Demographic of study participants:
The study included 60 subjects (48 with knee OA and 12 with hip OA), both male and female (17 men, 43 women), of an average of 66.27 years (SD=10.32).
The average height of patients with hip and knee OA was 168.55 cm (SD=8.64), and the average weight was 83.31 kg (SD=18.33). It follows from this that the patients fall into the category of overweight according to the Body Mass Index, which is 29.54 (SD=5.32). (Table 1.)
Table 1 shows the questionnaire results (BPI, BDI) for the total number of patients with hip and knee OA. The majority of our study sample consisted of patients with knee OA (N=48), while a smaller number of patients had hip OA (N=12). No significant differences in the anthropometric measures and the scores under the used questionnaires were recorded between these two groups (p > 0.05) (Table 1).
Table 1. Demographic characteristics of the osteoarthritis patients
Characteristics
|
Total (mean± SD)
|
Knee
|
Hip
|
t
|
P
|
N
|
N=60
|
N=48
|
N=12
|
|
|
Height (cm), X±SD
|
168.55 ± 8,64
|
168.04 ± 8.58
|
170.50 ± 8,97
|
0.875
|
0.385
|
Weight (kg), X±SD
|
83.31 ± 18.33
|
82.02 ± 16.39
|
88.25 ± 24.64
|
1.049
|
0.299
|
BMI* kg/m2, X±SD
|
29.54 ± 5.32
|
29.39 ± 5.39
|
30.13 ± 5.26
|
0.428
|
0.670
|
BDI**, X±SD
|
12.77 ± 8.79
|
13.00 ± 9.04
|
11.83 ± 8.01
|
0.408
|
0.685
|
BPI***pain intensity, X±SD
|
5.075 ± 1.87
|
5.24 ± 1.84
|
4.40 ± 1.92
|
1.418
|
0.162
|
BPI_pain effects, X±SD
|
5.71 ± 2.38
|
5.86 ± 2.38
|
5.11 ± 2.38
|
0.974
|
0.334
|
*BMI-body mass index, **BDI-Beck Depression Inventory, ***BPI-Brief Pain inventory
In the sample, 12 (20%) patients reported mild pain, with their score on BPI scale ranging from 0 to 13. Moderate pain was present in 39 (65%) patients whose score ranged from 14 to 27. Severe pain was noted in 9 (15%) patients whose BPI score scale ranged from 28 to 40.
The pain intensity evaluated subjectively by the BPI questionnaire shows that the intensity of pain is higher in patients with knee OA (M=20.98, SD=7.36) compared to patients with hip OA (M=17.58 SD=7.67) with the difference not reaching statistical significance, t=1.42, p=0.16 (Table 2).
Table 2. Average pain intensity values measured by BPI scale
BPI
|
Knee
|
Hip
|
t
|
P
|
|
N=48
|
N=12
|
|
|
BPI - Intensity of pain
|
20.98±7.36
|
17.58±7.67
|
1.42
|
0.16
|
BPI - The pain intensity effects on activities of daily living a
|
41.05 ± 16.70
|
35.81 ± 16.63
|
0.97
|
0.33
|
A greater pain effect on activities of daily living was noted in patients with knee OA (M=41.05 SD=16.70) compared to hip OA (M=35.81, SD=16.63). The difference is statistically insignificant given that t=-0.97, p=0.33). (Table 2).
In the sample, the pain had no effects on activities of daily living in 4 patients (7%), and these were the patients with the BPI score from 0 to 13. Mild pain effects on ADLs were detected in 9 (15%) patients whose score ranged from 14 to 26. Moderate pain effects on ADLs were noted in 14 (23%) patients, whose score on BPI scale ranged from 27 to 39. Serious pain effects on ADLs were identified in 17 (28%) patients whose score on BPI scale ranged from 40 to 52. Severe pain effects were noted in 16 (27%) patients whose score on BPI scale ranged from 53 to 70. (Table 3).
Table 3. Pain intensity effects on activities of daily living measured by the BPI Scale
BPI score
|
Knee (N)
|
Hip (N)
|
Total (%)
|
BPI 0-13
Mild effects
|
7
|
2
|
15
|
BPI 14-26
Moderate effects
|
11
|
3
|
23
|
BPI 40-52
Serious effects
|
12
|
5
|
28
|
BPI 53-70
Severe effects
|
13
|
3
|
27
|
To determine the difference in depression in patients with hip and knee OA, the Mann-Whitney-U test was used, given that the depression variable was not normally distributed (Z=0.96, p=0.32). Patients with knee OA experienced a higher level of depression, compared to patients with hip OA. However, the observed difference is statistically insignificant, U=264.00, p=0.66. (Figure 1).