1 Demoor, M. et al. Cartilage tissue engineering: Molecular control of chondrocyte differentiation for proper cartilage matrix reconstruction. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects 1840, 2414-2440, doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.02.030 (2014).
2 Mizuno, M. et al. Brief Report: Reconstruction of Joint Hyaline Cartilage by Autologous Progenitor Cells Derived from Ear Elastic Cartilage. Stem Cells 32, 816-821, doi:10.1002/stem.1529 (2014).
3 Jayasuriya, C. T., Chen, Y., Liu, W. & Chen, Q. The influence of tissue microenvironment on stem cell–based cartilage repair. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1383, 21-33, doi:10.1111/nyas.13170 (2016).
4 Wang, W.-G., Lou, S.-Q., Ju, X.-D., Xia, K. & Xia, J.-H. In vitro chondrogenesis of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells in monolayer culture: activation by transfection with TGF-β2. Tissue and Cell 35, 69-77, doi:10.1016/s0040-8166(02)00106-4 (2003).
5 Deng, Y. et al. Engineering hyaline cartilage from mesenchymal stem cells with low hypertrophy potential via modulation of culture conditions and Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. Biomaterials 192, 569-578, doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.11.036 (2019).
6 Danisovic, L., Varga, I. & Polak, S. Growth factors and chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Tissue Cell 44, 69-73, doi:10.1016/j.tice.2011.11.005 (2012).
7 Zhan, X. et al. Comparative profiling of chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) driven by two different growth factors. Cell Biochem Funct 37, 359-367, doi:10.1002/cbf.3404 (2019).
8 Valadi, H. et al. Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells. Nat Cell Biol 9, 654-659, doi:10.1038/ncb1596 (2007).
9 Xu, R., Greening, D. W., Zhu, H. J., Takahashi, N. & Simpson, R. J. Extracellular vesicle isolation and characterization: toward clinical application. J Clin Invest 126, 1152-1162, doi:10.1172/JCI81129 (2016).
10 Lai, R. C., Yeo, R. W. & Lim, S. K. Mesenchymal stem cell exosomes. Semin Cell Dev Biol 40, 82-88, doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.03.001 (2015).
11 S, Z. et al. MSC exosomes mediate cartilage repair by enhancing proliferation, attenuating apoptosis and modulating immune reactivity. Biomaterials 156, 16-27 (2018).
12 Raposo, G. & Stoorvogel, W. Extracellular vesicles: exosomes, microvesicles, and friends. J Cell Biol 200, 373-383, doi:10.1083/jcb.201211138 (2013).
13 Robbins, P. D. & Morelli, A. E. Regulation of immune responses by extracellular vesicles. Nat Rev Immunol 14, 195-208, doi:10.1038/nri3622 (2014).
14 Riazifar, M., Pone, E. J., Lotvall, J. & Zhao, W. Stem Cell Extracellular Vesicles: Extended Messages of Regeneration. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 57, 125-154, doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-061616-030146 (2017).
15 Zhao, T. et al. Emerging Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-derived Exosomes in Regenerative Medicine. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 14, 482-494, doi:10.2174/1574888X14666190228103230 (2019).
16 Narayanan, K. et al. Lineage-specific exosomes could override extracellular matrix mediated human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. Biomaterials 182, 312-322, doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.08.027 (2018).
17 W, J. et al. Large-scale generation of cell-derived nanovesicles. Nanoscale 6, 12056-12064 (2014).
18 Chen, Y., Xue, K., Zhang, X., Zheng, Z. & Liu, K. Exosomes derived from mature chondrocytes facilitate subcutaneous stable ectopic chondrogenesis of cartilage progenitor cells. Stem Cell Research & Therapy 9, doi:10.1186/s13287-018-1047-2 (2018).
19 Hoffmann, A., Floerkemeier, T., Melzer, C. & Hass, R. Comparison of in vitro-cultivation of human mesenchymal stroma/stem cells derived from bone marrow and umbilical cord. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 11, 2565-2581, doi:10.1002/term.2153 (2017).
20 Yin, S., Ji, C., Wu, P., Jin, C. & Qian, H. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells and exosomes: bioactive ways of tissue injury repair. Am J Transl Res 11, 1230-1240 (2019).
21 Ding, D. C., Chang, Y. H., Shyu, W. C. & Lin, S. Z. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells: a new era for stem cell therapy. Cell Transplant 24, 339-347, doi:10.3727/096368915X686841 (2015).
22 Salemi, S., Yousefi, S., Constantinescu, M. A., Fey, M. F. & Simon, H. U. Autophagy is required for self-renewal and differentiation of adult human stem cells. Cell Res 22, 432-435, doi:10.1038/cr.2011.200 (2012).
