The Effect of Fear of Missing Out on Mental Health: Differences in Different Solitude Behaviors

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2487048/v1

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The Effect of Fear of Missing Out on Mental Health: Differences in Different Solitude Behaviors

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2487048/v1

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published 01 May, 2023

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Background: Depression, anxiety, and stress are the main issues that affect the mental health of individuals. Solitude behavior, fear of missing out, and mental health are all closely related.

Objective: This study was intended to investigate the relationship between solitude behavior, FoMO, and mental health.

Methods: Short Form of Solitude Behavior Scale (SBS-S), Fear of Missing Out scale (FoMOs), and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) were employed in this study to investigate 616 college students. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0 for basic data organization, and Mplus 8.3 was used to complete the analysis of the mediation model.

Results: (1) Positive solitude positively predicted eccentricity and negatively predicted loneliness; social avoidance positively predicted eccentricity and loneliness. (2) Social avoidance and loneliness affected mental health through the mediating effect of FoMO, whereas positive solitude and eccentricitydid not affect mental health through FoMO. Moreover, the results still held in the model with depression, anxiety, and stress as dependent variables.

Conclusion:The roles of different solitude behavior in the relationship between FoMO and mental health differed. Social avoidance and loneliness as not self-determined solitude can activate the FoMO, which can affect mental health.

Fear of missing out

Mental health

Solitude behavior

Social avoidance

Loneliness

Anxiety, depression, stress, and other mental health issues have gradually become more prominent due to society's accelerated pace and fiercer competition in various fields. A survey showed that 14.97% of Chinese adults suffered the high-risk psychological disorders [1]. In recent years, mental health issues have caught much attention and become a long focus in psychological research. Poor mental health can cause a series of effects, such as physical health problems, interpersonal problems, cognitive states, and even extreme behaviors such as suicide [2–5]. Therefore, researchers have concentrated on figuring out the psychological mechanisms underlying mental health issues including depression, anxiety, and stress, as well as their causes. This has helped to advance the creation of effective therapeutic strategies.

A robust impact on mental health by fear of missing out (FoMO) was verified by many researchers recently [6, 7]. FoMO is a diffuse anxiety that occurs when individuals fear missing out on the positive experiences of others [8, 9]. Numerous research has discovered a connection between mental health and FoMO. For example, FoMO was positively correlated with depression and anxiety [6, 10] and significantly predicted stress [11]. Individuals with high levels of FoMO were more likely to suffer from alcohol abuse [12] and sleep disorders[13]. FoMO also decreased well-being [14] and life satisfaction [9]. Overall, existing research consistently shows that FoMO has a negative impact on mental health.

With the deepening of FoMO research, solitude behavior as a strong predictor of FoMO was discussed [15]. Chen et al. proposed that solitude behavior refers to a state in which individuals have no information and emotional communication with others when they are conscious [16]. Dhir et al. argued that individuals who miss out on fear always expect to be aware of the activities of others on a continuous basis [17]. It can be assumed that individuals in solitude are more likely to have a high FoMO. This has been confirmed by previous research, with Lai et al. finding that individuals with higher levels of loneliness had more severe FoMO on important information [18]. Bernard and Barry & Wong both found a significant relationship between loneliness and FoMO [13, 19]. Cheng also pointed out that loneliness had a direct positive predictive effect on the FoMO in an adolescent study [20]. Thus, this means that solitude behavior may activate the FoMO. Combined with the fact that FoMO negatively affects mental health, it is logical to assume that there may be a mediating mechanism from solitude behavior to FoMO and then to mental health.

Although existing studies have shown an association between solitude and FoMO, a review of existing research reveals that the increased FoMO in solitary individuals is primarily associated with increased feelings of loneliness. The motivation for solitude as an episodic behavior may vary widely. Nicol divided solitude behavior into self-determined solitude and non-self-determined solitude [21]. Chen et al. suggested that solitary behavior can include four types of behaviors resulting from different causes or motivations, namely positive solitude, eccentricity, social avoidance, and loneliness [16]. Positive solitude refers to the ability to enjoy independent activities. Eccentricity is a personality trait in which people feel comfortable being alone and usually fail to maintain good interpersonal relationships with others. Differing from positive solitude, eccentricity is sometimes accompanied by passive solitude. For social avoidance, interpersonal scenarios make individuals feel fearful and anxious, so they choose to avoid social situations to alleviate negative emotions. Loneliness is a subjective experience that arises when interpersonal needs cannot be met and often produces negative experiences when alone. Positive solitude and eccentricity are self-determined, whereas social avoidance and loneliness are non-self-determined. Lu et al. found that individuals can have four solitary behaviors at the same time, only the high and low levels of the four solitudes differ [22]. It was evident that solitary behaviors have complex motivational components, and the relationship between these complex components and fear of missing out and mental health remains unclear.

