Economic Burden of Moderate to Severe Burns and its Association with Health-related Quality of Life of Nigerian Women

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-24746/v1

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Economic Burden of Moderate to Severe Burns and its Association with Health-related Quality of Life of Nigerian Women

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-24746/v1

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published 28 Feb, 2021

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Background

Burns cases are frequent in Nigeria hospitals, however, literature on its economic burden and the association with health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of women in Nigeria is scarce. This study determined the weight of cost of hospitalization on women’s economic status and its associated HRQOL.

Methods

This was a three-month cross-sectional study of seventy-three female patients ≥ 25 years, treated of mixed or full thickness burns in four teaching hospitals in south-east Nigeria, discharged between September-November, 2018. Study instruments were participants’ case notes for socio-demographic and disease history, interviewer-administered questionnaires, namely-economic-burden-of-burns questionnaire and English version of the EuroQol Five-Dimensions-Three-Level Health Questionnaire for Nigeria. Data were collected on second- or third-day post-discharge through home visits or phone calls. This lasted for thirteen weeks.

Results

Most participants were married, fairly educated, mainly traders or housewives. Thirty-four (46.6%) had subjective estimated family monthly income below NGN 50,000 (low economic status). Participants’ average monthly income reduced drastically after hospitalization. Their average family monthly income was NGN110,439 (USD307), while their average total expenses incurred during hospitalization was NGN691,093 (USD1,920). Almost all (93.2%) had at least one surgical intervention during management. Their average length of hospital stay was 35.4 days; eleven consequently lost their job. Many had moderate to severe economic burden of treatment; only eleven could bear all the treatment expenses independently. Women in the low economic class were more inclined to extreme anxiety/depression (p = .001) and pain/discomfort (p = .002) dimensions of HRQOL. Low and middle-class women had poorer health state on the EQ VAS scale than the high class.

Conclusion

Burns places high level of economic burden on women and unfortunately, Nigerian government’s commitment to healthcare of burns patients is low. The long course of hospitalization and economic depletion impact negatively on the women’s HRQOL. Based on these findings, we recommend that government parastatals create special trust fund for burns treatment and the National Health Insurance Scheme be restructured for more accessibility.

Preventive Medicine

Internal Medicine

Burns

Economic Burden

Economic Status

Health Expenditure

Hospitalization

Quality of Life

Burn injury is a major public health concern. It is characterized as skin and/or other organic tissue injury caused primarily by extreme heat. Burn injury is ranked fourth in common traumatic conditions after traffic accident, falls and interpersonal violence [1]. Fire-related burn injuries in low- and middle-income countries constitute 95% out of the estimated 180,000 global annual deaths [2]. Non-fatal burns have been noted to be leading cause of morbidity, prolonged hospitalization and disability [2], which may affect one’s health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Health-related quality of life represents a self-report of one’s perceived feeling of satisfaction with life, comfort and ability to realize one’s life potentials. In this study, HRQOL is based on scores obtained on the European quality of life – five dimensions three levels instrument (EuroQol-5D-3L). HrQoL is closely linked with responsibilities of an individual.

Cases of burn injury are frequently recorded in Nigeria hospital. Although few literatures have evaluated the impact and cost of managing burns in Nigeria [3, 4], there is still dearth of literature on economic burden of burns and its association with HRQOL of burns, especially female patients in this part of the world where women are exposed to a lot of socio-economic challenges [5, 6]. Enyioha [7] noted fast changing economic roles of African women as the world turns into a global village. These responsibilities translate to the amount of burden or difficulty the woman experiences. Economic hardship in women is directly proportional to their health trajectories [8]. Older women with lower socio-economic status and higher family/career responsibilities have lower HRQOL [9]. Similarly, homemakers who are often financially dependent experience more economic hardship than the career women that are relatively less financially dependent [10].

The economic drain on the patient’s purse due to burns treatment is huge especially in developing countries, with a mean hospital cost of about USD2,766 (NGN1,002,675) and a range from USD143 to USD33,566 (NGN51,480 – NGN12,083,760) [11, 12, 13]. Studies in Nigeria have shown that the average length of hospital stay (LHS) for burn management was 19 days, the average daily cost of treatment per patient was USD47.74 [14] and the total cost of management was USD7,123.28 per patient [5]. However, Nigeria’s average daily income per person is less than USD1 [15] and health insurance scheme is almost non-existent [16, 17, 18]. This high cost of care has been attributed to series of surgeries and long hospitalization with accompanying huge out-of-pocket expenditures [4, 19, 20, 21].

The thrust of the study was to: determine the weight of cost of hospitalization on patients’ economic life; assess the sources of fund for medical and non-medical expenses available to the women; and, determine the women’s HRQOL based on the economic burden of burns management. It was hypothesized in this study that: there is no significant association between the women’s economic status and economic burden of burns; there is no significant association between the women’s economic status and their HRQOL; there is no significant relationship between the women’s HRQOL and their socio-demographic characteristics of age, parity, marital status, income and occupation. This study will contribute to literature pools for economic evaluation of burns treatment and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) related to burns.

