Fatty Acyls | | | | |
| Isobutyrylcarnitine | Serum/Plasma | Decrease | Significant decrease in sTBI patients compared to healthy volunteers, orthopedic patients and mTBI | Jeter (2013) |
| Isoleucine | Serum/Plasma | Decrease | Significant decrease in sTBI patients compared to healthy volunteers, orthopedic patients and mTBI | Jeter (2013) |
| Propionylcarnitine | Serum/Plasma | Decrease | Decent reduction in sTBI patients compared to healthy volunteers | Jeter (2013) |
| Succinylcarnitine | Serum/Plasma | Decrease | Only differed by a decrease in sTBI patients compared to orthopedic injury patients | Jeter (2013) |
| Hydroxyisovaleryl carnitine | Serum/Plasma | Decrease | Found decreased exclusively in sTBI patients compared to healthy volunteers | Jeter (2013) |
| Octanoic acid | Serum/Microdialysate | Increase | Found upregulated in sTBI patients and remained high in most patients | Oresic (2016) |
| Decanoic acid | Serum/Microdialysate | Increase | Found upregulated in sTBI patients and remained high in most patients | Oresic (2016) |
| Octanoic acid | Serum/Plasma | Increase | As TBI severity increased, octanoic acid increased | Thomas (2022) |
| Decanoic acid | Serum/Plasma | Increase | As TBI severity increased, decanoic acid increased | Thomas (2022) |
| 2-methylbutyrylcarnitine | Serum/Plasma | Decrease | Significant decrease in sTBI patients compared to healthy volunteers and mTBI | Jeter (2013) |
| Isovalerylcarnitine | Serum/Plasma | Decrease | Significant decrease in sTBI patients compared to healthy volunteers, orthopedic controls and mTBI | Jeter (2013) |
Keto Acids and derivatives | | | | |
| α-ketobutyrate | Serum/Plasma | Increase | Found significantly increased in plasma of sTBI patients | Dash (2016) |
| Methylglutarylcarnitine | Serum/Plasma | Increase | Plasma levels found significantly increased in sTBI patients compared to healthy volunteers, orthopedic controls and mTBI | Jeter (2013) |
| 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate | Serum/Plasma | Decrease | Decreased in sTBI patients compared to healthy volunteers | Jeter (2013) |
| 3-methyl-2-oxovalerate | Serum/Plasma | Decrease | Significant decrease in sTBI patients compared to healthy volunteers, orthopedic patients and mTBI | Jeter (2013) |
Carboxylic Acids and derivatives | | | | |
| Methionine | Serum/Plasma | Decrease | Significant reduction in plasma relative to healthy volunteers | Dash (2016) |
| Betaine | Serum/Plasma | Decrease | Significantly reduced compared to mTBI group and healthy volunteers | Dash (2016) |
| Dimethylglycine | Serum/Plasma | Decrease | Significant decrease in sTBI patients relative to healthy volunteers | Dash (2016) |
| Cysteine | Serum/Plasma | Decrease | Showed a significant reduction in sTBI patients | Dash (2016) |
| Glycine | Serum/Plasma | Decrease | Significantly reduced in sTBI and mTBI | Dash (2016) |
| Gamma-glutamylvaline | Serum/Plasma | Decrease | Relative levels were found significantly decreased in sTBI patients | Dash (2016) |
| Gamma-glutamylleucine | Serum/Plasma | Decrease | Relative levels were found significantly decreased in sTBI patients | Dash (2016) |
| Gamma-glutamylisoleucine | Serum/Plasma | Decrease | Relative levels were found significantly decreased in sTBI patients | Dash (2016) |
| Gamma-glutamyltyrosine | Serum/Plasma | Decrease | Relative levels were found significantly decreased in sTBI patients | Dash (2016) |
| Gamma-glutamylphenylalanine | Serum/Plasma | Decrease | Relative levels were found significantly decreased in sTBI patients | Dash (2016) |
| 5-oxoproline | Serum/Plasma | Decrease | Significantly reduced in sTBI patients compared to mTBI and healthy volunteers | Dash (2016) |
| 2-Aminobutyric acid | Serum/Plasma/Microdialysate | Decrease | Found lower concentrations in patients with detectable CT features following TBI | Dickens (2018) |
| Citrulline | Serum/Plasma | Decrease | Significantly reduced in plasma of sTBI patients | Jeter (2012) |
| Ornithine | Serum/Plasma | Decrease | Significant decrease in plasma of sTBI patients compared to healthy volunteers, orthopedic controls and mTBI patients | Jeter (2012) |
