures across countries. For instance, the average absolute educational inequality based on simple measure (D) was highest in Mozambique (23.6%), Cameron (21.5%) and Guinea (21%). On the other hand, based on the complex measure (PAR), the average absolute inequality was highest in Guinea (17.5%), Cameron (15.3%) and Mozambique (11.4%).The relative inequality was highest in Chad (41.5%), Guinea (39.7%) and Cameron (39%) using the complex measure (PAF) (Table 4).
Table 4
education-related inequality in ORT and continued feeding in the 35 low income, lower middle income and upper middle income SSA countries
Country | Year | D | R | PAR | PAF |
Ghana | 2014 | 0.53 (-11.40, 12.48) | 1.01 (0.70, 1.32) | 0 (-5.41, 5.41) | 0 (-13.04, 13.04) |
Algeria | 2012 | 5.18 (-6.19, 16.56) | 1.14 (0.79, 1.49) | 0 (-6.20, 6.20) | 0 (-14.86, 14.86) |
Angola | 2015 | 15.57(8.15, 22.98) | 1.52 (1.20, 1.83) | 5.73 (2.32, 9.14) | 14.44 (5.85, 23.04) |
Benin | 2014 | 5.31 (-5.81, 16.43) | 1.16 (0.81, 1.52) | 5.10 (3.29, 6.91) | 15.81 (10.21, 21.42) |
Burundi | 2016 | 10.95(2.52, 19.37) | 1.34 (1.06, 1.62) | 7.76 (5.93, 9.58) | 22.20 (16.97, 27.43) |
Cameroon | 2014 | 21.54 (12.77, 30.31) | 1.65 (1.30, 2.00) | 15.31 (12.61, 18.02) | 38.98 (32.10, 45.87) |
Chad | 2014 | 15.19 (8.24, 22.14) | 1.59 (1.29, 1.89) | 11.97 (10.74, 13.20) | 41.45 (37.18, 45.72) |
Comoros | 2012 | 8.99 (-4.71, 22.70) | 1.18 (0.88, 1.48) | 3.78 (-0.89, 8.46) | 7.02 (-1.66, 15.70) |
Congo | 2014 | 4.08 (-6.53, 14.69) | 1.09 (0.82, 1.37) | 1.80 (-6.05, 9.67) | 4.15 (-13.93, 22.25) |
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 2013 | 4.22 (-3.85, 12.31) | 1.11 (0.87, 1.36) | 0 (-3.92, 3.92) | 0 (-9.81, 9.813) |
Eswatini | 2014 | -11.53(-31.58, 8.52) | 0.79 (0.49, 1.09) | 0 (-17.56, 17.56) | 0 (-37.88, 37.88) |
Ethiopia | 2016 | -3.09 (-16.79, 10.59) | 0.88 (0.39, 1.37) | 0 (-1.97, 1.97) | 0 (-6.89, 6.89) |
Gabon | 2012 | 20.67 (-3.91, 45.27) | 1.66 (0.39, 2.93) | 0 (-16.49, 16.49) | 0 (-31.76, 31.76) |
Gambia | 2013 | -4.63 (-13.41, 4.15) | 0.91(0.75, 1.07) | 0 (-2.44, 2.44) | 0 (-4.81, 4.81) |
Guinea | 2016 | 20.93 (10.36, 31.50) | 1.51 (1.22, 1.79) | 17.52 (15.19, 19.86) | 39.67 (34.38, 44.97) |
Guinea-Bissau | 2014 | 16.78 (4.84, 28.72) | 1.33 (1.06, 1.60) | 11.87 (8.71, 15.03) | 21.74 (15.95, 27.52) |
Kenya | 2014 | 15.83 (7.83, 23.83) | 1.42 (1.15, 1.70) | 7.67 (2.58, 12.77) | 17.01 (5.72, 28.30) |
Lesotho | 2014 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Liberia | 2013 | 5.34 (-5.12, 15.81) | 1.12 (0.87, 1.37) | 1.69 (-1.55, 4.94) | 3.65 (-3.34, 10.64) |
Malawi | 2015 | 7.71 (-0.99, 16.43) | 1.14 (0.96, 1.32) | 3.30 (-1.29, 7.90) | 5.83 (-2.28, 13.94) |
Mali | 2015 | 11.03(1.47, 20.60) | 1.41 (1.04, 1.79) | 9.54 (8.61, 10.47) | 34.28 (30.95, 37.62) |
Mauritania | 2015 | 0.83 (-5.35, 7.03) | 1.02 (0.83, 1.21) | 0.59 (-2.07, 3.25) | 1.78 (-6.20, 9.76) |
Mozambique | 2015 | 23.57(7.41, 39.73) | 1.76 (1.01, 2.51) | 11.40 (4.67, 18.13) | 26.49 (10.86, 42.13) |
Namibia | 2013 | 6.72 (-8.32, 21.77) | 1.14 (0.77, 1.51) | 0.53 (-14.78, 15.85) | 1.02 (-28.45, 30.49) |
Niger | 2012 | 1.38 (-9.38, 12.15) | 1.03 (0.78, 1.28) | 1.82 (0.80, 2.85) | 4.24 (1.86, 6.62) |
Nigeria | 2013 | 16.95(11.28, 22.62) | 1.74 (1.43, 2.06) | 10.40 (8.91, 11.88) | 35.58 (30.50, 40.66) |
Rwanda | 2014 | -5.09 (-16.39, 6.21) | 0.76 (0.28, 1.23) | 0 (-5.89, 5.89) | 0 (-30.27, 30.27) |
Sao Tome and Principe | 2014 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Senegal | 2014 | -6.68 (-20.86, 7.49) | 0.87 (0.59, 1.14) | 0 (-2.12, 2.12) | 0 (-4.367, 4.36) |
Sierra Leone | 2013 | -0.58 (-9.71, 8.55) | 0.99 (0.83, 1.14) | 0.08 (-1.77, 1.95) | 0.15 (-3.08, 3.38) |
Togo | 2013 | -3.84 (-13.08, 5.40) | 0.89 (0.64, 1.14) | 0 (-3.26, 3.26) | 0 (-9.75, 9.75) |
Uganda | 2016 | 4.42 (-3.24, 12.10) | 1.12 (0.89, 1.35) | 2.55 (-2.69, 7.79) | 6.82 (-7.20, 20.85) |
United Republic of Tanzania | 2015 | 13.06(0.82, 25.30) | 1.34 (0.96, 1.71) | 5.86 (-0.58, 12.31) | 12.90 (-1.29, 27.09) |
Zambia | 2013 | 6.75 (-2.93, 16.45) | 1.13 (0.92, 1.34) | 1.00 (-5.19, 7.21) | 1.79 (-9.24, 12.83) |
Zimbabwe | 2014 | 10.15(-4.66, 24.97) | 1.20 (0.84, 1.57) | 2.69 (-11.43, 16.82) | 4.78 (-20.28, 29.85) |
Sex Inequality
Without calculating summary measures, in 19 (54%) of the countries, the average coverage of ORT and continued feeding is higher among male children than among female children (Table 5). According to the summary measures, however, we saw sex inequality in Niger, Kenya, Guinea-Bissau, and Senegal only (Table 6).