This was a three-month cross-sectional descriptive study of seventy-three (73) adult female patients admitted in hospitals, treated of burns and were discharged between 1st September and 30th November, 2018. Cross-sectional descriptive study had been used successfully in similar studies [9, 22, 23]. The study was carried out in four teaching hospitals in southeast Nigeria. Inclusion criteria were: women ≥ 25 years, treated of mixed or full thickness accidental burns (≥ 30% total surface burn area according to the Rule of Nines for estimating burn percentage in adults), who were mentally stable and gave voluntary consent to participate.

A total of 89 women with burn injury were on admission in the four hospital at the time of study. A sample size of 80 women was estimated using power analysis. With the Creative Research Systems survey software’s sample size calculator formula: ss = (Z²*(p)*(1-p))/C²; where: Z = 1.96, p = proportion of target population (women ≥ 25 years old, estimated to have > 30% total surface burn area) (expressed as 0.5), C = Confidence Interval (.04 ± 4) [24], a sample of 72 was initially estimated. Applying the adjusted sample size formula for anticipated 10% attrition rate: x = ss/1-f (where x is adjusted sample size; ss is original sample size; and, f is estimated non-response rate) [25], this initial sample size estimate was adjusted from 72 to 80 representing about 89.9% of the population.

Instrument for data collection

Participants’ case notes and interview-administered questionnaire developed in three parts were used. Part A collected eleven data on socio-demographic profile of participants and their clinical parameters namely: phone number, residential address, age, marital status, parity, education, occupation, estimated family monthly income (FMI), pre-hospital treatment, number of surgeries done and other co-morbidities. Part B was economic burden of burns questionnaire (EBB-Q) adapted from Deshpande, Puri, Vora, Shende and Choudhary [26] with eleven items. To determine the existence of economic gradient in HRQOL of women who had burns, participants were assigned social status based on their estimated FMI. Thus, women with estimated FMI less than NGN50,000 (< USD139) were classified as low economic status (LES), NGN50,000 – NGN300,000 (USD139 to USD834)/month – middle economic status (MES), and more than NGN 300,000 (> USD834)/month – high economic status (HES). Part C was EuroQol Five-Dimensions-Three-Level (EQ-5D-3L) Health Questionnaire for face-to-face and telephone methods. English version of the EQ-5D-3L for Nigeria was obtained from the Euroqol Foundation through formal email. The EQ-5D-3L is a generic, preference-based measure of health with five dimensions, namely: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression; and three levels of health state coded 1–3. Where: 1 = no problem, 2 = Moderate problem and 3 = extreme problem. It also contains a visual analogue scale (EQ VAS) that requires the respondent to indicate the point on the scale where she would put her ‘own health state today’ ranging from ‘0’ (the worst health she can imagine) to ‘100’ (the best health she can imagine).

Validity of the EQ-5D-3L in burns patients was established by Oster, Willebrand, Dyster-Aas, Kildal and Ekselius [27]. The Head of Department of Health Administration and Management, University of Nigeria, Nsukka did face validity of the EBB-Q and the socio-demographic profiles /clinical parameters. Also, a professor in Medical-Surgical Nursing in the Department of Nursing Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka and a plastic surgeon from Burns and Plastic Unit of the National Orthopaedic Hospital, Enugu were presented with the instrument and requested to help in determining its content validity. All necessary corrections were subsequently effected. For reliability of the instruments, copies were administered to eight newly discharged burns patients at the Burns and Plastic female ward of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla between 4th and 11th of August, 2018 after due consent. Applying split-half method, the scores were computed using Cronbach Alpha reliability test. Reliability coefficient (r) of .88 for Part A, .79 for Part B, and 0.93 for Part C were considered satisfactory.

As some of the participants might not communicate effectively in English Language, an Ibo linguist was requested to translate the instrument to the local dialect (Ibo); another linguist was asked to translate the Ibo version to English Language without recourse to the original instrument. The translated English Language version was correlated with the original and discrepancies resolved in the local dialect version before use on the participants.

Ethical consideration

Ethical approval to conduct the study was obtained from the Health Research Ethics Committee of the National Orthopaedic Hospital, Enugu (IRB/HEC Number: RET/313/111/ 988). In addition, administrative permit was sought from Heads of Nursing Services and Ward Heads of female burns and plastic wards of the respective hospitals. Written informed consent was obtained from participants before enrolment. Purpose of the study and role of participants were fully explained to the prospective participants prior to the consent. They were also assured of anonymity and confidentiality in data collection and use. Only women who gave consent were enrolled into the study.

Procedure for data collection

With the assistance of clinicians in the female burns and plastic wards of the hospitals, researcher approached prospective participants already on admission. Purpose of the study and role of participants were explained to them while they were assured of confidentiality of information and non-maleficence. They were informed that researcher would visit them at their home two to three days after discharge from hospital for data collection. Cell phone numbers were exchanged with consenting patients to enhance communication. Data were collected at two points in time as follows:

Point 1, participant’s socio-demographic and disease history were elicited from their case notes at the time of discharge. Participants were identified using serial numbers assigned to their hospital file numbers and cell phone numbers (where available) for confidentiality. Thereafter, participants were asked to indicate if they would prefer to be visited physically at home or to have telephone call interview for data collection after discharge home.