According to the Self-Determination Theory, the healthy development of individuals depended on the satisfaction of three basic needs: autonomy needs, competence needs, and relatedness needs. Among them, Relatedness needs refer to those needs that are satisfied by establishing social relationships with others [23]. FoMO occurred when an individual's interpersonal needs were not met [8, 24]. The study found that frequent use of social media kept people in a constant state of connectedness, which in turn increases the FoMO [24]. Milyavskaya et al. noted that FoMO that arises when individuals carried out activities with other people is lower than individuals interacted with their natural environment [11]. FoMO may increase if association with others cannot be maintained. Accordingly, this study hypothesized that individuals who exhibited solitude may have higher levels of FoMO when non-self-determined solitude is dominant, and conversely no association with FoMO when self-determined solitude was dominant.

In summary, this study intended to investigate three main questions: (1) how solitude behavior was related to f FoMO and mental health; (2) whether FoMO played a mediating role in the relationship between solitude behavior and mental health; and (3) whether there were differences in the effects of the four different types of solitude on mental health through FoMO.

2.1 Participants and Software

In this study, 616 questionnaires were administered to college students. The mean age of the study population was 19.82 years (SD = 2.23), with 114 males and 494 females, missing 8. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0 for basic data organization, and Mplus 8.3 was used to complete the analysis of the mediation model.

2.2 Measurement

The Short Form of Solitude Behavior Scale (SBS-S) was used to assess participants’ solitude behavior in a 16-item scale consisting of four dimensions: positive solitude, eccentricity, social avoidance, and loneliness [25]. Each dimension has 4 items and is rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 “strongly disagree” to 5 “strongly agree”). The Cronbach αs of the scale in this study was 0.81, and the Cronbach αs of each dimension ranged from 0.82 to 0.88.

The fear of Missing Out scale (FoMOs) was used to assess participants’ FoMO [9]. This is a 10-item scale containing only one dimension on a 5-point scale (1 “strongly disagree” to 5 “strongly agree”). The Cronbach α of the scale in this study was 0.79.

The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) was used to assess participants’ mental health in a 21-item scale consisting of three dimensions: depression, anxiety, and stress [26]. Each dimension has 7 items and is rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 “extremely unlikely” to 4 “always meet”). The Cronbach αs of the scale in this study was 0.93, and the Cronbach αs of each dimension ranged from 0.78 to 0.87.

3.1 Correlation Analysis Result among all Variable

In this study, the data were tested for common method variance using Harman's Single-Factor Test, and there were nine factors with an eigenvalue greater than 1, and the first factor only accounted for 26.07% (less than 40% of the total variation), so there was no significant CMV exists.

Table 1

Means, standard deviations, and correlations for the study variables
	\(\stackrel{-}{x}\)±s	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
1 Positive solitude	17.29 ± 2.64	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
2 Eccentricity	9.98 ± 3.73	0.20^***	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
3 Social avoidance	13.22 ± 4.17	0.06	0.33^***	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
4 Loneliness	11.05 ± 4.00	-0.21^***	0.03	0.45^***	-	-	-	-	-	-
5 Solitude behavior	51.58 ± 8.98	0.31^***	0.63^***	0.81^***	0.60^***	-	-	-	-	-
6 FoMO	30.14 ± 6.81	-0.06	0.07	0.38^***	0.57^***	0.43^***	-	-	-	-
7 Depression	11.78 ± 3.63	-0.09^*	0.30^***	0.35^***	0.45^***	0.45^***	0.41^***	-	-	-
8 Anxiety	11.89 ± 4.31	-0.05	0.31^***	0.43^***	0.45^***	0.51^***	0.44^***	0.77^***	-	-
9 Stress	10.36 ± 3.65	-0.09^*	0.37^***	0.36^***	0.41^***	0.47^***	0.34^***	0.71^***	0.82^***	-
10 Mental health	33.99 ± 10.58	-0.08	0.36^***	0.42^***	0.46^***	0.52^***	0.43^***	0.90^***	0.95^***	0.91^***

^* p < 0.05, ^** p < 0.01, ^*** p < 0.001.

According to the results generated from the correlation shown in Table 1. Positive relationships were found between FoMO and mental health, depression, anxiety, and stress. Similarly, FoMO was significantly and positively related to solitude behavior, social avoidance, and loneliness. In addition, the correlation between positive solitude and eccentricity (r = 0.20) was significant; the correlation between social avoidance and loneliness (r = 0.45) was significant.