23 Wu, X. et al. Autophagy regulates Notch degradation and modulates stem cell development and neurogenesis. Nat Commun 7, 10533, doi:10.1038/ncomms10533 (2016).
24 Zhou, C. et al. Monitoring autophagic flux by an improved tandem fluorescent-tagged LC3 (mTagRFP-mWasabi-LC3) reveals that high-dose rapamycin impairs autophagic flux in cancer cells. Autophagy 8, 1215-1226, doi:10.4161/auto.20284 (2012).
25 Colao, I. L., Corteling, R., Bracewell, D. & Wall, I. Manufacturing Exosomes: A Promising Therapeutic Platform. Trends in Molecular Medicine 24, 242-256, doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2018.01.006 (2018).
26 Mao, G. et al. Exosomes derived from miR-92a-3p-overexpressing human mesenchymal stem cells enhance chondrogenesis and suppress cartilage degradation via targeting WNT5A. Stem Cell Res Ther 9, 247, doi:10.1186/s13287-018-1004-0 (2018).
27 Mao, G. et al. in J Cell Mol Med Vol. 22 5354-5366 (2018).
28 Expression of exosomal microRNAs during chondrogenic differentiation of human bone mesenchymal stem cells - Sun - 2019 - Journal of Cellular Biochemistry - Wiley Online Library. doi:10.1002/jcb.27289 (2019).
29 Wang, R., Xu, B. & Xu, H. TGF-beta1 promoted chondrocyte proliferation by regulating Sp1 through MSC-EVsomes derived miR-135b. Cell Cycle 17, doi:10.1080/15384101.2018.1556063 (2018).
30 X, L. et al. In vivo ectopic chondrogenesis of BMSCs directed by mature chondrocytes. Biomaterials 31, 9406-9414 (2010).
31 C, L. et al. Kartogenin Enhanced Chondrogenesis in Cocultures of Chondrocytes and Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Tissue engineering. Part A 24, 990-1000 (2018).
32 Liu, N., Wang, W., Zhao, Z., Zhang, T. & Song, Y. Autophagy in human articular chondrocytes is cytoprotective following glucocorticoid stimulation. Mol Med Rep 9, 2166-2172, doi:10.3892/mmr.2014.2102 (2014).
33 Shen, C., Cai, G. Q., Peng, J. P. & Chen, X. D. Autophagy protects chondrocytes from glucocorticoids-induced apoptosis via ROS/Akt/FOXO3 signaling. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 23, 2279-2287, doi:10.1016/j.joca.2015.06.020 (2015).
34 Rosenthal, A. K. et al. Autophagy modulates articular cartilage vesicle formation in primary articular chondrocytes. J Biol Chem 290, 13028-13038, doi:10.1074/jbc.M114.630558 (2015).
35 Maldonado, M., Huang, T., Yang, L., Xu, L. & Ma, L. Human umbilical cord Wharton jelly cells promote extra-pancreatic insulin formation and repair of renal damage in STZ-induced diabetic mice. Cell Commun Signal 15, 43, doi:10.1186/s12964-017-0199-5 (2017).
36 Zhu, Y. et al. Comparison of exosomes secreted by induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells and synovial membrane-derived mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Stem Cell Res Ther 8, 64, doi:10.1186/s13287-017-0510-9 (2017).
37 Coumans, F. A. W. et al. Methodological Guidelines to Study Extracellular Vesicles. Circulation Research 120, 1632-1648, doi:10.1161/circresaha.117.309417 (2017).
38 Jiang, T. et al. In vitro expansion impaired the stemness of early passage mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of cartilage defects. Cell Death Dis 8, e2851, doi:10.1038/cddis.2017.215 (2017).
39 Chen, H. et al. Cartilage-targeting and dual MMP-13/pH responsive theranostic nanoprobes for osteoarthritis imaging and precision therapy. Biomaterials 225, 119520, doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119520 (2019).
40 Shen, C. et al. In vitro culture expansion impairs chondrogenic differentiation and the therapeutic effect of mesenchymal stem cells by regulating the unfolded protein response. J Biol Eng 12, 26, doi:10.1186/s13036-018-0119-2 (2018).
41 Liao, J. et al. The fabrication of biomimetic biphasic CAN-PAC hydrogel with a seamless interfacial layer applied in osteochondral defect repair. Bone Res 5, 17018, doi:10.1038/boneres.2017.18 (2017).
42 van den Borne, M. P. et al. International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) and Oswestry macroscopic cartilage evaluation scores validated for use in Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation (ACI) and microfracture. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 15, 1397-1402, doi:10.1016/j.joca.2007.05.005 (2007).
43 Guo, X. et al. Repair of osteochondral defects with biodegradable hydrogel composites encapsulating marrow mesenchymal stem cells in a rabbit model. Acta Biomater 6, 39-47, doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2009.07.041 (2010).