Point 2: Interviewer contacted participants between the 2nd and 3rd day after returning home for face-to-face or telephone call interview as pre-arranged. Only six opted for telephone calls. Member of the team visited the remaining seventy-two at their homes. For face-to-face method, interviewer established rapport, arranged for comfortable seats for the two, placed a copy of the questionnaire in front of him/her and gave a second copy to the participant for reference (where necessary). The interviewer read out contents of the questionnaire to the respondent item by item, using the preferred language version (English or Ibo) and entered participant’s answers directly into the questionnaire. They were asked questions about their ‘own health state today’ and requested to rate their health on a measuring scale, emphasizing honesty. To avoid bias, a question was only repeated word for word when participant asked for clarification. Interviewer’s personal explanations were avoided; instead, participant was asked to use her own interpretation and answer in a way that most closely resembled her thoughts about her ‘health state today’. The interview took 15–30 minutes to complete. Seventy-eight (78) patients entered the study initially while seventy-three (73) were successfully interviewed representing 93.6% of the population. The remaining five declined participation when contacted for detailed data collection. Data collection lasted for twelve weeks and five days.

Data were analysed descriptively using frequencies, percentages, mean and standard deviation, and presented using contingency tables. Chi square test was used to determine the relationship between the participants’ demographic characteristics and their economic status. Data collected on the estimated FMI and expenses due to burns and treatment were used to describe the weight of the cost of hospitalization on the women’s economic life. To determine the economic burden of the burns, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on the subjective degree of worsening of economic status due to burns and hospitalisation. Level of health state of participants was established by determining the Mean ± SD of the utility scores on the scales. At three-points scale, any mean ≥ 2 was considered a high level of problem and poor HRQOL. ANOVA was used to analyse the scores on the EQ VAS Scale of ‘health state today’ of the women and association with their economic status; and Tukey HSD applied for Post Hoc test of homogeneity of the scores where they existed. All statistical analyses were performed using the statistical package for social sciences version 23.0 computer software programme (SPSS inc., IL: Chicago, USA) at 95% confidence interval.

Seventy-three (73) post burns patients finally entered the study.

Table 1 showed that 34 (46.6%) out of the 73 women that entered the study had subjective estimated FMI below NGN50,000 (LES). Twenty-three (31.5%) were of MES and 12 (16.4%) were classified as HES. However, 4 (5.5%) could not estimate their FMI. A little above half of women aged 34-45 years 18(52.9%) were from low income earning families. majority 45 (61.6%) were married, seventeen of whom constituted 73.9% of the MES, while seven were 58.3% of the high-income earners. Half of the participants 37 (50.7%) were para 1-2, more than half of whom (20) had LES. As many as 46 (63.0%) were traders only four of whom were high-income earners. Ten (13.7%) were homemakers only one of whom was of the HES. Three homemakers could not estimate their FMI. Majority had low educational attainment - only 9(12.3%) attained higher education. Economic status appeared to be directly proportional to the women’s educational attainment as no participant with higher education had income below NGN50,000; four had LES; while the remaining higher number (5) earned above NGN300,000. Eighteen (24.7%) had no formal education. Result of chi square test showed significant relationship for age (x² = 17.019; p = .009), occupation (x² = 26.571; p = .002) and education (x² = 33.504; p = .000) and participants’ economic status.

Eight (11.0%) participants had received treatment elsewhere before reporting to the current hospital. Seven had one or more diagnosed co-morbidities of hypertension, diabetes mellitus and/or asthma. Significant post burn complications noted were unhealed wound/grafting 33 (45.2%) and contracture 21 (28.8%). More than half 39 (53.4%) had two or more surgical interventions during management; only 5 (6.8%) did not undergo surgery (Table 2).

As shown in Table 3, the women had an average subjective monthly income of NGN48,388 (USD134) prior to admission which reduced drastically to NGN23,750 (USD66) after hospitalization. With the support of participants’ spouse and/or other family member(s) their average FMI before the burns was NGN110,439 (USD307) which marginally dropped to average of NGN83,362 (USD234) at the end of hospitalization. The subjective average expenditure per day was NGN11,542 (USD32). With 35.4 days average LHS, the average total expenses incurred during hospitalization based on hospital bill at discharge and other estimated non-medical expenses related to hospitalization was NGN691,093 (USD1,920).

Eleven women and two caregivers respectively lost their job as a result of hospitalization. Out of these, seven were self-employed while four were traders.

As indicated in Figure II, only 11 participants could bear all expenses involved in their care at family levels, whereas 40 (54.8%) were assisted by relations and friends. As many as 46 (63.0%) sought loans from other sources for their treatment expenses. Sale of asserts was an option for 26 (35.6%) participants. Only 4 (5.5%) accessed the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) for part payment of their cost of hospitalization, 2 (2.7%) by their institution while none got assistance from the government. Not all values were exclusive as some participants had more than one option for sourcing fund.

