1 McGeer, P. L., Harada, N., Kimura, H., McGeer, E. G. & Schulzer, M. Prevalence of dementia amongst elderly Japanese with leprosy: apparent effect of chronic drug therapy. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 3, 146-149 (1992).
2 McGeer, P. L., Harada, N., Kimura, H., McGeer, E. G. & Schulzer, M. Dapsone and promin for the treatment of dementia. (Google Patents, 1996).
3 McGeer, P. L., Klegeris, A., Walker, D. G., Yasuhara, O. & McGeer, E. G. Pathological proteins in senile plaques. Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 174, 269-277, doi:10.1620/tjem.174.269 (1994).
4 Endoh, M., Kunishita, T. & Tabira, T. No effect of anti-leprosy drugs in the prevention of Alzheimer's disease and beta-amyloid neurotoxicity. J. Neurol. Sci. 165, 28-30 (1999).
5 Namba, Y., Kawatsu, K., Izumi, S., Ueki, A. & Ikeda, K. Neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques in brain of elderly leprosy patients. Lancet 340, 978, doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)92870-l (1992).
6 Kimura, T. & Goto, M. Existence of senile plaques in the brains of elderly leprosy patients. Lancet 342, 1364, doi:10.1016/0140-6736(93)92274-w (1993).
7 Chui, D. H., Tabira, T., Izumi, S., Koya, G. & Ogata, J. Decreased beta-amyloid and increased abnormal Tau deposition in the brain of aged patients with leprosy. Am. J. Pathol. 145, 771-775 (1994).
8 Goto, M. et al. Neuropathological analysis of dementia in a Japanese leprosarium. Dementia 6, 157-161, doi:10.1159/000106939 (1995).
9 Kwak, C. S., Cho, J. H., Yon, M. & Park, S. C. Anthropometric index, dietary habits and nutrient intake of the oldest-old population aged 95 and over living in Seoul. Korean J. Community Nutr. 17, 603-622 (2012).
10 Lee, J. H., Choi, S. H., Lee, C. J. & Oh, S. S. Recovery of Dementia Syndrome following Treatment of Brain Inflammation. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 10, 1-12, doi:10.1159/000504880 (2020).
11 Lee, J.-h., Lee, C. J., Park, J., Lee, S. J. & Su-Hee, C. The neuro-inflammasome in Alzheimer’s disease and cerebral stroke. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders EXTRA Accepted. 2020.3.13, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-533128/v1 (2021).
12 Breitner, J. C. S. et al. Delayed onset of Alzheimer's disease with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory and histamine H2 blocking drugs. Neurobiology of Aging 16, 523-530, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0197-4580(95)00049-K (1995).
13 Anthony, J. C. et al. Reduced prevalence of AD in users of NSAIDs and H2 receptor antagonists. The Cache County Study 54, 2066-2071, doi:10.1212/wnl.54.11.2066 (2000).
14 McGeer, P. L. & McGeer, E. G. Local neuroinflammation and the progression of Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurovirol. 8, 529-538, doi:10.1080/13550280290100969 (2002).
15 Miller, D. S. Regulation of P-glycoprotein and other ABC drug transporters at the blood–brain barrier. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 31, 246-254 (2010).
16 Nau, R., Sorgel, F. & Eiffert, H. Penetration of drugs through the blood-cerebrospinal fluid/blood-brain barrier for treatment of central nervous system infections. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 23, 858-883, doi:10.1128/CMR.00007-10 (2010).
17 Lee, J. H., An, H. K., Sohn, M. G., Kivela, P. & Oh, S. 4,4′-Diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS) as an inflammasome competitor. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21, 5953 (2020).
18 Nader-Kawachi, J., Góngora-Rivera, F., Santos-Zambrano, J., Calzada, P. & Ríos, C. Neuroprotective effect of dapsone in patients with acute ischemic stroke: a pilot study. Neurological Research 29, 331-334, doi:10.1179/016164107X159234 (2007).
19 Cruz-Cruz, C. et al. Cost–utility analysis in acute ischemic stroke survivors treated with dapsone in a public hospital in Mexico City. Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research 5, 95-102, doi:10.1111/jphs.12052 (2014).
20 Diaz-Ruiz, A. et al. Dapsone improves functional deficit and diminishes brain damage evaluated by 3-Tesla magnetic resonance image after transient cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in rats. Brain Research 1646, 384-392, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2016.06.023 (2016).
21 Zhan, R. et al. Dapsone protects brain microvascular integrity from high-fat diet induced LDL oxidation. Cell Death & Disease 9, 683, doi:10.1038/s41419-018-0739-y (2018).
22 Sheibani, M., Nezamoleslami, S., Faghir-Ghanesefat, H., Emami, A. H. & Dehpour, A. R. Cardioprotective effects of dapsone against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 85, 563-571, doi:10.1007/s00280-019-04019-6 (2020).
23 Salehzadeh, F., Jahangiri, S. & Mohammadi, E. Dapsone as an alternative therapy in children with familial Mediterranean fever. Iranian Journal of Pediatrics 22, 23 (2012).
24 Park, Y. H. et al. Ancient familial Mediterranean fever mutations in human pyrin and resistance to Yersinia pestis. Nature Immunology, 1-11 (2020).