| Proline | Serum/Plasma | Decrease | Significantly reduced in plasma of sTBI patients compared to healthy volunteers, orthopedic controls and mTBI patients | Jeter (2012) |
| 4-Hydroxyproline | Serum/Plasma | Decrease | Significantly reduced in plasma of sTBI patients compared to healthy volunteers, orthopedic controls and mTBI patients | Jeter (2012) |
| Creatine | Serum/Plasma | Increase | Significantly increased in sTBI patients compared to healthy controls and orthopedic controls | Jeter (2012) |
| Valine | Serum/Plasma | Decrease | Significantly decreased during first week post sTBI compared to controls | Vuille-Dit-Bille (2011) |
| Valine | Serum/Plasma | Decrease | Reduction in valine levels detected in plasma of sTBI patients compared to all other groups | Jeter (2013) |
| Serine | Serum/Microdialysate | Decrease | Found downregulated in all TBI's, more strongly in sTBI | Oresic (2016) |
| Leucine | Serum/Plasma | Decrease | Significantly decreased during first week post sTBI compared to controls | Vuille-Dit-Bille (2011) |
| Isoleucine | Serum/Plasma | Decrease | Significantly decreased during first week post sTBI compared to controls | Vuille-Dit-Bille (2011) |
| Leucine | Serum/Plasma | Decrease | Decrease in patients with sTBI compared to healthy volunteers and mTBI patients | Jeter (2013) |
| Alanine | Serum/Microdialysate | Decrease | Found downregulated in all TBI's, more strongly in sTBI | Oresic (2016) |
| Glutamine | CSF | Increase | Statistical increasing trend in moTBI and sTBI patients compared to non-injured controls | Glenn (2013) |
| Creatinine | CSF | Decrease | Significantly decreased concentration of total creatinine in moTBI and sTBI patients | Glenn (2013) |
| Proline | Serum/Plasma | Decrease | ≤ 60% the conc. in arterial plasma and jugular blood compared to healthy controls (HC) | Wolahan (2019) |
| Hydroxyproline | Serum/Plasma | Decrease | ≤ 60% the conc. in jugular blood compared to HC | Wolahan (2019) |
| Serine | Serum/Plasma | Decrease | ≤ 60% the conc. in jugular blood compared to HC | Wolahan (2019) |
| Citrulline | Serum/Plasma | Decrease | ≤ 60% the conc. in jugular blood compared to HC | Wolahan (2019) |
| eNAA | Microdialysate | Decrease | Steep decline seen in 8 patients early on of extracellular NAA | Shannon (2016) |
| Phenylalanine | Serum/Plasma | Increase | Significantly increased during first posttraumatic week following TBI | Vuille-Dit-Bille (2011) |
| Methionine | Urine | Increase | Significant negative correlation (increase) to patients decreasing GCS scores | Bykowski (2021) |
| NAA | MR Imaging | Decrease | Decrease in patients with differing degrees of TBI including sTBI | Marino (2006) |
| L-arginine | Serum/Plasma | Decrease | Significant reduction compared to healthy volunteers, orthopedic injury patients and mTBI | Jeter (2012) |
| Serine | Serum/Plasma | Decrease | Found decreased in TBI patients overall | Thomas (2022) |
| Alanine | Serum/Plasma | Decrease | Found decreased in TBI patients overall | Thomas (2022) |
| Glutamate | CSF | Increase | Significantly increased compared to control and survival group | Stefani (2017) |
| Tyrosine | Serum/Plasma | Increase | Significantly increased for both posttraumatic weeks following TBI | Vuille-Dit-Bille (2011) |
| Asparagine | Serum/Plasma | Decrease | TBI blood was less than or equal to 60% the concentration in healthy controls in jugular blood | Wolahan (2019) |
| Threonine | Serum/Plasma | Decrease | Found decreased in TBI patients overall | Thomas (2022) |
Hydroxy acids and derivatives | | | | |
| 2-hydroxybutyrate | Serum/Plasma | Increase | Found significantly increased in sTBI | Dash (2016) |
| 2- hydroxybutyric acid | Serum/Microdialysate | Increase | Found upregulated in sTBI patients | Oresic (2016) |
| 3- hydroxybutyric acid | Serum/Microdialysate | Increase | Found upregulated in sTBI patients | Oresic (2016) |
| Lactate | CSF | Increase | Slight increase compared to non-injured controls in moTBI and sTBI patients | Glenn (2013) |
| Lactate | CSF | Increase | Significantly increased compared to control and survival group | Stefani (2017) |