Table 5
utilization of ORT and continued feeding for each subgroup of the sex stratifier across the 35 low income, lower middle income and upper middle income SSA countries
Country | Year | Subgroup | Estimate (95% CI) | Population | National Coverage |
Ghana | 2014 | Female | 38.29 (31.38, 45.72) | 41.89582 | 41.5043 |
Male | 43.81 (37.73, 50.09) | 58.10418 | 41.5043 |
Algeria | 2012 | Female | 42.43 (37.00, 48.05) | 47.28885 | 41.73203 |
Male | 41.10 (36.25, 46.13) | 52.71115 | 41.73203 |
Angola | 2015 | Female | 39.54 (34.82, 44.46) | 46.72852 | 39.68827 |
Male | 39.81 (35.85, 43.91) | 53.27148 | 39.68827 |
Benin | 2014 | Female | 30.18 (26.02, 34.69) | 50.82659 | 32.54792 |
Male | 34.99 (30.32, 39.97) | 49.17341 | 32.54792 |
Burundi | 2016 | Female | 35.33 (32.21, 38.58) | 46.98909 | 34.95439 |
Male | 34.62 (31.80, 37.55) | 53.01091 | 34.95439 |
Cameroon | 2014 | Female | 39.48 (34.44, 44.75) | 48.33535 | 39.29078 |
Male | 39.11 (35.13, 43.24) | 51.66465 | 39.29078 |
Chad | 2014 | Female | 29.34 (26.48, 32.38) | 48.71667 | 28.88636 |
Male | 28.44 (25.47, 31.61) | 51.28333 | 28.88636 |
Comoros | 2012 | Female | 57.89 (49.42, 65.91) | 48.73714 | 53.94333 |
Male | 50.19 (42.14, 58.22) | 51.26286 | 53.94333 |
Congo | 2014 | Female | 44.34 (39.25, 49.54) | 49.50343 | 42.24259 |
Male | 40.18 (35.26, 45.31) | 50.49657 | 42.24259 |
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 2013 | Female | 39.73 (35.62, 43.99) | 47.28989 | 39.94501 |
Male | 40.13 (36.52, 43.84) | 52.71011 | 39.94501 |
Eswatini | 2014 | Female | 48.29 (40.86, 55.80) | 45.53151 | 46.37177 |
Male | 44.76 (35.98, 53.88) | 54.46849 | 46.37177 |
Ethiopia | 2016 | Female | 27.24 (21.94, 33.27) | 47.13117 | 28.65617 |
Male | 29.91 (24.71, 35.69) | 52.86883 | 28.65617 |
Gabon | 2012 | Female | 50.31 (42.51, 58.09) | 48.83757 | 51.90965 |
Male | 53.43 (45.59, 61.10) | 51.16243 | 51.90965 |
Gambia | 2013 | Female | 49.53 (42.85, 56.21) | 45.48225 | 50.84321 |
Male | 51.93 (46.68, 57.14) | 54.51775 | 50.84321 |
Guinea | 2016 | Female | 44.22 (38.37, 50.23) | 45.44842 | 44.17994 |
Male | 44.14 (38.91, 49.50) | 54.55158 | 44.17994 |
Guinea-Bissau | 2014 | Female | 48.42 (42.19, 54.70) | 45.15448 | 54.61463 |
Male | 59.71 (50.98, 67.86) | 54.84552 | 54.61463 |
Kenya | 2014 | Female | 41.74 (38.31, 45.26) | 46.85591 | 45.1324 |
Male | 48.11 (44.70, 51.54) | 53.14409 | 45.1324 |
Lesotho | 2014 | Female | 61.65 (52.68, 69.89) | 49.22414 | 61.38574 |
Male | 61.12 (52.74, 68.88) | 50.77586 | 61.38574 |
Liberia | 2013 | Female | 45.99 (40.23, 51.86) | 48.72026 | 46.43533 |
Male | 46.85 (41.83, 51.93) | 51.27974 | 46.43533 |
Malawi | 2015 | Female | 55.00 (51.47, 58.48) | 46.4684 | 56.68572 |
Male | 58.14 (55.20, 61.03) | 53.5316 | 56.68572 |
Mali | 2015 | Female | 29.36 (25.80, 33.20) | 46.17599 | 28.70292 |
Male | 28.13 (25.01, 31.47) | 53.82401 | 28.70292 |
Mauritania | 2015 | Female | 31.83 (28.07, 35.84) | 48.99037 | 34.50784 |
Male | 37.07 (33.39, 40.91) | 51.00963 | 34.50784 |
Mozambique | 2015 | Female | 42.33 (35.38, 49.61) | 45.29924 | 43.02846 |
Male | 43.59 (35.67, 51.86) | 54.70076 | 43.02846 |
Namibia | 2013 | Female | 49.94 (44.32, 55.56) | 47.2828 | 51.98061 |
Male | 53.80 (48.82, 58.70) | 52.7172 | 51.98061 |
Niger | 2012 | Female | 45.26 (40.86, 49.75) | 47.37863 | 42.96736 |
Male | 40.89 (36.37, 45.57) | 52.62137 | 42.96736 |
Nigeria | 2013 | Female | 29.46 (26.34, 32.79) | 50.04135 | 29.23584 |
Male | 29.00 (26.08, 32.11) | 49.95865 | 29.23584 |
Rwanda | 2014 | Female | 19.70 (15.96, 24.07) | 48.02026 | 19.46708 |
Male | 19.24 (15.70, 23.35) | 51.97974 | 19.46708 |
Sao Tome and Principe | 2014 | Female | 55.48 (46.79, 63.84) | 38.32406 | 61.02909 |
Male | 64.47 (56.26, 71.91) | 61.67594 | 61.02909 |
Senegal | 2014 | Female | 44.68 (39.81, 49.66) | 45.32852 | 48.59681 |
Male | 51.83 (46.20, 57.41) | 54.67148 | 48.59681 |
Sierra Leone | 2013 | Female | 55.82 (51.31, 60.23) | 50.82598 | 57.57013 |
Male | 59.37 (54.24, 64.31) | 49.17402 | 57.57013 |
Togo | 2013 | Female | 32.58 (28.51, 36.93) | 48.72497 | 33.42139 |
Male | 34.21 (29.88, 38.82) | 51.27503 | 33.42139 |
Uganda | 2016 | Female | 35.51 (32.38, 38.76) | 46.24513 | 37.38395 |
Male | 38.99 (36.07, 42.00) | 53.75487 | 37.38395 |
United Republic of Tanzania | 2015 | Female | 46.05 (40.66, 51.53) | 49.85485 | 45.45398 |
Male | 44.85 (39.41, 50.42) | 50.14515 | 45.45398 |
Zambia | 2013 | Female | 56.47 (52.43, 60.43) | 47.86177 | 56.17617 |
Male | 55.89 (52.22, 59.50) | 52.13823 | 56.17617 |
Zimbabwe | 2014 | Female | 56.68 (52.88, 60.41) | 50.24892 | 56.36424 |
Male | 56.04 (52.44, 59.57) | 49.75108 | 56.36424 |
Table 6
sex-related inequality in ORT and continued feeding in the 35 low income, lower middle income and upper middle income SSA countries
Country | Year | Type and value of inequality measure with 95% CI |
D | R | PAR | PAF |
Ghana | 2014 | -5.51 (-14.99, 3.95) | 0.87 (0.66, 1.07) | 0 (-3.24, 3.24) | 0 (-7.81, 7.81) |
Algeria | 2012 | 1.33 (-6.08, 8.75) | 1.03 (0.84, 1.21) | 0.70 (-1.76, 3.17) | 1.68 (-4.23, 7.59) |
Angola | 2015 | -0.27 (-6.55, 6.01) | 0.99 (0.83, 1.15) | 0 (-2.02, 2.02) | 0 (-5.09, 5.09) |
Benin | 2014 | -4.81 (-11.29, 1.67) | 0.86 (0.69, 1.03) | 0 (-2.66, 2.66) | 0 (-8.17, 8.17) |
Burundi | 2016 | 0.71 (-3.57, 4.99) | 1.02 (0.89, 1.14) | 0.37 (-1.26, 2.01) | 1.07 (-3.61, 5.77) |
Cameroon | 2014 | 0.37 (-6.18, 6.92) | 1.00 (0.84, 1.17) | 0.19 (-2.27, 2.65) | 0.48 (-5.77, 6.75) |
Chad | 2014 | 0.90 (-3.34, 5.14) | 1.03 (0.87, 1.18) | 0.46 (-0.96, 1.88) | 1.60 (-3.33, 6.53) |
Comoros | 2012 | 7.69 (-3.84, 19.24) | 1.15 (0.90, 1.40) | 3.94 (-0.27, 8.16) | 7.31 (-0.50, 15.13) |
Congo | 2014 | 4.15 (-3.04, 11.35) | 1.10 (0.91, 1.29) | 2.09 (-0.30, 4.50) | 4.96 (-0.72, 10.65) |
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 2013 | -0.39 (-5.95, 5.16) | 0.99 (0.85, 1.12) | 0 (-1.70, 1.70) | 0 (-4.26, 4.26) |
Eswatini | 2014 | 3.53 (-8.16, 15.23) | 1.07 (0.80, 1.35) | 1.92 (-2.34, 6.19) | 4.15 (-5.05, 13.35) |
Ethiopia | 2016 | -2.67 (-10.55, 5.20) | 0.91 (0.65, 1.16) | 0 (-2.38, 2.38) | 0 (-8.32, 8.32) |
Gabon | 2012 | -3.12 (-14.15, 7.90) | 0.94 (0.74, 1.14) | 0 (-3.45, 3.45) | 0 (-6.66, 6.66) |
Gambia | 2013 | -2.40 (-10.89, 6.07) | 0.95 (0.79, 1.11) | 0 (-2.46, 2.46) | 0 (-4.85, 4.85) |
Guinea | 2016 | 0.08 (-7.86, 8.03) | 1.00 (0.82, 1.18) | 0.04 (-3.21, 3.30) | 0.10 (-7.26, 7.46) |
Guinea-Bissau | 2014 | -11.29(-21.83, -0.74) | 0.81 (0.65, 0.96) | 0 (-2.99, 2.99) | 0 (-5.47, 5.47) |
Kenya | 2014 | -6.37 (-11.25, -1.49) | 0.86 (0.77, 0.96) | 0 (-1.72, 1.72) | 0 (-3.81, 3.81) |
Lesotho | 2014 | 0.53 (-11.28, 12.35) | 1.00 (0.81, 1.20) | 0.26 (-4.81, 5.35) | 0.43 (-7.84, 8.72) |
Liberia | 2013 | -0.85 (-8.55, 6.84) | 0.98 (0.81, 1.14) | 0 (-2.61, 2.61) | 0 (-5.62, 5.62) |
Malawi | 2015 | -3.14 (-7.70, 1.41) | 0.94 (0.86, 1.02) | 0 (-1.51, 1.51) | 0 (-2.67, 2.67) |
Mali | 2015 | 1.23 (-3.67, 6.130 | 1.04 (0.86, 1.22) | 0.66 (-1.02, 2.35) | 2.31 (-3.57, 8.19) |
Mauritania | 2015 | -5.24 (-10.64, 0.15) | 0.85 (0.72, 0.99) | 0 (-2.00, 2.00) | 0 (-5.79, 5.79) |
Mozambique | 2015 | -1.26 (-12.06, 9.53) | 0.97 (0.72, 1.21) | 0 (-3.65, 3.65) | 0 (-8.48, 8.48) |
Namibia | 2013 | -3.85 (-11.33, 3.62) | 0.92 (0.79, 1.06) | 0 (-3.28, 3.28) | 0 (-6.31, 6.31) |
Niger | 2012 | 4.37 (-2.01, 10.76) | 1.10 (0.94, 1.27) | 2.30 (0.08, 4.51) | 5.35 (0.20, 10.51) |
Nigeria | 2013 | 0.46 (-3.94, 4.87) | 1.01 (0.86, 1.16) | 0.23 (-1.40, 1.87) | 0.79 (-4.81, 6.40) |
Rwanda | 2014 | 0.46 (-5.08, 6.01) | 1.02 (0.73, 1.31) | 0.24 (-2.20, 2.69) | 1.24 (-11.35, 13.83) |
Sao Tome and Principe | 2014 | -8.99 (-20.52, 2.5)3 | 0.86 (0.69, 1.02) | 0 (-4.04, 4.04) | 0 (-6.62, 6.62) |
Senegal | 2014 | -7.14 (-14.58, 0.28) | 0.86 (0.72, 0.99) | 0 (-2.65, 2.65) | 0 (-5.47, 5.47) |
Sierra Leone | 2013 | -3.55 (-10.27, 3.16) | 0.94 (0.83, 1.04) | 0 (-2.84, 2.84) | 0 (-4.94, 4.94) |
Togo | 2013 | -1.62 (-7.75, 4.49) | 0.95 (0.77, 1.12) | 0 (-2.93, 2.93) | 0 (-8.78, 8.78) |
Uganda | 2016 | -3.48 (-7.83, 0.86) | 0.91 (0.80, 1.01) | 0 (-1.65, 1.65) | 0 (-4.41, 4.41) |
United Republic of Tanzania | 2015 | 1.20 (-6.54, 8.94) | 1.02 (0.85, 1.20) | 0.60 (-2.30, 3.50) | 1.32 (-5.07, 7.72) |
Zambia | 2013 | 0.58 (-4.83, 5.99) | 1.01 (0.91, 1.10) | 0.30 (-1.76, 2.37) | 0.53 (-3.14, 4.22) |
Zimbabwe | 2014 | 0.64 (-4.53, 5.82) | 1.01 (0.91, 1.10) | 0.32 (-2.17, 2.81) | 0.56 (-3.86, 5.00) |
Residence Inequality
The present study shows that out of the 35 countries, in twenty six of them, the average coverage of the ORT and continued feeding is higher among urban residents as compared to the rural residents. However, in Algeria, Burundi, Eswatini, Gabon, Sao Tome, Benin, Gambia, Senegal and Togo, at least the point estimate is higher among the rural than among urban residents (Table 7).