Half of the participants 37 (50.7%) had their economy moderately worsened following hospitalisation, while 23 (31.5%) had severe degree of worsening. Only 4 (5.5) had their economic status not affected. However, analysis of variance of the scores showed no significant difference in the degree of economic worsening the women had post hospitalization based on their economic status (F = 1.101; p = 0.355).

Data from the seven (7) participants with clinically diagnosed co-morbidities (three participants had combine co-morbidities) were deliberately excluded before analysis to eliminate the possible confounding effect of these co-morbidities on their HRQOL scores; hence, data from 66 participants were analysed. Table 5 showed that anxiety/depression was the greatest problem reported by the women irrespective of age, marital status and parity (Mean > 2.00). Similarly, the women reported high problems with self-care regardless of their parity, SES and education. Women with no formal education had the highest problems (Mean±SD = 3.07±.594). The least of their problems were mobility as most of the mean values were < 2.00; followed by usual activities and pain/discomfort.

Cross tabulation of scores on the EQ-5D-3L dimensions and the women’s economic status showed that 32 (48.5%) had no problem in walking about while 11 (16.7%) were still confined to bed. Similarly, as much as 27 (40.9%) were unable to wash self or dress self, more than half 16 (59.3%) of which were of low SES. Thirty-one (47.0%) had no problems with performing usual activities; 19 (28.8%) had some problems with performing their usual activities, while 16 (24.2%) were unable to perform usual activities. As many as 28 (42.4%) reported extreme pain or discomfort, 16 (57.1%) of whom were of poor socio-economic class. As many as 22 (33.3%) reported extreme anxiety or depression, 29 (43.9%) were moderately anxious or depressed. Chi square test of the responses showed significant difference in the women’s SES and their pain/discomfort (p = .002) and anxiety/depression (p = .001) dimensions of HRQOL.

Twenty (40.9%) of the participants indicated a health state of 26 – 50; only 8 (12.1%) had 75 – 100 health state while 2 (3.0%) could not determine their health state (missing). The mean health state for the women was 59. There was significant difference in the health state of the women based on their occupation, education and SES (p < .05). However, self-employed women had higher scores on anxiety/depression than the civil servants but not the traders and homemakers. Low and middle-class women had poorer health state on the EQ VAS scale than the high class. Women with no formal education had higher scores on anxiety/depression than others; while, women who attained primary and secondary education had higher anxiety/depression than those who had higher education.

Post Hoc test of homogeneity of the significant results of EQ VAS Scale on occupation and education shows that civil servants have significantly better health state than the traders and homemakers, but not the self-employed. Scores on the EQ VAS of women with secondary education varied significantly from those with primary and no formal education but not with those who attained higher education. Women with primary education had significantly higher EQ VAS than those with no formal education, but not with those who attained secondary and higher education. Although there was no difference among the homogeneous subsets for socio-economic groups (p = .068), the health state appeared better as the SES increased (Table 8).

Result of this study showed that although it was done in an urban setting, most of the participants were young, fairly educated, married women of low means, mainly traders or homemakers. Many of them had moderate to severe burden of treatment because of the high cost of treatment. Result indicated that as many as thirty-three were discharged home with open wounds and/or grafting possibly to avoid further accumulation of hospital bill. This finding directly reflects the low economic capacity of most of the women and the fact that most expenditure are out-of-pocket as they reported. Almost all the participants (68) had at least one surgical intervention during their burns management, meaning that burns patients will often need huge amount of money for operation and drugs deposits. In addition, they will require fund to procure the expensive modern dressing applications (like the Epigraft, Ex salt T7 and Therabond applications), high protein diet peculiar to burns treatment as well as pay for orthodox dressing change. If patient fails to pay for drugs, then drugs supply by the Pharmacy Department may be withdrawn. Unfortunately, antibiotics used in burns treatment are usually costly (like the injection Meronem that sells between N6,000.00 to N8,000.00 per vial) and procuring such may be challenging to the patient, resulting to more burden.

According to results of this study, a client spends as high as NGN691,093 (USD1,920) on the average on drugs, surgery, investigations, nursing care, bed space and other non-medical expenses (like feeding, transportation and procurement of toiletries). This is similar to $2,766 reported by Latifi et al [13], but far below $7,123.28 estimated by Okafor et al [4]. Meanwhile, the average LHS was 35.4 days – against the 19 days average found by Okafor et al [4]; and FMI before the burns was just about 11.1% of the hospital expenses. Unfortunately, only 5.5% accessed the services of the NHIS. The near non-existed NHIS as already demonstrated [16, 17, 18] is thus supported by findings of this study. Poor health financing has pitiable implications for achievement of goals of universal health coverage in Nigeria.