| Lactate | MR Images | Increase | Diffusely high signal of lactate resonance intensity in patients with acute TBI | Marino (2006) |
Organooxygen compounds | | | | |
| Inositol | Serum/Plasma/Microdialysate | Increase | Found to increase in patients with a detectable pathology on a CT scan or the presence of a mass lesion | Dickens (2018) |
| (2,3-BPG) | Serum/Microdialia | Increase | Found upregulated in sTBI patients and a strong association with TBI severity, roughly a 100-fold upregulation compared to controls | Oresic (2016) |
| Propylene glycol | CSF | Increase | Significantly higher concentrations in moTBI and sTBI patients | Glenn (2013) |
| Gluconate | Serum/Plasma | Decrease | TBI blood was less than or equal to 60% the concentration in healthy controls in arterial plasma | Wolahan (2019) |
| Glucose-6-phosphate | Serum/Plasma | Decrease | Significant decrease in jugular venous blood from arterial levels | Wolahan (2019) |
| Glycerol | Microdialysis | Increase | Signifigant positive conc. correlations between eNAA and glycerol of 8 patients | Shannon (2016) |
| Ribonic acid | Serum/Plasma | Increase | Found to increase in patients with a detectable pathology on a CT scan or the presence of a mass lesion following TBI | Dickens (2018) |
| Kynurenine | CSF | Increase | Displayed median levels similar to control days 0–3 but at days 4 and 5 showed significant elevation over controls post sTBI | Yan (2015) |
| Myo-inositol | Serum/Plasma | Increase | Found elevated in TBI patients and proportional to differing severity | Thomas (2022) |
Organic Carbonic acids and derivatives | | | | |
| Urea | Serum/Plasma | Decrease | Significant decrease in plasma of sTBI patients compared to healthy volunteers, orthopedic controls and mTBI patients | Jeter (2012) |
Quinolines and derivatives | | | | |
| Kynurenic acid | CSF | Increase | Increased post sTBI compared to controls and reached a plateau after day 2 which lasted until day 5 | Yan (2015) |
Pyridines and derivatives | | | | |
| Niacinamide | Serum/Plasma | Decrease | TBI blood was less than or equal to 60% the concentration in healthy controls in jugular blood | Wolahan (2019) |
| Quinolinic acid | CSF | Increase | Concentration significantly increased between days 1 and 5 compared to controls | Yan (2015) |
Imidazopyrimidines | | | | |
| Xanthine | Serum/Plasma | Increase | Significant net cerebral release/increase in jugular venous blood | Wolahan (2019) |
| Xanthine | Urine | Increase | Increased levels following recovery | Bykowski (2021) |
| Hypoxanthine | Urine | Increase | Found increased following recovery | Bykowski (2021) |
Diazines | | | | |
| Thymine | Urine | Increase | Significant negative correlation (increase) to patients decreasing GCS scores | Bykowski (2021) |
Purine nucleosides | | | | |
| Adenosine | Urine | Increase | Found to be significantly upregulated over recovery | Bykowski (2021) |
| Inosine | Urine | Increase | Found upregulated in urine | Bykowski (2021) |
| Deoxyinosine | Urine | Increase | Found upregulated after recovery | Bykowski (2021) |
| Guanosine | Urine | Increase | Found upregulated in urine | Bykowski (2021) |
Indoles and derivatives | | | | |
| Indole-3-propionic acid | Serum/Microdialysis | Decrease | Found downregulated in all TBI's, more strongly in sTBI | Oresic (2016) |
| Tryptophan | CSF | Increase | Increased in CSF compared to controls between day 0 to 5 in sTBI however median concentartions did not change much | Yan (2015) |
| Tryptophan | Plasma/Serum | Decrease | Decreased post sTBI in serum from day 0 to 4 | Yan (2015) |
Organanonitrogen compounds | | | | |
| Choline | Serum/Plasma | Decrease | Significantly reduced compared to mTBI and healthy volunteers | Dash (2016) |
| Choline | Serum/Plasma | Increase | Net cerebral release/increase in jugular venous blood | Wolahan (2019) |
| Choline | MR Imaging | Increase | From patients with differing degrees of TBI including sTBI | Marino (2006) |
| Spermidine | Serum/Plasma | Decrease | Significantly lower levels post moTBI and sTBI | Huang (2020) |