Table 7
utilization of ORT and continued feeding for each subgroup of the residence tratifier across the 35 low income, lower middle income and upper middle income SSA countries
Country | Year | Subgroup | Estimate (95% CI) | Population | National Coverage |
Ghana | 2014 | Rural | 41.42 (35.38, 47.72) | 59.86536 | 41.5043 |
Urban | 41.62 (33.89, 49.78) | 40.13464 | 41.5043 |
Algeria | 2012 | Rural | 43.40 (36.70, 50.36) | 41.2527 | 41.73203 |
Urban | 40.55 (35.82, 45.47) | 58.7473 | 41.73203 |
Angola | 2015 | Rural | 31.10 (27.25, 35.23) | 37.04501 | 39.68827 |
Urban | 44.73 (40.38, 49.16) | 62.95499 | 39.68827 |
Benin | 2014 | Rural | 32.63 (28.26, 37.33) | 56.76038 | 32.54792 |
Urban | 32.43 (27.32, 37.99) | 43.23962 | 32.54792 |
Burundi | 2016 | Rural | 35.17 (32.91, 37.50) | 92.63887 | 34.95439 |
Urban | 32.18 (26.55, 38.39) | 7.361135 | 34.95439 |
Cameroon | 2014 | Rural | 35.23 (30.89, 39.82) | 67.66472 | 39.29078 |
Urban | 47.78 (41.70, 53.92) | 32.33528 | 39.29078 |
Chad | 2014 | Rural | 27.82 (25.07, 30.75) | 79.71847 | 28.88636 |
Urban | 33.05 (29.40, 36.91) | 20.28153 | 28.88636 |
Comoros | 2012 | Rural | 50.08 (42.35, 57.81) | 73.52621 | 53.94333 |
Urban | 64.66 (51.87, 75.64) | 26.47379 | 53.94333 |
Congo | 2014 | Rural | 36.83 (33.33, 40.48) | 39.94055 | 42.24259 |
Urban | 45.83 (40.26, 51.51) | 60.05945 | 42.24259 |
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 2013 | Rural | 37.40 (33.51, 41.45) | 65.95068 | 39.94501 |
Urban | 44.87 (40.15, 49.68) | 34.04932 | 39.94501 |
Eswatini | 2014 | Rural | 47.57 (41.72, 53.48) | 77.92063 | 46.37177 |
Urban | 42.13 (26.36, 59.68) | 22.07937 | 46.37177 |
Ethiopia | 2016 | Rural | 27.85 (23.86, 32.23) | 89.729 | 28.65617 |
Urban | 35.64 (20.82, 53.85) | 10.271 | 28.65617 |
Gabon | 2012 | Rural | 56.12 (50.33, 61.75) | 16.91667 | 51.90965 |
Urban | 51.05 (43.99, 58.06) | 83.08333 | 51.90965 |
Gambia | 2013 | Rural | 51.31 (45.43, 57.16) | 49.553 | 50.84321 |
Urban | 50.37 (43.16, 57.57) | 50.447 | 50.84321 |
Guinea | 2016 | Rural | 39.44 (34.98, 44.08) | 68.96698 | 44.17994 |
Urban | 54.70 (47.69, 61.53) | 31.03302 | 44.17994 |
Guinea-Bissau | 2014 | Rural | 50.03 (45.21, 54.86) | 56.07638 | 54.61463 |
Urban | 60.45 (51.59, 68.68) | 43.92362 | 54.61463 |
Kenya | 2014 | Rural | 40.84 (37.93, 43.81) | 66.33608 | 45.1324 |
Urban | 53.58 (49.28, 57.83) | 33.66392 | 45.1324 |
Lesotho | 2014 | Rural | 57.90 (51.35, 64.19) | 75.28493 | 61.38574 |
Urban | 71.98 (56.75, 83.41) | 24.71507 | 61.38574 |
Liberia | 2013 | Rural | 41.92 (38.00, 45.94) | 54.40137 | 46.43533 |
Urban | 51.81 (45.13, 58.44) | 45.59863 | 46.43533 |
Malawi | 2015 | Rural | 56.01 (53.70, 58.29) | 84.28087 | 56.68572 |
Urban | 60.30 (51.92, 68.11) | 15.71913 | 56.68572 |
Mali | 2015 | Rural | 27.17 (24.36, 30.17) | 82.89218 | 28.70292 |
Urban | 36.11 (30.74, 41.86) | 17.10782 | 28.70292 |
Mauritania | 2015 | Rural | 33.15 (29.86, 36.62) | 65.70554 | 34.50784 |
Urban | 37.09 (31.92, 42.57) | 34.29446 | 34.50784 |
Mozambique | 2015 | Rural | 40.86 (34.04, 48.05) | 76.48823 | 43.02846 |
Urban | 50.07 (42.60, 57.53) | 23.51177 | 43.02846 |
Namibia | 2013 | Rural | 51.96 (46.87, 57.02) | 58.81007 | 51.98061 |
Urban | 52.00 (45.99, 57.95) | 41.18993 | 51.98061 |
Niger | 2012 | Rural | 42.03 (38.10, 46.07) | 84.62476 | 42.96736 |
Urban | 48.10 (41.16, 55.11) | 15.37524 | 42.96736 |
Nigeria | 2013 | Rural | 24.19 (21.66, 26.92) | 67.69464 | 29.23584 |
Urban | 39.79 (35.40, 44.36) | 32.30536 | 29.23584 |
Rwanda | 2014 | Rural | 19.00 (15.95, 22.47) | 86.32555 | 19.46708 |
Urban | 22.38 (15.42, 31.32) | 13.67445 | 19.46708 |
Sao Tome and Principe | 2014 | Rural | 62.59 (50.66, 73.17) | 30.55162 | 61.02909 |
Urban | 60.33 (52.80, 67.41) | 69.44838 | 61.02909 |
Senegal | 2014 | Rural | 50.00 (45.49, 54.52) | 58.57504 | 48.59681 |
Urban | 46.60 (39.13, 54.22) | 41.42496 | 48.59681 |
Sierra Leone | 2013 | Rural | 56.97 (52.62, 61.22) | 73.22478 | 57.57013 |
Urban | 59.18 (53.28, 64.83) | 26.77522 | 57.57013 |
Togo | 2013 | Rural | 34.26 (30.69, 38.02) | 74.40346 | 33.42139 |
Urban | 30.96 (23.83, 39.13) | 25.59654 | 33.42139 |
Uganda | 2016 | Rural | 36.06 (33.69, 38.49) | 81.43196 | 37.38395 |
Urban | 43.17 (37.87, 48.64) | 18.56804 | 37.38395 |
United Republic of Tanzania | 2015 | Rural | 43.48 (38.86, 48.22) | 68.14753 | 45.45398 |
Urban | 49.65 (41.79, 57.53) | 31.85247 | 45.45398 |
Zambia | 2013 | Rural | 54.29 (50.72, 57.83) | 61.96463 | 56.17617 |
Urban | 59.23 (53.95, 64.31) | 38.03537 | 56.17617 |
Zimbabwe | 2014 | Rural | 55.62 (52.56, 58.65) | 76.30031 | 56.36424 |
Urban | 58.72 (53.35, 63.90) | 23.69969 | 56.36424 |
Table 8 shows sizable absolute and relative place of residence inequality in ORT and continued feeding in Angola, Cameron, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria and Uganda by the four measures. However, in Ethiopia, Lesotho, Mozambique, Niger, Malawi, Mauritania, Rwanda, Tanzania and Zambia the inequality was observed only by the complex measures. On the other hand, in 12 of the SSA countries: Ghana, Benin, Burundi, Algeria, Eswatini, Gabon, Gambia, Namibia, Sao Tome, Sierra Leone, Togo and Senegal, we did not record any urban-rural inequality.