25 Colella, M. P. et al. A retrospective analysis of 122 immune thrombocytopenia patients treated with dapsone: Efficacy, safety and factors associated with treatment response. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis n/a, doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.15396 (2021).
26 Chui, D. H., Tabira, T., Izumi, S., Koya, G. & Ogata, J. Decreased beta-amyloid and increased abnormal Tau deposition in the brain of aged patients with leprosy. Am J Pathol 145, 771-775 (1994).
27 S Appleby, B. & L Cummings, J. Discovering new treatments for Alzheimer's disease by repurposing approved medications. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 13, 2306-2327 (2013).
28 Appleby, B. S., Nacopoulos, D., Milano, N., Zhong, K. & Cummings, J. L. A review: treatment of Alzheimer’s disease discovered in repurposed agents. Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders 35, 1-22 (2013).
29 Endoh, M., Kunishita, T. & Tabira, T. No effect of anti-leprosy drugs in the prevention of Alzheimer's disease and beta-amyloid neurotoxicity. Journal of the neurological sciences 165, 28 (1999).
30 Rajendran, N. D. et al. A theoretical study of chemical bonding and topological and electrostatic properties of the anti-leprosy drug dapsone. J Mol Model 26, 138, doi:10.1007/s00894-020-04393-6 (2020).
31 Kim, S.-K., Lee, S.-B., Kang, T.-J. & Chae, G.-T. Detection of gene mutations related with drug resistance inMycobacterium lepraefrom leprosy patients using Touch-Down (TD) PCR. FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology 36, 27-32, doi:10.1016/s0928-8244(03)00038-5 (2003).
32 Mendes, A. P. et al. A Geometric and Electronic Study of Dapsone. Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 8, 1428-1431 (2011).
33 Badar, K. et al. The Method and Results of a Treatment Targeting SARS-CoV-2-Activated Inflammasomes. Research Square Under Review, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-509122/v2 (2021).
34 Sugimoto, H., Iimura, Y., Yamanishi, Y. & Yamatsu, K. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: 1-benzyl-4-[(5, 6-dimethoxy-1-oxoindan-2-yl) methyl] piperidine hydrochloride and related compounds. Journal of medicinal chemistry 38, 4821-4829 (1995).
35 Eisai Co., L. Alzheimer's Disease Treatment The Aricept R&D Story, <https://www.eisai.com/company/profile/history/products/aricept/index.html> (1997).
36 Courtney, C. et al. Long-term donepezil treatment in 565 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD2000): randomised double-blind trial. Lancet 363, 2105-2115, doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)16499-4 (2004).
37 Petersen, R. C. et al. Vitamin E and donepezil for the treatment of mild cognitive impairment. N. Engl. J. Med. 352, 2379-2388, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa050151 (2005).
38 Feldman, H. H. et al. Effect of rivastigmine on delay to diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease from mild cognitive impairment: the InDDEx study. Lancet Neurol. 6, 501-512, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70109-6 (2007).
39 Raschetti, R., Albanese, E., Vanacore, N. & Maggini, M. Cholinesterase inhibitors in mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review of randomised trials. PLoS Med. 4, e338 (2007).
40 Dysken, M. W. et al. Effect of Vitamin E and Memantine on Functional Decline in Alzheimer Disease: The TEAM-AD VA Cooperative Randomized Trial. JAMA 311, 33-44, doi:10.1001/jama.2013.282834 (2014).
41 Winblad, B. et al. Safety and efficacy of galantamine in subjects with mild cognitive impairment. Neurology 70, 2024-2035, doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000303815.69777.26 (2008).
42 Greenberg, S. M. et al. Donepezil therapy in clinical practice: a randomized crossover study. Arch. Neurol. 57, 94-99, doi:10.1001/archneur.57.1.94 (2000).
43 Seltzer, B. et al. Efficacy of donepezil in early-stage Alzheimer disease: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Arch. Neurol. 61, 1852-1856, doi:10.1001/archneur.61.12.1852 (2004).
44 Tariot, P. N. et al. Memantine treatment in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer disease already receiving donepezila randomized controlled trial. JAMA 291, 317-324, doi:10.1001/jama.291.3.317 (2004).
45 Farlow, M. R. & Cummings, J. L. Effective pharmacologic management of Alzheimer’s disease. Am. J. Med. 120, 388-397, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.08.036 (2007).
46 Raina, P. et al. Effectiveness of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine for treating dementia: evidence review for a clinical practice guideline. Ann. Intern. Med. 148, 379-397, doi:10.7326/0003-4819-148-5-200803040-00009 %m 18316756 (2008).
47 Lu, P. H. et al. Donepezil delays progression to AD in MCI subjects with depressive symptoms. Neurology 72, 2115-2121, doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181aa52d3 (2009).
48 Jong-hoon, L. Death Toll by Dementia Drug. Research Square (Under review by Public Health), doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-384861/v4 (2021).
49 Stone, M. Mortality and antipsychotic drug use in dementia-related behavioral disorders. US Department of Health and Human Services. (Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, 2005).
50 Du, Y., Wolf, I. K., Busch, M. A. & Knopf, H. Associations between the use of specific psychotropic drugs and all-cause mortality among older adults in Germany: Results of the mortality follow-up of the German National Health Interview and Examination Survey 1998. PLoS One 14, e0210695 (2019).