The estimated family income can only yield about 20.89% of the average total expenses incurred during hospitalization, all things being equal; meaning that the remaining 79.11% must be sourced elsewhere. Our study showed that there was worsening of economy for most of the women following hospitalization irrespective of their economic status, and that up to eleven women, mostly traders and self-employed women, lost their job due to hospitalization. Since many of the participants were women of low means, they were most likely to be sole traders operating easy and inexpensive business with unstable customers and finance. The reported drop in estimated subjective monthly income supports the fact that even the usual meagre income will stop flowing in when the woman is hospitalised. Consequently, many would secure loans from friends, money lenders, bank, cooperative society, and the likes (with interest in some situations) and/or mortgage/sell assets such as lands, automobile, power generating set, television, jewelleries and clothes to raise fund for offsetting the huge hospital bills. Borrowing, selling personal assets and sometimes, loss of job are catastrophic results of the injury. Resultant stress and financial hardship/burden for the women and their family will deepen the pre-existing low economic standard.

Further, the women’s EQ VAS and anxiety/depression scores differed significantly based on their occupation. Civil servants’ highest scores on the EQ VAS imply a better quality of life among them. Conversely, the highest anxiety/depression scores for the self-employed women mean poorer HRQOL. Civil servants work in domesticated organisations – they have little or no worry concerning the impact of hospitalization on their job because their job is secured. Self-employed women and traders, on the other hand, operate as ‘wild’ organisations because they always have to struggle for their own survival. Based on this, civil servants are more likely to have more positive assessment of their health state at any time than the self-employed and traders.

The women’s anxiety/depression dimension and EQ VAS varied based on their economic status. Although there was no significant difference in other EQ-5D-3L dimensions, women in the LES appeared to be more inclined to extreme anxiety or depression than the middle and high economic class. Tucker et al [8] earlier reported this downward health trajectory for women with high economic hardship. With insufficient fund, making required deposits for treatments and surgeries, paying for expensive drugs, dressing packs and other medical and non-medical needs will become difficult.

It is understandable that a good number of the women reported ‘extreme pain or discomfort’ or ‘confinement to bed after long stay in hospital’ or inability to perform usual activities independently because burns is ordinarily characterised with pain. Some women may have requested for ‘pre-mature’ discharge (even with open wound and partially healed grafting) to reduce further accumulation of hospital bill. Patients are not supposed to be discharged until they are fully recovered and capable of performing most activities of daily living unassisted. Sick patients in hospital have their sick role; the health conditions are continuously monitored while their skilled care providers institute necessary actions. When the individual is discharged home before full recovery, self-dependence and perhaps care by unskilled caregivers becomes the available option. This comes with its risk of wound breakdown, infection, pain and other complications, further worsening the already poor HRQOL and high economic burden of treatment.

There was significant difference between the women’s age and their mobility, self-care and usual activities. As earlier observed by Chinweuba et al [9], the older women had poorer mobility and less ability to perform usual activities than the younger women did. This is understandable because people are physically stronger, more active and better able to self-manage their problems at their youthful age and become weaker as they get old. Young women may also have less social responsibilities and fewer challenges with self-care. Increasing level of education tends to reduce the women’s anxiety levels and improve their score on EQ VAS probably because it (education) will enhance better understanding of one’s challenges, better-informed decision making and more focused health actions. Educated women will be better able to study and understand their problem and its management than their less educated counterparts.

Result showed significant difference in the women’s pain/discomfort dimension based on their parity. However, there was not any specific pattern in the differences. More studies may be required on this.

Burns place high level of economic burden to the women who are predominantly of LES. It also has enormous negative impact on their quality of life. Many of them do not recover fully before leaving the hospital. The women’s HRQOL is directly proportional to their economic status and degree of economic burden. The long course of treatment and economic depletion through the huge out-of-pocket expenditure impact negatively on their HRQOL. Pain/discomfort, ‘reduced mobility and activities’ and anxiety/depression are commonly affected dimensions of the women’s HRQOL following burns. The women’s level of education is directly proportional to their HRQOL. Nigerian government’s commitment to healthcare of burns patients is low or non-existent.

Based on the findings, we recommended that State and national governments create special trust fund for treatment, or at least subsidize treatment of burns particularly for indigent patients with severe burns, where free treatment is not possible. The NHIS needs to be made more accessible to all categories of the citizenry. We also recommend formation of non-profit burns foundations by non-governmental agencies with special endowment funds to assist financing of burns treatment. Finally, female education should be made free and compulsory in Nigeria with secondary school as the minimum.

ANOVA

Analysis of Variance

DALYS

Disability Adjusted Life Years

EBB-Q

Economic Burden of Burns Questionnaire

EQ VAS

Visual Analogue Scale

EQ-5D-3L

EuroQol Five-Dimensions-Three-Level

FMI

Family Monthly Income

HES

High Economic Status

HRQOL

Health-related Quality of Life

LES

Low Economic Status

LHS

Length of Hospital Stay

MES

Middle Economic Status

NGN

Nigeria Naira

NHIS

National Health Insurance Scheme

QALYs

Quality-Adjusted Life Years

USD

United States Dollar

WHO

World Health Organisation

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethical Review Committee of the National Orthopaedic Hospital, Enugu (IRB/HEC Number: RET/313/111/988).