Table 8
residence-related inequality in ORT and continued feeding in the 35 low income, lower middle income and upper middle income SSA countries
Country | Year | Type and value of inequality measure with 95% CI |
D | R | PAR | PAF |
Ghana | 2014 | 0.20 (-9.87, 10.28) | 1.00 (0.76, 1.24) | 0.12 (-3.01, 3.25) | 0.29 (-7.25, 7.84) |
Algeria | 2012 | -2.85 (-11.24, 5.53) | 0.93 (0.74, 1.11) | 0 (-3.11, 3.11) | 0 (-7.46, 7.46) |
Angola | 2015 | 13.62 (7.69, 19.55) | 1.43 (1.20, 1.67) | 5.04 (2.29, 7.80) | 12.72 (5.77, 19.66) |
Benin | 2014 | -0.20 (-7.21, 6.79) | 0.99 (0.77, 1.20) | 0 (-2.28, 2.28) | 0 (-7.00, 7.00) |
Burundi | 2016 | -2.98 (-9.34, 3.36) | 0.91 (0.73, 1.09) | 0 (-0.48, 0.48) | 0 (-1.38, 1.38) |
Cameroon | 2014 | 12.55 (4.98, 20.12) | 1.35 (1.11, 1.60) | 8.49 (6.69, 10.29) | 21.61 (17.02, 26.20) |
Chad | 2014 | 5.22 (0.52, 9.92) | 1.18 (1.00, 1.36) | 4.16 (3.40, 4.92) | 14.42 (11.79, 17.05) |
Comoros | 2012 | 14.57(0.29, 28.86) | 1.29 (0.97, 1.60) | 10.71 (8.12, 13.31) | 19.87 (15.06, 24.68) |
Congo | 2014 | 8.99 (2.32, 15.66) | 1.24 (1.04, 1.43) | 3.59 (0.63, 6.55) | 8.50 (1.50, 15.50) |
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 2013 | 7.47 (1.27, 13.66) | 1.19 (1.01, 1.37) | 4.92 (3.61, 6.23) | 12.33 (9.06, 15.60) |
Eswatini | 2014 | -5.43 (-23.61, 12.73) | 0.88 (0.50, 1.26) | 0 (-2.47, 2.47) | 0 (-5.33, 5.33) |
Ethiopia | 2016 | 7.79 (-9.75, 25.33) | 1.27 (0.63, 1.92) | 6.99 (6.08, 7.90) | 24.39 (21.22, 27.57) |
Gabon | 2012 | -5.07 (-14.14, 4.00) | 0.90 (0.75, 1.06) | 0 (-7.82, 7.82) | 0 (-15.07, 15.07) |
Gambia | 2013 | -0.93 (-10.24, 8.36) | 0.98 (0.80, 1.16) | 0 (-2.72, 2.72) | 0 (-5.35, 5.35) |
Guinea | 2016 | 15.26 (6.97, 23.55) | 1.38 (1.14, 1.62) | 10.52 (8.07, 12.97) | 23.82 (18.28, 29.37) |
Guinea-Bissau | 2014 | 10.41 (0.56, 20.26) | 1.20 (1.00, 1.41) | 5.84 (2.94, 8.73) | 10.69 (5.39, 16.00) |
Kenya | 2014 | 12.74 (7.55, 17.94) | 1.31 (1.17, 1.45) | 8.45 (7.13, 9.78) | 18.73 (15.80, 21.67) |
Lesotho | 2014 | 14.07 (-0.82, 28.98) | 1.24 (0.97, 1.51) | 10.59 (7.69, 13.49) | 17.26 (12.53, 21.99) |
Liberia | 2013 | 9.89 (2.14, 17.65) | 1.23 (1.03, 1.43) | 5.38 (2.91, 7.85) | 11.59 (6.28, 16.91) |
Malawi | 2015 | 4.29 (-4.17, 12.76) | 1.07 (0.92, 1.22) | 3.61 (2.92, 4.31) | 6.38 (5.15, 7.60) |
Mali | 2015 | 8.94 (2.66, 15.22) | 1.32 (1.07, 1.57) | 7.41 (6.53, 8.29) | 25.83 (22.77, 28.88) |
Mauritania | 2015 | 3.93 9-2.36, 10.23) | 1.11 (0.92, 1.31) | 2.58 (1.09, 4.07) | 7.48 (3.17, 11.80) |
Mozambique | 2015 | 9.20 (-1.03, 19.45) | 1.22 (0.94, 1.50) | 7.04 (4.77, 9.30) | 16.36 (11.10, 21.62) |
Namibia | 2013 | 0.03 (-7.81, 7.88) | 1.00 (0.84, 1.15) | 0.01 (-2.87, 2.91) | 0.03 (-5.53, 5.61) |
Niger | 2012 | 6.06 (-1.98, 14.12) | 1.14 (0.94, 1.34) | 5.13 (4.12, 6.14) | 11.95 (9.60, 14.29) |
Nigeria | 2013 | 15.60 (10.40, 20.79) | 1.64 (1.38, 1.90) | 10.56 (9.37, 11.75) | 36.12 (32.06, 40.19) |
Rwanda | 2014 | 3.38 (-5.18, 11.94) | 1.17 (0.71, 1.64) | 2.91 (1.85, 3.97) | 14.98 (9.54, 20.43) |
Sao Tome and Principe | 2014 | -2.25 (-15.68, 11.17) | 0.96 (0.75, 1.17) | 0 (-7.59, 7.59) | 0 (-12.43, 12.43) |
Senegal | 2014 | -3.40 (-12.19, 5.38) | 0.93 (0.75, 1.10) | 0 (-2.44, 2.44) | 0 (-5.04, 5.04) |
Sierra Leone | 2013 | 2.20 (-4.98, 9.40) | 1.03 (0.91, 1.16) | 1.61 (-0.07, 3.30) | 2.80 (-0.12, 5.73) |
Togo | 2013 | -3.30 (-11.78, 5.18) | 0.90 (0.66, 1.14) | 0 (-1.74, 1.74) | 0 (-5.21, 5.21) |
Uganda | 2016 | 7.11 (1.21, 13.01) | 1.19 (1.02, 1.36) | 5.79 (4.92, 6.66) | 15.49 (13.16, 17.83) |
United Republic of Tanzania | 2015 | 6.16 (-3.02, 15.35) | 1.14(0.92, 1.36) | 4.20 (2.19, 6.20) | 9.24 (4.83, 13.65) |
Zambia | 2013 | 4.93 (-1.35, 11.22) | 1.09 (0.97, 1.21) | 3.05 (1.37, 4.74) | 5.44 (2.43, 8.45) |
Zimbabwe | 2014 | 3.09 (-2.99, 9.19) | 1.05 (0.94, 1.16) | 2.36 (0.98, 3.74) | 4.19 (1.74, 6.64) |
Sub-national Regional Inequality
Table 9 shows significant regional disparities in the utilization of ORT and continued feeding in the SSA countries. We recorded within country subnational regional disparities in the service in the studied countries, albeit the extent of disparities varied by country. With the exception of Comoros, Gabon, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Sierra Leone where no regional inequality was observed, other countries saw regional inequality with at least one measure. In Burundi, Cameron, Democratic Republic of Congo, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Kenya, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Togo, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe, both absolute and relative regional inequality were demonstrated by all the four measures. The magnitude of regional inequality varied based on the measures of inequality. For instance, based on the PAF measure, the average regional disparity was highest in Ethiopia (105.2%) followed by Ghana (80.1%) and Mali (67.2%). By the Difference measure, the highest were in Guinea Bissau (59.6%) followed by Ghana (53%) and Angola (51.3%). See Table 10.