3.2 The Role of Solitude Behavior in the Relationship between FoMO and Mental Health

The dashed line indicated that the path coefficient was not significant, and the solid line indicated that the path coefficient was significant

Based on the hypotheses of this study, we constructed mediation models using positive solitude, eccentricity, social avoidance, and loneliness as independent variables, FoMO as mediating variables, and mental health as the dependent variable, and the model results are shown in Fig. 1. Since the mediation models in this study were all saturated models, no further model fit indicators were reported. The results indicated that positive solitude negatively predicted mental health; while eccentricity, social avoidance, loneliness, and FoMO positively predicted mental health. In addition, social avoidance and loneliness were significant predictors of FoMO.

Table 2

Mediation Effect Test
Path	β	SE	Bootstrap 95% CI		Effect Size
Path	β	SE	Boot LLCI	Boot ULCI	Effect Size
Positive Solitude → FoMO → Mental Health	0.01	0.01	-0.01	0.02	-
Eccentricity → FoMO → Mental Health	0.00	0.01	-0.02	0.02	-
Social Avoidance → FoMO → Mental Health	0.03^**	0.01	0.01	0.05	19.23%
Loneliness → FoMO → Mental Health	0.10^***	0.02	0.06	0.15	28.10%

The Bootstrap method with 5000 samples was used to examine the mediation effects, and the results showed that the mediation effects of social avoidance and loneliness in predicting mental health through FoMO accounted for 19.23% and 28.10% of the total effect, respectively, and the 95% confidence interval for each mediating pathway did not contain 0. While positive solitude and eccentricity could not predict mental health through FoMO (see Table 2).

3.3 The Role of Solitude Behavior in the Relationship between FoMO and depression anxiety, and stress

The results of the above mediation model suggested that different solitude behaviors play different roles in the relationship between FoMO and mental health. To further understand the role of solitary behaviors and FoMO in different types of mental health problems, this study analyzed depression, anxiety, and stress as dependent variables, and the results of the model are shown in Fig. 2. The results showed that positive solitude negatively predicted depression and stress; social avoidance positively predicted anxiety and stress. and eccentricity, loneliness, and FoMO all positively predicted depression, anxiety, and stress. In addition, consistent with the results obtained previously, FoMO was positively associated with social avoidance and loneliness.

Table 3

Mediation Effect Test
Path	β	SE	Bootstrap 95% CI		Effect Size
Path	β	SE	Boot LLCI	Boot ULCI	Effect Size
Positive Solitude → FoMO → Depression	0.01	0.01	-0.01	0.02	-
Eccentricity → FoMO → Depression	0.00	0.01	-0.02	0.02	-
Social Avoidance → FoMO → Depression	0.03^**	0.01	0.01	0.06	30.93%
Loneliness →FoMO → Depression	0.10^***	0.03	0.06	0.16	27.01%
Positive Solitude → FoMO → Anxiety	0.01	0.01	-0.01	0.03	-
Eccentricity → FoMO → Anxiety	0.00	0.01	-0.02	0.02	-
Social Avoidance → FoMO → Anxiety	0.03^**	0.01	0.01	0.06	16.84%
Loneliness →FoMO → Anxiety	0.11^***	0.02	0.07	0.16	32.11%
Positive Solitude → FoMO → Stress	0.00	0.01	0.00	0.02	-
Eccentricity → FoMO → Stress	0.00	0.01	-0.01	0.01	-
Social Avoidance → FoMO → Stress	0.02^*	0.01	0.01	0.04	18.81%
Loneliness → FoMO → Stress	0.07^**	0.02	0.02	0.11	20.06%

The Bootstrap method with 5000 samples was used to examine the mediation effects, and the results showed that the mediation effects of social avoidance and loneliness in predicting depression through FoMO accounted for 30.93% and 27.01% of the total effect, in predicting anxiety through FoMO accounted for 16.84% and 32.11% of the total effect, in predicting stress through FoMO accounted for 18.81% and 20.06% of the total effect. The 95% confidence interval for each mediated pathway did not contain 0. And positive solitude and eccentricity did not predict depression, anxiety, and stress through FoMO (see Table 3).

The current study explored the relationship between solitary behavior, FoMO, and mental health. Revealing the mechanism of the role of FoMO under the influence of solitude behavior, which had important implications for the promotion of mental health.

Differences associations among four types of solitude behaviors was explored in this study. The results indicated that positive solitude was positively associated with eccentricity, and social avoidance was positively associated with loneliness. These results were consistent with previous research suggesting that positive solitude and eccentricity were self-determined solitude; social avoidance and loneliness were non-self-determined solitude[16]. Consistent with previous literature [27], our findings also observed eccentricity as a positive predictor of social avoidance. It may be that although eccentricity was a self-determining attribute, it was frequently one of the most prominent pre-morbid characteristics of schizophrenia, involving negative aspects [28]. Furthermore, the results showed that positive solitude is negatively associated with loneliness. The former satisfied higher psychological needs (e.g., self-improvement, meditation) and received positive emotional experiences in the solitary state; the latter was dissatisfied with the current stage of interpersonal relationships and desired to establish interpersonal relationships with others, which led to interpersonal needs, so it was logical to understand that the negative association between them [29, 30].