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available because some parts of the data contain confidential personal information of respondents and their family, but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Funding

This study was not supported by any grant. The study design; data collection, analysis and interpretation of data; writing of the paper; and the decision to submit the paper for publication were, therefore, sole responsibility of the authors.

Authors' contributions

AUC conceived the paper, prepared the study protocol, designed the study, drafted the manuscript, and contributed to the statistical analysis and interpretation; ISC participated in project administration, data interpretation and critical revision of the manuscript; NEU contributed in drafting the manuscript and supervision of data analysis. KCW contributed in literature review, writing the manuscript and discussion; CSE assisted in interpretation of the data, contributed to the discussion and edited the manuscript; FCD participated in drafting the manuscript and the discussion. AIN participated in the acquisition of the data and contributed to supervision of data. All authors participated in data collection and critically reviewed the manuscript for important intellectual content and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgements

Not applicable

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Table 1: Participants’ socio-demographic characteristics and relationship with their economic Status n = 73

Personal characteristics				Economic Status			x²	p
Personal characteristics		Total 73(%)	Low (<NGN 50,000) 34(46.6)	Middle (NGN50,000-NGN300,00) 23(31.5)	High (>NGN 300,000) 12(16.4)	Don’t Know 4(5.5)	x²	p
Age (years)	25 - 34	28(38.4)	6(17.6)	12(52.2)	9(75.0)	1(25.0)	17.019	.009*
Age (years)	35-44	26(35.6)	18(52.9)	6(26.1)	1(8.3)	1(25.0)	17.019
	> 45	19(26.0)	10(29.5)	5(21.7)	2(16.7)	2(50.0)

Marital status	Married	45(61.6)	18(52.9)	17(73.9)	7(58.3)	3(75.0)	6.471	.373
Marital status	Single	18(24.7)	12(35.3)	4(17.4)	2(16.7)	-	6.471
	Widow	10(13.7)	4(11.8)	2(8.7)	3(25.0)	1(25.0)

Parity	Nulliparous	18(24.7)	7(20.6)	8(34.8)	2(16.7)	1(25.0)	8.163	.518
	Para 1 – 2	37(50.7)	20(58.8)	10(43.5)	6(50.0)	1(25.0)	8.163
	Para 3 – 4	8(11.0)	3(8.8)	3(13.0)	2(16.7)	-
	> 5	10(13.7)	4(11.8)	2(8.7)	2(16.7)	2(50.0)

Occupa-tion	Civil Servant	4(5.5)	-	2(8.7)	2(16.7)	-	26.571	.002*
	Self employed	13(17.8)	4(11.8)	4(17.4)	5(41.7)	-	26.571
	Trader	46(63.0)	25(73.5)	16(69.6)	4(33.3)	1(25.0)
	homemaker	10(13.7)	5(14.7)	1(4.3)	1(8.3)	3(75.0)

Education	No formal	18(24.7)	12(53.3)	4(17.4)	-	2(50.0)	33.504	.000*
	Primary	27(37.0)	19(55.9)	5(21.7)	2(16.7)	1(25.0)	33.504
	Secondary	19(26.0)	3(8.8)	10(43.5)	5(41.7)	1(25.0)
	Higher	9(12.3)	-	4(17.4)	5(41.7)	-

* = Significant

Table 2: Other clinical history of participants n = 73

Personal characteristics		Total	%
Any treatment for the burns prior to present hospitalization	Yes	8	11.0
	No	65	89.0

Other co-morbidities (single or in combination)	Hypertension	6	8.2
Other co-morbidities (single or in combination)	Diabetes mellitus	4	5.5
	Asthma	1	1.4
	Actual number of participants with co-morbidities	7	9.6

Post burns status	Infection	6	8.2
Post burns status	Contracture	21	28.8
	Itching at site of burn	14	19.2
	Unhealed wound/grafting	33	45.2
	Hypertrophic scar	5	6.8

Number of surgeries done	None	5	6.8
	1	29	39.7
	> 2	39	53.4

Table 3: Estimated monthly income and expenses due to hospitalization

		Self	Spouse/others in family	Total
Average income per month	Before injury	NGN48,388(USD134)	NGN62,051 (USD172)	NGN110,439 (USD307)
Average income per month	During admission	NGN23,750(USD66)	NGN59,612 (USD166)	NGN83,362 (USD234)

Average expenses (N)^†	Subjective average expenditure per day	-	-	NGN11,542 (USD32)
Average expenses (N)^†	Average medical expenses (A)	-	-	NGN549,142 (USD1,526)
	Average of other (non-medical) expenses (B)	-	-	NGN134,287 (USD373)
	Average total expenses (A+B)	-	-	NGN691,093 (USD1,920)

Average LHS		-	-	35.4 days

^† = Dollar equivalents are approximated to whole numbers (at NGN360/USD exchange rate)