Table 9
utilization of ORT and continued feeding for each subgroup of the sub-national region stratifier across the 35 low income, lower middle income and upper middle income SSA countries
Country | Year | Subgroup | Estimate (95% CI) | Population | National Coverage |
Ghana | 2014 | 01 western | 74.75 (50.62, 89.53) | 5.905278 | 41.5043 |
02 central | 56.50 (39.56, 72.04) | 7.995808 | 41.5043 |
03 greater accra | 33.27 (16.76, 55.26) | 9.86924 | 41.5043 |
04 volta | 21.67 (8.16, 46.27) | 4.500855 | 41.5043 |
05 eastern | 50.49 (37.18, 63.73) | 12.47621 | 41.5043 |
06 ashanti | 36.71 (26.52, 48.23) | 22.079 | 41.5043 |
07 brong ahafo | 25.93 (19.35, 33.81) | 12.84888 | 41.5043 |
08 northern | 38.47 (25.91, 52.78) | 16.79098 | 41.5043 |
09 upper east | 58.67 (45.15, 71.00) | 4.115501 | 41.5043 |
10 upper west | 49.70 (38.70, 60.73) | 3.418246 | 41.5043 |
Algeria | 2012 | 01 EPT 1 : Nord-Centre | 44.44 (36.51, 52.66) | 40.08263 | 41.73203 |
02 EPT 2 : Nord-Est | 51.43 (40.67, 62.05) | 8.174198 | 41.73203 |
03 EPT 3 : Nord-Ouest | 39.36 (30.79, 48.64) | 15.81673 | 41.73203 |
04 EPT 4 : Hauts Plateaux-Centre. | 32.54 (21.97, 45.26) | 3.454743 | 41.73203 |
05 EPT 5 : Hauts Plateaux-Est | 40.02 (31.47, 49.23) | 12.70428 | 41.73203 |
06 EPT 6 : Hauts Plateaux-Ouest | 42.68 (35.22, 50.49) | 4.701748 | 41.73203 |
07 EPT 7 : Sud | 34.98 (28.38, 42.21) | 15.06566 | 41.73203 |
Angola | 2015 | 01 cabinda | 37.99 (23.26, 55.32) | 1.429851 | 39.68827 |
02 zaire | 55.02 (47.22, 62.59) | 1.509453 | 39.68827 |
03 uige | 47.68 (39.45, 56.04) | 4.982247 | 39.68827 |
04 luanda | 47.58 (40.56, 54.70) | 29.63476 | 39.68827 |
05 cuanza norte | 53.96 (43.91, 63.71) | 1.283703 | 39.68827 |
06 cuanza sul | 26.43 (19.21, 35.19) | 11.06411 | 39.68827 |
07 malanje | 47.78 (37.23, 58.52) | 5.528303 | 39.68827 |
08 lunda norte | 40.53 (31.96, 49.73) | 3.243005 | 39.68827 |
09 benguela | 23.41 (16.37, 32.30) | 12.06692 | 39.68827 |
10 huambo | 40.31 (30.10, 51.43) | 7.782538 | 39.68827 |
11 bie | 29.84 (19.63, 42.56) | 4.009771 | 39.68827 |
12 moxico | 34.12 (16.33, 57.90) | 1.202983 | 39.68827 |
13 cuando cubango | 3.68 (1.10, 11.59) | 1.212588 | 39.68827 |
14 namibe | 39.71(31.3,0 48.78) | 1.640764 | 39.68827 |
15 huila | 46.42 (35.0,9 58.14) | 9.021541 | 39.68827 |
16 cunene | 43.62 (31.80, 56.20) | 2.580286 | 39.68827 |
17 lunda sul | 35.11 (24.77, 47.07) | 1.384203 | 39.68827 |
18 bengo | 46.53 (25.12 69.29) | 0.422983 | 39.68827 |
Benin | 2014 | 01 Alibori | 36.31 (22.95, 52.17) | 9.892942 | 32.54792 |
02 Atacora | 26.06 (15.80, 39.84) | 4.657463 | 32.54792 |
03 Atlantique | 27.84 (17.93, 40.52) | 14.64508 | 32.54792 |
04 Borgou | 37.82 (28.70, 47.88) | 14.08653 | 32.54792 |
05 Collines | 46.40 (35.60, 57.55) | 5.088295 | 32.54792 |
06 Couffo | 19.16 (10.48, 32.42) | 7.405164 | 32.54792 |
07 Donga | 42.41 (30.91, 54.80) | 6.001471 | 32.54792 |
08 Littoral | 36.65 (29.09, 44.92) | 4.549076 | 32.54792 |
09 Mono | 33.14 (23.54, 44.37) | 6.966779 | 32.54792 |
10 OuAemAe | 33.71 (24.39, 44.50) | 11.5029 | 32.54792 |
11 Plateau | 29.32 (20.17, 40.51) | 7.680445 | 32.54792 |
12 Zou | 25.29 (16.70, 36.37) | 7.523851 | 32.54792 |
Burundi | 2016 | 01 bubanza | 36.26 (29.81, 43.24) | 6.395139 | 34.95439 |
02 bujumbura rural | 38.31 (28.35, 49.35) | 4.80518 | 34.95439 |
03 bururi | 26.72 (17.82, 38.01) | 2.00979 | 34.95439 |
04 cankuzo | 48.05 (35.73, 60.61) | 1.784976 | 34.95439 |
05 cibitoke | 29.15 (22.40, 36.96) | 6.250945 | 34.95439 |
06 gitega | 35.03 (27.23, 43.71) | 8.799289 | 34.95439 |
07 karusi | 39.44 (29.99, 49.75) | 5.363564 | 34.95439 |
08 kayanza | 35.06 (27.80, 43.09) | 6.570189 | 34.95439 |
09 kirundo | 32.59 (27.13, 38.56) | 9.196535 | 34.95439 |
10 makamba | 37.76 (26.52, 50.49) | 5.076695 | 34.95439 |
11 muramvya | 39.28 (29.27, 50.28) | 3.300714 | 34.95439 |
12 muyinga | 42.78 (35.85, 50.01) | 10.94294 | 34.95439 |
13 mwaro | 15.74 (8.98, 26.12) | 2.599108 | 34.95439 |
14 ngozi | 26.82 (20.20, 34.66) | 8.990888 | 34.95439 |
15 rutana | 31.45 (23.67, 40.44) | 3.965691 | 34.95439 |
16 ruyigi | 37.23 (26.55, 49.32) | 3.92302 | 34.95439 |
17 bujumbura mairie | 30.60 (21.70, 41.22) | 3.814018 | 34.95439 |
18 rumonge | 40.01 (30.38, 50.49) | 6.211325 | 34.95439 |
Cameroon | 2014 | 01 Adamaoua | 47.61 (38.28, 57.11) | 6.342471 | 39.29078 |
02 Centre (sans Yaounde) | 40.13 (29.65, 51.60) | 6.22058 | 39.29078 |
03 Douala | 40.95 (27.08, 56.43) | 4.714651 | 39.29078 |
04 Est | 47.68 (39.35, 56.15) | 6.43828 | 39.29078 |
05 Extreme-Nord | 32.98 (26.52, 40.16) | 42.34943 | 39.29078 |
06 Littoral (sans Douala) | 62.80 (42.56, 79.36) | 1.778312 | 39.29078 |
07 Nord | 33.24 (26.15, 41.17) | 16.30826 | 39.29078 |
08 Nord-Ouest | 45.14 (30.64, 60.52) | 3.23699 | 39.29078 |
09 Ouest | 59.06 (44.51, 72.17) | 3.940744 | 39.29078 |
10 Sud | 50.26 (36.20, 64.28) | 1.940016 | 39.29078 |
11 Sud-Ouest | 41.91 (21.98, 64.88) | 3.099422 | 39.29078 |
12 Yaounde | 60.62 (46.02, 73.54) | 3.630837 | 39.29078 |
Chad | 2014 | 01 batha | 11.86 (5.69, 23.08) | 3.154713 | 28.88636 |
02 borkou/tibesti | 20.48 (9.57, 38.52) | 0.264882 | 28.88636 |
03 chari baguirmi | 19.51 (14.04, 26.47) | 4.599069 | 28.88636 |
04 guera | 34.02 (25.10, 44.24) | 3.506524 | 28.88636 |
05 hadjer-lamis | 32.99 (23.62, 43.93) | 7.300334 | 28.88636 |
06 kanem | 26.14 (14.43, 42.62) | 2.882109 | 28.88636 |
07 lac | 28.64 (18.31, 41.81) | 3.708807 | 28.88636 |
08 logone occidental | 20.79 (15.15, 27.84) | 6.460039 | 28.88636 |
09 logone oriental | 27.00 (20.53, 34.62) | 14.1775 | 28.88636 |
10 mandoul | 30.63 (21.50, 41.59) | 8.386816 | 28.88636 |
11 mayo kebbi est | 36.34 (24.43, 50.20) | 7.960461 | 28.88636 |
12 mayo kebbi ouest | 26.10 (19.42, 34.11) | 5.900511 | 28.88636 |
13 moyen chari | 36.50 (27.34, 46.75) | 4.792608 | 28.88636 |
14 ouaddai | 22.52 (14.47, 33.29) | 4.50461 | 28.88636 |
15 salamat | 18.07 (13.15, 24.30) | 1.720352 | 28.88636 |
16 tandjile | 35.50 (26.84, 45.23) | 8.099291 | 28.88636 |
17 wadi fira | 37.36 (26.51, 49.66) | 0.829301 | 28.88636 |
18 ndjamena | 34.07 (28.13, 40.54) | 8.687822 | 28.88636 |
19 barh el gazal | 28.78 (16.94, 44.46) | 0.880659 | 28.88636 |
20 ennedi | 35.99 (23.34, 50.94) | 0.175428 | 28.88636 |
21 sila | 21.41 (14.92, 29.74) | 2.008161 | 28.88636 |
Comoros | 2012 | 01 Moheli | 48.64 (34.97, 62.51) | 5.862743 | 53.94333 |
02 Ndzouani | 57.13 (47.10, 66.60) | 61.83141 | 53.94333 |
03 Ngazidja | 48.80 (40.53, 57.13) | 32.30585 | 53.94333 |
