Ethnics approval and consent to participate
The institutional review boards (IRB) at organizations in each study site approved each study. All participants provided written informed consent.
Consent for publications
All authors have reviewed this manuscript and approved its publication.
Availability of data and materials
Data used for these analyses may be available through approval from individual study investigators and the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) program.
Competing interests
The authors have no conflicts of interest relevant to this manuscript to disclose.
NIH Funding Acknowledgment and Disclaimer
The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
Research reported in this publication was supported by the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) program, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, under Award Numbers U2COD023375 (Coordinating Center), U24OD023382 (Data Analysis Center), U24OD023319 with co-funding from the Office of Behavioral and Social Science Research (PRO Core), UH3OD023248 (Dabelea), UH3OD023342 (Lyall), UH3OD023348 (O’Shea).
Authors’ contribution
AS, HV, and CL-A conceptualized and designed the project. AS, CB, and SN performed the cohort-specific analysis. AS performed meta-analysis AS, HV, and CL-A drafted the manuscript. CB, KK, KB, CM, MO, RF, KL, and DF provided the manuscript revisions and editing. All authors reviewed the results and approved the submitted version of the manuscript.
ECHO Collaborators Acknowledgment
The authors wish to thank our ECHO colleagues; the medical, nursing, and program staff; and the children and families participating in the ECHO cohorts. We also acknowledge the contribution of the following ECHO program collaborators:
ECHO Components—Coordinating Center: Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina: Smith PB, Newby KL; Data Analysis Center: Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland: Jacobson LP; Research Triangle Institute, Durham, North Carolina: Catellier DJ; Person-Reported Outcomes Core: Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois: Gershon R, Cella D.
ECHO Awardees and Cohorts—University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO: Dabelea D; University of California, UC Davis Medical Center Mind Institute, Davis, CA: Schmidt R; Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research: Croen L; Baystate Children’s Hospital, Springfield, MA : Vaidya R; Beaumont Health Medical Center, Royal Oak, MI: Obeid R; Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA: Rollins C; East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC: Bear K; Helen DeVos Children’s Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI: Pastyrnak S; Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing, MI: Lenski, M; University of Chicago, Chicago IL: Msall M; University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA: Frazier J; Wake Forest Baptist Health (Atrium Health), Winston Salem, NC: Washburn, L; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT: Montgomery A.