Table 4: ANOVA of subjective degree of economic worsening due to hospitalisation n = 73

Degree of economic worsening	N	Economic Status				ANOVA Result
Degree of economic worsening	N	Low 34 (%)	Middle 24 (%)	High 10 %)	Don't know 5 (%)	Sum of Squares	df, F	Sig
Severe	23 (31.5)	15 (65.2)	5 (21.7)	1 (4.3)	2 (8.7)	2.801	3 1.101	0.355
Moderate	37 (50.7)	15 (40.5)	11 (29.70	8 (21.6)	3 (8.1)
A little	9 (12.3)	2 (22.2)	6 (66.7)	1 (11.1)	-
Not at all	4 (5.5)	2 (50.0)	2 (50.0)	-	-

Table 5: Mean(±SD) of scores on EQ-5D-3L dimensions of participants’ HRQOL based on their socio-demographic characteristics n = 66

		Mean±SD of the EQ-5D-3L dimensions
		Mobility	Self-care	Usual activities	Pain/ Discomfort	Anxiety/ depression
Age	25-34	1.13±.458	1.83±.887	1.44±.662	1.78±.671	2.09±.793
	35-44	1.79±.658	2.42±.654	1.92±.881	2.13±.741	2.46±.833
	>45	2.21±.713	2.21±.787	2.00±.817	2.16±.689	2.48±.841

Marital Status	Married	1.65±.77	2.18±.844	1.70±.823	2.10±.778	2.28±.784
Marital Status	Single	1.82±.728	2.29±.686	2.06±.827	1.88±.600	2.18±.809
	Widowed	1.56±.727	1.78±.833	1.56±.727	1.89±.601	2.89±.928

Parity	Nulliparous	1.44±.629	2.00±.817	1.63±.806	1.56±.512	2.06±.854
	1-2	1.84±.808	2.28±.813	1.91±.856	2.19±.738	2.44±.759
	3-4	1.71±.756	2.14±.690	1.86±.690	2.29±.488	2.29±.488
	>5	1.55±.688	2.00±.894	1.55±.820	2.00±.775	2.46±1.128

Socio-economic status	Low	1.67±.736	2.30±.770	1.97±.810	2.30±.586	2.64±.699
	Middle	1.65±.745	2.00±.858	1.60±.883	1.70±.657	1.95±.686
	High	1.67±.866	2.00±.866	1.33±.500	1.56±.882	1.67±.707
	Don’t know	2.00±.817	2.00±.817	2.00±.817	2.25±.500	3.25±.957

Occupation	Civil Servant	2.00±.817	2.50±1.000	1.00±.000	1.25±.500	1.50±.577
	Self employed	1.58±.793	2.42±.669	1.83±.835	1.58±.669	1.75±.622
	Trader	1.63±.733	2.02±.821	1.83±.834	2.15±.691	2.51±.810
	Housewife	1.89±.782	2.22±.833	1.78±.833	2.33±.500	2.67±.707

Education	No formal	1.60±.737	2.07±.799	2.00±.845	2.47±.516	3.07±.594
	Primary	1.70±.669	2.26±.712	1.85±.770	2.15±.602	2.44±.641
	Secondary	1.77±.832	2.00±.913	1.77±.927	2.00±.707	2.15±.689
	Higher	1.64±.924	2.18±.982	1.27±.647	1.09±.302	1.27±.467

Table 6: Cross tabulation of scores on the EQ-5D-3L dimensions according to economic status n = 66

Dimension			Economic Status
Dimension		Total 66 (%)	Low 33	Middle 20	High 9	Don’t know 4	P
Mobility	No problems in walking about	32 (48.5)	16 (50.0)	10 (31.3)	5 (15.6)	1 (3.1)	.948
	Some problems in walking about	23 (34.8)	12 (52.2)	7 (30.4)	2 (8.7)	2 (8.7)
	Confined to bed	11 (16.7)	5 (45.5)	3 (27.3)	2 (18.2)	1 (9.1)

Self-care	No problems with self-care	17 (25.8)	6 (35.3)	7 (41.2)	3 (17.6)	1 (5.9)	.808
	Some problems washing self or dressing self	22 (33.3)	11 (50.0)	6 (27.3)	3 (13.6)	2 (9.1)
	Unable to wash self or dress self	27(40.9)	16(59.3)	7 (25.9)	3 (11.1)	1 (3.7)

Usual activities	No problems with performing usual activities	31(47.0)	11 (35.5)	13 (41.9)	6 (19.4)	1 (3.2)	.111
Usual activities	Some problems with performing usual activities	19(28.8)	12(63.2)	2 (10.5)	3 (15.8)	2 (10.5)
	Unable to perform usual activities	16(24.2)	10 (62.5)	5 (31.3)	-	1 (6.2)

Pain/discomfort	No pain or discomfort	16 (24.2)	7 (43.8)	5 (31.2)	2 (12.5)	2 (12.5)	.002*
Pain/discomfort	Moderate pain or discomfort	22 (33.3)	10 (45.5)	6 (27.3)	4 (18.2)	2 (9.1)
	Extreme pain or discomfort	28(42.4)	16(57.1)	9 (32.1)	3 (10.7)	-