Congo | 2014 | 01 kouilou | 48.81 (39.70, 58.00) | 3.065135 | 42.24259 |
02 niari | 46.10 (38.12, 54.29) | 7.223779 | 42.24259 |
03 lekoumou | 32.54 (23.53, 43.05) | 2.121613 | 42.24259 |
04 bouenza | 41.68 (33.83, 49.97) | 5.894389 | 42.24259 |
05 pool | 36.11 (26.93, 46.43) | 7.740024 | 42.24259 |
06 plateaux | 36.89 (20.82, 56.50) | 3.841696 | 42.24259 |
07 cuvette | 24.38 (16.54, 34.39) | 4.024014 | 42.24259 |
08 CUVETTE OUEST | 27.97 (19.37, 38.57) | 1.489775 | 42.24259 |
09 sangha | 41.41 (32.92, 50.43) | 2.559722 | 42.24259 |
10 likouala | 34.16 (27.32, 41.73) | 6.653182 | 42.24259 |
11 brazzaville | 45.85 (38.59, 53.29) | 41.69874 | 42.24259 |
12 POINTE-NOIRE | 45.32 (35.89, 55.11) | 13.68792 | 42.24259 |
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 2013 | 01 Kinshasa | 45.80 (38.12, 53.67) | 8.106149 | 39.94501 |
02 Bandundu | 44.03 (34.79, 53.71) | 13.23387 | 39.94501 |
03 Bas-Congo | 58.55 (46.53, 69.63) | 3.300011 | 39.94501 |
04 Equateur | 40.48 (33.54, 47.84) | 13.1954 | 39.94501 |
05 Kasai-Occidental | 35.82 (30.34, 41.70) | 10.68861 | 39.94501 |
06 Kasai-Oriental | 38.11 (29.77, 47.23) | 12.73778 | 39.94501 |
07 Katanga | 38.47 (29.82, 47.91) | 12.19382 | 39.94501 |
08 Maniema | 46.08 (34.47, 58.13) | 1.784687 | 39.94501 |
09 Nord-Kivu | 42.62 (28.09, 58.54) | 6.77575 | 39.94501 |
10 Orientale | 32.56 (24.01, 42.45) | 7.174815 | 39.94501 |
11 Sud-Kivu | 34.28 (24.66, 45.39) | 10.80911 | 39.94501 |
Eswatini | 2014 | 01 Hhohho | 62.00 (50.22, 72.51) | 17.29594 | 46.37177 |
02 Manzini | 36.63 (25.87, 48.90) | 36.79971 | 46.37177 |
03 Shiselweni | 61.41 (52.56, 69.56) | 24.56155 | 46.37177 |
04 Lubombo | 33.19 (23.55, 44.48) | 21.3428 | 46.37177 |
Ethiopia | 2016 | 01 tigray | 25.50 (16.12, 37.87) | 7.266876 | 28.65617 |
02 afar | 20.53 (14.16, 28.80) | 0.976671 | 28.65617 |
03 amhara | 26.84 (18.18, 37.73) | 21.99933 | 28.65617 |
04 oromia | 26.77 (20.33, 34.36) | 39.69011 | 28.65617 |
05 somali | 26.10 (13.32, 44.79) | 2.342253 | 28.65617 |
06 benishangul | 58.82 (44.38, 71.88) | 0.833683 | 28.65617 |
07 snnpr | 32.20 (24.99, 40.37) | 24.51446 | 28.65617 |
08 gambela | 25.94 (17.88, 36.03) | 0.299314 | 28.65617 |
09 harari | 37.15 (24.59, 51.72) | 0.212697 | 28.65617 |
10 addis adaba | 55.08 (38.75, 70.39) | 1.429125 | 28.65617 |
11 dire dawa | 29.75 (20.35, 41.24) | 0.435477 | 28.65617 |
Gabon | 2012 | 01 libreville-port-gentil | 49.42 (38.51, 60.38) | 48.26995 | 51.90965 |
02 estuaire | 61.96 (47.73, 74.40) | 11.51206 | 51.90965 |
03 haut-ogooue | 56.47 (43.21, 68.87) | 12.21345 | 51.90965 |
04 moyen-ogooue | 49.68 (36.49, 62.91) | 3.405032 | 51.90965 |
05 ngounie | 58.45 (46.15, 69.78) | 5.169357 | 51.90965 |
06 nyanga | 63.58 (52.26, 73.57) | 3.212648 | 51.90965 |
07 ogooue maritime | 37.71 (17.35, 63.57) | 0.939501 | 51.90965 |
08 ogooue-ivindo | 45.62 (35.07, 56.57) | 6.027516 | 51.90965 |
09 ogooue-lolo | 41.39 (30.94, 52.68) | 4.087521 | 51.90965 |
10 woleu-ntem | 47.83 (36.45, 59.44) | 5.162971 | 51.90965 |
Gambia | 2013 | 01 Banjul | 41.73 (33.16, 50.83) | 2.386239 | 50.84321 |
02 Kanifing | 51.78 (41.75, 61.67) | 22.24152 | 50.84321 |
03 Brikama | 49.72 (40.42, 59.04) | 37.02072 | 50.84321 |
04 Mansakonko | 57.26 (44.25, 69.34) | 4.197206 | 50.84321 |
05 Kerewan | 53.97 (45.73, 62.00) | 8.70192 | 50.84321 |
06 Kuntaur | 52.23 (38.27, 65.86) | 7.923484 | 50.84321 |
07 Janjanbureh | 40.22 (30.22, 51.10) | 7.051451 | 50.84321 |
08 Basse | 55.77 (44.25, 66.71) | 10.47746 | 50.84321 |
Guinea | 2016 | 01 BokAe | 52.24 (41.59, 62.70) | 8.392693 | 44.17994 |
02 Conakry | 57.32 (47.85, 66.28) | 19.72138 | 44.17994 |
03 Faranah | 24.23 (15.14, 36.42) | 5.768013 | 44.17994 |
04 Kankan | 50.02 (42.61, 57.42) | 23.10604 | 44.17994 |
05 Kindia | 50.01 (39.17, 60.84) | 9.982872 | 44.17994 |
06 LabAe | 13.36 (7.96, 21.55) | 15.50914 | 44.17994 |
07 Mamou | 43.12 (34.19, 52.52) | 11.88409 | 44.17994 |
08 N'ZAerAekorAe | 59.32 (43.47, 73.44) | 5.635769 | 44.17994 |
Guinea-Bissau | 2014 | 01 Tombali | 75.13 (62.52, 84.54) | 6.575518 | 54.61463 |
02 Quinara | 46.11 (34.46, 58.20) | 4.109466 | 54.61463 |
03 Oio | 15.51 (8.97, 25.47) | 12.77767 | 54.61463 |
04 Biombo | 60.92 (51.46, 69.63) | 10.2329 | 54.61463 |
05 Bolama/Bijagos | 62.55 (47.75, 75.33) | 1.725259 | 54.61463 |
06 Bafata | 58.31 (48.96, 67.09) | 14.63102 | 54.61463 |
07 Gabu | 49.56 (38.77, 60.38) | 9.249641 | 54.61463 |
08 Cacheu | 47.91 (35.96, 60.10) | 7.243852 | 54.61463 |
09 sab | 65.45 (55.33, 74.34) | 33.45468 | 54.61463 |
Kenya | 2014 | 01 coast | 42.11 (36.52, 47.92) | 12.00712 | 45.1324 |
02 north eastern | 31.42 (22.11, 42.51) | 1.706665 | 45.1324 |
03 eastern | 43.94 (37.35, 50.75) | 11.25218 | 45.1324 |
04 central | 40.49 (32.44, 49.08) | 6.337812 | 45.1324 |
05 rift valley | 48.16 (43.96, 52.38) | 25.24882 | 45.1324 |
06 western | 33.94 (27.33, 41.24) | 15.33321 | 45.1324 |
07 nyanza | 40.04 (34.87, 45.44) | 17.57834 | 45.1324 |
08 nairobi | 72.35 (62.49, 80.43) | 10.53585 | 45.1324 |
Lesotho | 2014 | 01 botha-bothe | NA | 4.965781 | 61.38574 |
02 leribe | 62.46 (49.25, 74.04) | 20.28227 | 61.38574 |
03 berea | 59.15(44.17, 72.60) | 11.10362 | 61.38574 |
04 maseru | 70.18 (53.94, 82.54) | 28.21801 | 61.38574 |
05 mafeteng | 56.60 (38.61, 73.00) | 8.135024 | 61.38574 |
06 mohales hoek | 55.06 (29.65, 78.07) | 7.991718 | 61.38574 |
07 quthing | NA | 3.401176 | 61.38574 |
08 qachas-nek | NA | 2.202532 | 61.38574 |
09 mokhotlong | 35.97 (23.32, 50.92) | 8.757536 | 61.38574 |
10 thaba tseka | NA | 4.942333 | 61.38574 |
Liberia | 2013 | 01 North Western | 52.96 (45.59, 60.21) | 8.503247 | 46.43533 |
02 South Central | 50.73 (43.05, 58.38) | 39.72573 | 46.43533 |
03 South Eastern A | 38.94 (34.02, 44.09) | 9.555145 | 46.43533 |
04 South Eastern B | 46.31 (36.94, 55.94) | 9.69338 | 46.43533 |
05 North Central | 41.71 (36.14, 47.49) | 32.5225 | 46.43533 |
Malawi | 2015 | 01 northern region | 43.39 (35.74, 51.36) | 9.453849 | 56.68572 |
02 central region | 57.97 (54.27, 61.59) | 46.96595 | 56.68572 |
03 southern region | 58.17 (55.12, 61.16) | 43.5802 | 56.68572 |
Mali | 2015 | 01 Kayes | 31.25 (26.67, 36.22) | 20.23304 | 28.70292 |
02 Koulikoro | 32.91 (25.89, 40.78) | 14.34522 | 28.70292 |
03 Sikasso | 25.14 (18.52, 33.17) | 13.00799 | 28.70292 |
04 Segou | 19.15 (14.56, 24.77) | 26.42864 | 28.70292 |
05 Mopti | 31.94 (24.26, 40.74) | 9.741893 | 28.70292 |
06 Tombouctou | 25.28 (18.03, 34.22) | 5.601547 | 28.70292 |