Noteworthily, the current study found that social avoidance and loneliness, non-self-determined solitude, predicted mental health through FoMO, which was consistent with hypothesis. While positive solitude and eccentricity, self-determined solitude, did not predict mental health through FoMO. Additionally, the results still held in the model with depression, anxiety, and stress as dependent variables. This observation hinted at an important point that social avoidance was essentially the fear of ridicule and embarrassment caused by making mistakes in interpersonal interactions [31]. To alleviate this negative emotion, individuals tended to avoid interacting with others. Loneliness was a negative experience that arose when individuals were alone and were dissatisfied with the quality or quantity of social relationships [32]. Whether social avoidance or loneliness was dominant when their relatedness needs were not met, individuals still tended to internally approach and integrated with people, which in turn triggered the FoMO and harmed people's mental health. Conversely, the need for relatedness was low when actively choosing to be alone and therefore did not lead to FoMO and accompanying mental health problems. Nguyen et al. found that self-determined solitude not only enhanced subjective well-being but also led to relaxation and stress relief [33]. Nelson also argued that while unsociable individuals showed greater levels of depression, relationships had fewer problems [34].

Although both social avoidance and loneliness predicted depression, anxiety, and stress through FoMO, some differences remained. And the results of the path showed that while social avoidance did not directly predict depression, it did directly predict stress and anxiety. Perhaps social avoidance is an avoidance type of anxiety that results from being nervous about social interaction [8]. Moreover, FoMO consistently plays a partial mediation role in the association of loneliness with depression, anxiety, and stress. There may be psychological mechanisms other than FoMO in predicting loneliness on mental health. For example, Domènech-Abella et al. noted that among those who felt lonely, individuals with depression had a smaller social network. Therefore, speculation on the relationship between the two needs to be further validated and explored in future studies [35].

There were some limitations in this study. Aside from the solitude behaviors themselves, the personality characteristics of the samples need to be taken into account when examining the link between solitude behaviors and FoMO [36, 37]. Additionally, this study is a cross-sectional study, and future studies may consider using longitudinal studies to further validate our findings. It also would be important for future investigations to examine whether the relationship between self-determined solitude and mental health is moderated by other psychological functioning.

The roles of solitude behaviors in the relationship between FoMO and mental health differed. Social avoidance and loneliness affected mental health through the FoMO, whereas positive solitude and eccentricity did not. This study provided opportunities for researchers to learn about the possible factors that trigger mental health problems and revealed the mechanisms by which FoMO acts under the influence of solitude behaviors, with important implications for the promotion of mental health.

Ethics approval and consent to participate
1. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tianjin Normal University in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
2. Informed consent was obtained from each participant.
Consent for publication Not applicable
Availability of data and materials The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study is available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Competing interests The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Funding This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31800945)
Authors' contributions Study conception and design and draft manuscript preparation: Xinyang Liu, Tour Liu, Zhao Zhou, and Fuyu Wan. Data collection: Xinyang Liu, Zhao Zhou, and Fuyu Wan. Analysis and interpretation of results: Xinyang Liu and Tour Liu. All authors reviewed the results and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Acknowledgments We would like to express our thanks to all of the participants in the present study.
Authors' information

All Authors: Xinyang Liu¹, Tour Liu^1,2,3^*, Zhao Zhou¹, Fuyu Wan¹

Corresponding Author Tour Liu, PhD

Xinyang Liu¹

Affiliation:¹Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China

E-mail: [email protected]

Address: Tianjin Normal University, 393 Binshui W Ave, Xiqing District, Tianjin, China

Tour Liu^1,2,3

Affiliation:

¹Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China

²Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China

³Tianjin Social Science Laboratory of Students' Mental Development and Learning, Tianjin, China

E-mail: [email protected]

Address: Tianjin Normal University, 393 Binshui W Ave, Xiqing District, Tianjin, China

Zhao Zhou¹

Affiliation: ¹Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China

E-mail: [email protected]

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No competing interests reported.

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You are reading this latest preprint version

The Effect of Fear of Missing Out on Mental Health: Differences in Different Solitude Behaviors

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Journal Publication

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Abstract

Figures

1 Introduction

2 Method

2.1 Participants and Software

2.2 Measurement

3 Result

3.1 Correlation Analysis Result among all Variable

3.2 The Role of Solitude Behavior in the Relationship between FoMO and Mental Health

3.3 The Role of Solitude Behavior in the Relationship between FoMO and depression anxiety, and stress

4 Discussion

5 Conclusions

Declarations

References

Additional Declarations

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