Anxiety/ depression	Not anxious or depressed	10 (15.2)	1 (10.0)	5 (50.0)	4 (40.0)	-	.001*
	Moderately anxious or depressed	29(43.9)	13 (44.8)	11 (37.9)	4 (13.8)	1 (3.5)
	Extremely anxious or depressed	22(33.3)	16 (72.7)	4 (18.2)	1 (4.5)	1 (4.5)
	Missing	5 (7.66)	3 (60.0)	-	-	2 (40.0)

* = Significant

Table 7: ANOVA of scores on the EQ VAS Scale of ‘health state today’ (Task) according to the sociodemographic variables n = 66

Sociodemographic			EQ VAS Scale					ANOVA
Sociodemographic		Total66 *(%)*	0 – 25 10 (15.2)	26 – 50 27 (40.9)	51 – 75 19 (28.8)	76 – 100 8 *(12.1)*	Missing 2 *(3.0)*	Mean square, F	Sig
Age	25-34	23 (34.8)	3 (4.5)	9 (13.6)	7 (10.6)	3 (4.5)	1 (1.5)	.204, .201	.819
	35-44	24 (36.4)	3 (4.5)	12 (18.2)	5 (7.6)	3 (4.5)	1 (1.5)
	>45	19 (28.8)	4 (6.1)	6 (9.1)	7 (10.6)	2 (3.0)	-

Marital status	Married	40 (60.6)	9 (13.6)	14 (21.2)	12 (18.2)	4 (6.1)	1 (1.5)	1.029, 1.039	.360
	Single (never married or divorced)	17 (25.8)	1 (1.5)	7 (10.6)	5 (7.6)	3 (4.5)	1 (1.5)
	Widowed	9 (13.6)	-	6 (9.1)	2 (3.0)	1 (1.5)	-

Parity	Nulliparous	16(24.2)	1 (1.5)	9 (13.6)	5 (7.6)	1 (1.5)	-	.306, .299	.826
	1-2	32(48.5)	7 (10.6)	10 (15.2)	10 (15.2)	4 (6.1)	1 (1.5)
	3-4	7 (10.6)	1 (1.5)	3 (4.5)	2 (3.0)	1 (1.5)	-
	>5	11(16.7)	1 (1.5)	5 (7.6)	2 (3.0)	2 (3.0)	1 (1.5)

Occup-ation	Civil Servant	4 (6.1)	-	-	1 (1.5)	3 (4.5)	-	4.731, 5.838	.001*
	Self employed	12(18.2)	-	2 (3.0)	7 (10.6)	3 (4.5)	-
	Trader	41(62.1)	8 (12.1)	20 (30.3)	10 (15.2)	2 (3.0)	1 (1.5)
	Housewife	9 (13.6)	2 (3.0)	5 (7.6)	1 (1.5)	-	1 (1.5)

Highest education	No formal	15(22.7)	5 (7.6)	7 (10.6)	2 (3.0)	-	1 (1.5)	4.910, 9.123	.001*
	Primary	27(40.9)	4 (6.1)	15 (22.7)	7 (10.6)	1 (1.5)	-
	Secondary	13(19.7)	-	3 (4.5)	8 (12.1)	1 (1.5)	1 (1.5)
	Higher	11 (16.7)	1 (1.5)	2 (3.0)	2 (3.0)	6 (9.1)	-

Economic status	Low	33 (50.0)	7 (21.2)	18 (54.5)	6 (18.2)	1 (3.0)	1 (3.0)	3.523, 4.055	.011*
	Middle	20 (30.3)	2 (10.0)	6 (30.0)	10 (50.0)	2 (10.0)	-
	High	9 (13.6)	1 (11.1)	1 (11.1)	2 (22.2)	5 (55.6)	-
	Don’t know	4 (6.1)	-	2 (50.0)	1 (25.0)	-	1 (25.0)

Note: Mean of participants’ health state on the EQ VAS = 59

* Significance; ** Chi square p value

Table 8: Tukey HSD Post-Hoc Test of homogeneity of the socio-demographics on the EQ VAS Scale

Demographics		Subset for alpha on the EQ VAS Scale = 0.05
Demographics		1	2	3

Occupation	Civil Servant		3.750	-
	Self employed	3.083	3.083	-
	Trader	2.220		-
	Homemaker	2.222		-
	Sig	.206	.426	-

Education	No formal	2.000
	Primary	2.185	2.185
	Secondary		3.000	3.000
	Higher			3.182
	Sig	.943	.075	.846

Socio-economic status	Low SES	2.121	-	-
Socio-economic status	Middle SES	2.600	-	-
	High SES	3.222	-	-
	Don't know	3.000	-	-
		. 068	-	-

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Economic Burden of Moderate to Severe Burns and its Association with Health-related Quality of Life of Nigerian Women

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