07 Gao | 33.17 (24.37, 43.33) | 2.10544 | 28.70292 |
08 Bamako | 48.00 (40.95, 55.14) | 8.536235 | 28.70292 |
Mauritania | 2015 | 01 Hodh charghy | 23.50 (15.68, 33.68) | 7.60384 | 34.50784 |
02 Hodh Gharby | 32.76 (25.10, 41.45) | 10.46105 | 34.50784 |
03 Assaba | 34.44 (25.48, 44.65) | 10.54789 | 34.50784 |
04 Gorgol | 31.37 (25.90, 37.40) | 20.82206 | 34.50784 |
05 Brakna | 27.65 (18.38, 39.34) | 8.951273 | 34.50784 |
06 Trarza | 52.77 (43.43, 61.93) | 10.18605 | 34.50784 |
07 Adrar | 34.42 (24.45, 45.97) | 0.381213 | 34.50784 |
08 Dakhlett Nouadibou | 47.97 (27.99, 68.62) | 0.766553 | 34.50784 |
09 Tagant | 33.17 (26.89, 40.10) | 0.701618 | 34.50784 |
10 Guidimagha | 34.68 (28.82, 41.05) | 15.04826 | 34.50784 |
11 Tirs-ezemour | 41.63 (30.20, 54.04) | 0.41333 | 34.50784 |
12 Inchiri | 29.13 (18.05, 43.42) | 0.189108 | 34.50784 |
13 Nouakchott | 36.60 (28.01, 46.13) | 13.92776 | 34.50784 |
Mozambique | 2015 | 01 niassa | 41.33 (31.04, 52.44) | 10.49117 | 43.02846 |
02 cabo delgado | 56.41 (35.05, 75.63) | 8.079485 | 43.02846 |
03 nampula | 32.29 (20.31, 47.15) | 22.62527 | 43.02846 |
04 zambezia | 30.81 (18.70, 46.29) | 21.03875 | 43.02846 |
05 tete | 67.58 (49.94, 81.32) | 5.256539 | 43.02846 |
06 manica | 63.54 (42.86, 80.19) | 6.577499 | 43.02846 |
07 sofala | 44.23 (26.86, 63.13) | 7.571609 | 43.02846 |
08 inhambane | 47.37 (27.41, 68.20) | 3.621083 | 43.02846 |
09 gaza | 52.33 (39.32, 65.03) | 8.408001 | 43.02846 |
10 maputo provincia | NA | 3.171028 | 43.02846 |
11 maputo cidade | 56.91 (33.81, 77.35) | 3.159564 | 43.02846 |
Namibia | 2013 | 01 caprivi | 54.57 (45.25, 63.58) | 11.26575 | 51.98061 |
02 erongo | 42.90 (28.59, 58.51) | 4.048872 | 51.98061 |
03 hardap | NA | 1.547992 | 51.98061 |
04 karas | 50.76 (34.96, 66.41) | 1.910572 | 51.98061 |
05 kavango | 61.16 (52.07, 69.53) | 21.50312 | 51.98061 |
06 khomas | 49.49 (39.39, 59.64) | 17.55895 | 51.98061 |
07 kunene | 45.92 (33.37, 59.01) | 2.633852 | 51.98061 |
08 ohangwena | 38.81 (26.39, 52.88) | 10.49002 | 51.98061 |
09 omaheke | 55.07 (38.61, 70.48) | 2.61765 | 51.98061 |
10 omusati | 50.93 (38.51, 63.24) | 10.56234 | 51.98061 |
11 oshana | 44.11 (23.75, 66.66) | 3.830878 | 51.98061 |
12 oshikoto | 54.48 (43.30, 65.22) | 6.493157 | 51.98061 |
13 otjozondjupa | 53.89 (38.38, 68.68) | 5.536846 | 51.98061 |
Niger | 2012 | 01 Agadez | 42.97 (30.16, 56.80) | 1.582355 | 42.96736 |
02 Diffa | 55.94 (43.64, 67.54) | 1.711278 | 42.96736 |
03 Dosso | 49.55 (40.60, 58.53) | 10.28877 | 42.96736 |
04 Maradi | 43.12 (35.35, 51.24) | 17.09726 | 42.96736 |
05 Tahoua | 33.96 (26.55, 42.26) | 20.99217 | 42.96736 |
06 Tillaberi | 46.87 (38.55, 55.37) | 13.38614 | 42.96736 |
07 Zinder | 43.28 (35.88, 51.00) | 25.4627 | 42.96736 |
08 Niamey | 46.75 (37.22, 56.52) | 9.479325 | 42.96736 |
Nigeria | 2013 | 01 North Central | 37.40 (28.69, 47.00) | 9.943455 | 29.23584 |
02 North East | 23.13 (19.44, 27.29) | 35.77472 | 29.23584 |
03 North West | 26.84 (22.90, 31.18) | 32.39882 | 29.23584 |
04 South East | 34.99 (27.30, 43.56) | 8.963924 | 29.23584 |
05 South South | 36.72 (29.04, 45.13) | 4.1927 | 29.23584 |
06 South West | 44.30 (37.12, 51.72) | 8.72638 | 29.23584 |
Rwanda | 2014 | 01 kigali city | 17.46 (10.86, 26.87) | 8.018152 | 19.46708 |
02 south | 17.14 (12.26, 23.44) | 23.16374 | 19.46708 |
03 west | 18.27 (13.26, 24.62) | 29.28994 | 19.46708 |
04 north | 21.80 (14.17, 32.01) | 12.61922 | 19.46708 |
05 east | 22.26 (16.43, 29.43) | 26.90895 | 19.46708 |
Sao Tome and Principe | 2014 | 01 Regiaao Centro Este | 60.01 (50.95, 68.44) | 62.0037 | 61.02909 |
02 Regiaao Norte Oeste | 62.23 (48.73, 74.07) | 19.53131 | 61.02909 |
03 Regiaao Sul Este | 63.96 (54.51, 72.44) | 14.41731 | 61.02909 |
04 Regiaao Autonoma de Principe | 60.23 (43.43, 74.92) | 4.047688 | 61.02909 |
Senegal | 2014 | 01 dakar | 52.18 (35.45, 68.44) | 14.58356 | 48.59681 |
02 ziguinchor | 42.41 (23.86, 63.38) | 3.355799 | 48.59681 |
03 diourbel | 64.72 (57.08, 71.67) | 10.51733 | 48.59681 |
04 saint-louis | 35.19 (29.51, 41.33) | 13.48023 | 48.59681 |
05 tambacounda | 62.79 (41.90, 79.79) | 4.593456 | 48.59681 |
06 kaolack | 49.93 (34.76, 65.11) | 8.280867 | 48.59681 |
07 thies | 46.47 (36.69, 56.53) | 12.85262 | 48.59681 |
08 louga | 37.11 (25.51, 50.42) | 6.974087 | 48.59681 |
09 fatick | 46.95 (35.99, 58.21) | 5.475001 | 48.59681 |
10 kolda | 54.50 (38.69, 69.45) | 4.882447 | 48.59681 |
11 matam | 38.54 (28.67, 49.46) | 5.251358 | 48.59681 |
12 kaffrine | 51.00 (33.95, 67.82) | 4.587029 | 48.59681 |
13 kedougou | 47.42 (34.19, 61.02) | 1.359931 | 48.59681 |
14 sedhiou | 57.52 (46.38, 67.93) | 3.806289 | 48.59681 |
Sierra Leone | 2013 | 01 Eastern | 55.74 (47.71, 63.49) | 19.94911 | 57.57013 |
02 Northern | 56.80 (51.80, 61.67) | 48.02768 | 57.57013 |
03 Southern | 58.64 (49.00, 67.65) | 17.61435 | 57.57013 |
04 Western | 61.33 (52.51, 69.46) | 14.40887 | 57.57013 |
Togo | 2013 | 01 grande agglomeration de lome | 31.04 (21.72, 42.20) | 15.55007 | 33.42139 |
02 maritime (sans agglomeration de lome) | 13.43 (7.57, 22.70) | 14.08151 | 33.42139 |
03 plateaux | 35.04 (29.39, 41.14) | 27.50038 | 33.42139 |
04 centrale | 34.56 (27.22, 42.71) | 9.950897 | 33.42139 |
05 kara | 41.28 (33.63, 49.38) | 14.19173 | 33.42139 |
06 savanes | 41.47 (33.97, 49.39) | 18.72541 | 33.42139 |
Uganda | 2016 | 01 kampala | 35.85 (26.00, 47.05) | 3.028061 | 37.38395 |
02 central1 | 47.24 (37.91, 56.77) | 12.68701 | 37.38395 |
03 central2 | 38.78 (30.34, 47.96) | 9.053208 | 37.38395 |
04 busoga | 33.10 (29.40, 37.02) | 13.78741 | 37.38395 |
05 bukedi | 45.41 (39.12, 51.85) | 6.423967 | 37.38395 |
06 bugishu | 29.62 (21.73, 38.95) | 3.694834 | 37.38395 |
07 teso | 21.03 (17.71, 24.79) | 9.388466 | 37.38395 |
08 karamoja | 55.66 (43.96, 66.75) | 3.335683 | 37.38395 |
09 lango | 21.96 (16.02, 29.35) | 5.540022 | 37.38395 |
10 acholi | 34.58 (27.79, 42.06) | 6.139533 | 37.38395 |
11 west nile | 41.77 (33.39, 50.64) | 5.612174 | 37.38395 |
12 bunyoro | 49.75 (41.12, 58.40) | 3.009143 | 37.38395 |
13 tooro | 45.98 (37.96, 54.22) | 8.835254 | 37.38395 |
14 ankole | 26.05 (19.36, 34.08) | 6.763901 | 37.38395 |
15 kigezi | 50.98 (41.42, 60.46) | 2.701337 | 37.38395 |
United Republic of Tanzania | 2015 | 01 dodoma | NA | 3.441052 | 45.45398 |
02 arusha | NA | 2.801291 | 45.45398 |
03 kilimanjaro | NA | 1.476599 | 45.45398 |
04 tanga | NA | 2.170607 | 45.45398 |
05 morogoro | NA | 3.174978 | 45.45398 |
06 pwani | NA | 1.788528 | 45.45398 |
07 dar es salaam | 55.82 (38.61, 71.73) | 9.608987 | 45.45398 |
08 lindi | 44.13 (28.60, 60.89) | 2.090084 | 45.45398 |
09 mtwara | 60.85 (47.09, 73.07) | 3.327305 | 45.45398 |
10 ruvuma | 45.86 (26.91, 66.09) | 2.459604 | 45.45398 |
11 iringa | NA | 1.10595 | 45.45398 |
12 mbeya | 54.93 (35.27, 73.15) | 6.471929 | 45.45398 |
13 singida | 54.45 (33.94, 73.56) | 2.749101 | 45.45398 |
14 tabora | 40.53 (16.58, 70.02) | 3.154757 | 45.45398 |
15 rukwa | 20.95 (13.07, 31.84) | 4.538253 | 45.45398 |
16 kigoma | 37.83 (21.31, 57.76) | 8.96169 | 45.45398 |
17 shinyanga | 63.10 (35.92, 83.92) | 4.439744 | 45.45398 |
18 kagera | 47.73 (31.12, 64.85) | 4.849433 | 45.45398 |
19 mwanza | 45.37 (29.06, 62.74) | 7.271308 | 45.45398 |
20 mara | 44.07 (37.07, 51.31) | 6.698983 | 45.45398 |
21 manyara | 37.64 (26.03, 50.87) | 3.469363 | 45.45398 |
22 njombe | NA | 1.091423 | 45.45398 |
23 katavi | 29.77 (16.93, 46.84) | 1.58284 | 45.45398 |
24 simiyu | 41.27 (31.63, 51.62) | 5.497825 | 45.45398 |
25 geita | 50.62 (37.14, 64.02) | 3.424703 | 45.45398 |
26 kaskazini unguja | 36.74 (22.75, 53.38) | 0.515052 | 45.45398 |
27 kusini unguja | NA | 0.169818 | 45.45398 |
28 mjini magharibi | 54.74 (31.71, 75.91) | 0.750424 | 45.45398 |
29 kaskazini pemba | 39.03 (22.58, 58.42) | 0.546524 | 45.45398 |
30 kusini pemba | 38.95 (20.16, 61.72) | 0.371845 | 45.45398 |
Zambia | 2013 | 01 central | 44.21 (35.39, 53.41) | 8.190496 | 56.17617 |
02 copperbelt | 57.13 (47.93, 65.86) | 16.14709 | 56.17617 |
03 eastern | 57.16 (48.28, 65.60) | 11.88424 | 56.17617 |
04 luapula | 58.97 (51.43, 66.12) | 8.030398 | 56.17617 |
05 lusaka | 64.21 (55.30, 72.23) | 14.14885 | 56.17617 |
06 muchinga | 57.22 (48.95, 65.11) | 6.334013 | 56.17617 |
07 northern | 46.76 (37.42, 56.33) | 9.41377 | 56.17617 |
08 north western | 58.10 (49.01, 66.68) | 4.767902 | 56.17617 |
09 southern | 57.28 (50.05, 64.20) | 15.51533 | 56.17617 |
10 western | 54.41 (44.62, 63.87) | 5.567904 | 56.17617 |
Zimbabwe | 2014 | 01 Bulawayo | 59.57 (45.01, 72.62) | 4.061207 | 56.36424 |
02 Manicaland | 66.48 (58.91, 73.29) | 14.25693 | 56.36424 |
03 Mashonaland Central | 57.93 (50.11, 65.36) | 6.62444 | 56.36424 |
04 Mashonaland East | 58.70 (50.86, 66.13) | 10.46592 | 56.36424 |
05 Mashonaland West | 53.68 (47.71, 59.55) | 14.59176 | 56.36424 |
06 Matabeleland North | 56.43 (46.40, 65.96) | 6.341551 | 56.36424 |
07 Matabeleland South | 72.91 (61.49, 81.94) | 6.127159 | 56.36424 |
08 Midlands | 49.66 (41.98, 57.36) | 13.00898 | 56.36424 |
09 Masvingo | 43.84 (37.00, 50.92) | 15.12306 | 56.36424 |
10 Harare | 58.65 (50.48, 66.36) | 9.398988 | 56.36424 |
Table 10
Sub-national regional inequality in ORT and continued feeding in the 35 low income, lower middle income and upper middle income SSA countries
Country | Year | Type and value of inequality measure with 95% CI |
D | R | PAR | PAF |
Ghana | 2014 | 53.08 (25.42, 80.74) | 3.44 (0.26, 6.63) | 33.25 (17.22, 49.28) | 80.12 (41.48, 118.75) |
Algeria | 2012 | 18.88 (2.86, 34.90) | 1.58 (0.91, 2.24) | 9.69 (-3.76, 23.16) | 23.24 (-9.02, 55.50) |
Angola | 2015 | 51.34 (42.47, 60.21) | 14.94(-2.88, 32.77) | 15.33 (1.30, 29.37) | 38.64 (3.28, 74.00) |
Benin | 2014 | 27.24 (11.67, 42.81) | 2.42 (0.92, 3.91) | 13.86 (5.78, 21.94) | 42.58 (17.76, 67.40) |
Burundi | 2016 | 32.31 (17.08, 47.54) | 3.05 (1.22, 4.87) | 13.09 (4.52, 21.66) | 37.47 (12.95, 61.99) |
Cameroon | 2014 | 29.81 (9.46, 50.16) | 1.90 (1.20, 2.60) | 23.51 (20.56, 26.45) | 59.84 (52.34, 67.33) |
Chad | 2014 | 25.50 (11.09, 39.92) | 3.15 (0.71, 5.58) | 8.48 (2.42, 14.54) | 29.36 (8.38, 50.35) |
Comoros | 2012 | 8.48 (-8.63, 25.61) | 1.17 (0.78, 1.56) | 3.18 (-14.49, 20.87) | 5.90 (-26.87, 38.69) |
Congo | 2014 | 24.43 (11.58, 37.27) | 2.00 (1.17, 2.82) | 6.57 (-4.09, 17.24) | 15.56 (-9.70, 40.82) |
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 2013 | 25.99 (11.03, 40.94) | 1.79 (1.17, 2.42) | 18.61 (12.36, 24.85) | 46.58 (30.95, 62.22) |
Eswatini | 2014 | 28.80 (13.38, 44.23) | 1.86 (1.18, 2.55) | 15.62 (6.93, 24.32) | 33.70 (14.94, 52.46) |
Ethiopia | 2016 | 38.28 (22.44, 54.12) | 2.86 (1.63, 4.09) | 30.16 (2.41, 57.91) | 105.26 (8.43, 202.09) |
Gabon | 2012 | 25.87 (-1.11, 52.86) | 1.68 (0.54, 2.82) | 11.67 (-28.90, 52.26) | 22.49 (-55.69, 100.68) |
Gambia | 2013 | 17.04 (0.50, 33.58) | 1.42 (0.93, 1.91) | 6.42 (-3.30, 16.15) | 12.63 (-6.50, 31.77) |
Guinea | 2016 | 45.96 (29.20, 62.71) | 4.43 (1.94, 6.93) | 15.14 (8.94, 21.34) | 34.28 (20.24, 48.32) |
Guinea-Bissau | 2014 | 59.62 (45.91, 73.32) | 4.84 (2.21, 7.47) | 20.51 (13.88, 27.15) | 37.57 (25.42, 49.71) |
Kenya | 2014 | 40.92 (27.23, 54.61) | 2.30 (1.49, 3.10) | 27.22 (13.88, 40.56) | 60.31 (30.76, 89.86) |
Lesotho | 2014 | NA | NA | NA | PAR |
Liberia | 2013 | 14.01 (5.12, 22.90) | 1.35 (1.10, 1.61) | 6.52 (-1.61, 14.67) | 14.06 (-3.48, 31.60) |
Malawi | 2015 | 14.78 (6.36, 23.20) | 1.34 (1.08, 1.59) | 1.48 (-3.55, 6.53) | 2.62 (-6.27, 11.53) |
Mali | 2015 | 28.85 (20.09, 37.60) | 2.50 (1.74, 3.26) | 19.30 (16.53, 22.07) | 67.25 (57.60, 76.90) |
Mauritania | 2015 | 29.27 (16.31, 42.23) | 2.24 (1.29, 3.19) | 18.27 (11.78, 24.70) | 52.94 (34.15, 71.73) |
Mozambique | 2015 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Namibia | 2013 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Niger | 2012 | 21.97 97.48, 36.45) | 1.64 (1.12, 2.17) | 12.97 (8.57, 17.36) | 30.19 (19.96, 40.42) |
Nigeria | 2013 | 21.16 (12.84, 29.48) | 1.91 (1.46, 2.36) | 15.06 (12.94, 17.18) | 51.52 (44.28, 58.77) |
Rwanda | 2014 | 5.12 (-3.40, 13.65) | 1.29 (0.73, 1.86) | 2.80 (-1.72, 7.32) | 14.38 (-8.84, 37.61) |
Sao Tome and Principe | 2014 | 3.95 (-8.54, 16.44) | 1.06 (0.85, 1.28) | 2.93 (-1.00, 6.88) | 4.81 (-1.64, 11.27) |
Senegal | 2014 | 29.52 (20.15, 38.89) | 1.83 (1.46, 2.20) | 16.12 (8.96, 23.20) | 33.18 (18.44, 47.92) |
Sierra Leone | 2013 | 5.58 (-6.04, 17.22) | 1.10 (0.88, 1.31) | 3.76 (-1.86, 9.39) | 6.54 (-3.23, 16.32) |
Togo | 2013 | 28.04 (17.35, 38.73) | 3.08 (1.29, 4.88) | 8.05 (2.30, 13.80) | 24.09 (6.88, 41.30) |
Uganda | 2016 | 34.62 (22.52, 46.72) | 2.64 (1.93, 3.35) | 18.27 (13.49, 23.05) | 48.89 (36.10, 61.67) |
United Republic of Tanzania | 2015 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Zambia | 2013 | 19.99 (7.53, 32.45) | 1.45 (1.09, 1.80) | 8.03 (0.75, 15.31) | 14.30 (1.34, 27.26) |
Zimbabwe | 2014 | 29.07 (16.62, 41.51) | 1.66 (1.30, 2.01) | 16.55 (10.61, 22.48) | 29.36 (18.83, 39.89) |