Arabi et al. [39] | 2017 | 2013 | Sudan | Helping Babies Breathe training (HBBT) to village midwives | Before vs after training | / | Early neonatal deaths < 1 week |
Azad et al. [40] | 2010 | 2005 | Bangladesh | TBA training including bag-valve-mask resuscitation for neonates, and provision of delivery kits | TBA training with vs without bag-valve-mask resuscitation module | Maternal mortality | Neonatal mortality |
Bailey et al. [41] | 2002 | 1990 | Guatemala | TBA training on detection, management, and timely referral of the complicated obstetric and neonatal cases | Trained vs untrained TBA | Self-reports of obstetrical complications (including the occurrence of neonatal complications at birth) | / |
Bang et al. [42] | 1990 | 1988 | India | Training of TBA and provision of equipment for deliveries and neonatal care | Intervention vs no intervention | / | Neonatal mortality |
Bang et al. [43] | 1994 | 1989 | India | Training on WHO standard plan on case management | TBAs vs Paramedics | / | Neonatal mortality |
Bhutta et al. [44] | 2008 | 2003 | Pakistan | Training of TBA and Lady Health Workers on essential maternal and newborn care | Intervention vs no intervention | ANC attendance | Neonatal mortality; Breastfeeding initiated ≤ 1 hour after birth |
Bhutta et al. [45] | 2011 | 2006 | Pakistan | Training of Lady Health Workers and provision of delivery kits | Intervention vs no intervention | / | Neonatal mortality |
Boone et al. [46] | 2016 | 2007 | Guinea-Bissau | TBA training to care for pregnant women and neonates, and promote facility-based delivery | Intervention vs no intervention | / | Neonatal mortality |
Bullough et al. [47] | 1989 | 1987 | Malawi | Training TBA in the third stage of labour and early breastfeeding | Early vs late breastfeeding | Post-partum haemorrhage (blood loss ≥ 500ml) | / |
Dumont et al. [19] | 2002 | 1994 | Senegal | / | Kaolack community (60% deliveries by TBA) vs Saint-Louis community (1% delivery by TBA) | Maternal mortality; Excessive post-partum bleeding | / |
Edwards et al. [15] | 1987 | 1983 | Sierra Leone | Prior TBA training (by government or religious missions) | Trained vs untrained TBA | / | Perinatal mortality |
Ejembi et al. [48] | 2014 | 2009 | Nigeria | TBA training to administer misoprostol during the third stage of labour | Misoprosptol administered by TBA vs self/friends/relatives/ healthcare worker | Received misoprostol | / |
Foord et al. [49] | 1995 | 1989 | Gambia | TBA training to ensure linkage of pregnant with the healthcare system, and incentive per delivery attended at the health facility | Intervention vs no intervention | ANC attendance during previous pregnancy; maternal mortality; iron intake during pregnancy | Perinatal mortality |
Gill et al. [50] | 2011 | 2006 | Zambia | Training TBAs in neonatal resuscitation, coupled with facilitated referral of infants to a health centre | Intervention vs no intervention | / | Neonatal mortality |
Gloyd et al. [51] | 2001 | 1996 | Mozambique | TBA training in obstetrical care | Trained vs untrained TBA | ANC attendance during previous pregnancy | Neonatal mortality |
Greenwood et al. [52] | 1989 | 1984 | Gambia | TBA training and provision of obstetric packs | Enrolled by study TBAs (placebo group) vs not enrolled | Maternal mortality | Neonatal mortality |
Ibrahim et al. [53] | 1992 | 1985 | Sudan | Training village midwives in pregnancy follow-up, delivery, post-natal care and referral to health facility | Before vs after training | Maternal mortality | Neonatal mortality |
Jacinto et al. [54] | 2016 | 2014 | Mozambique | Training TBAs and community health workers (CHW) to administer injectable contraceptives | TBAs vs CHW | Received third injection of contraceptives | / |
Jokhio et al. [55] | 2005 | 1998 | Pakistan | TBA training, provision of disposable delivery kits, and linkage to health services | Intervention vs no intervention | Maternal mortality | Neonatal mortality |
Kestler et al. [56] | 2020 | 2014 | Guatemala | Training, education, and distribution of promotional materials encouraging health center delivery to TBAs | Intervention vs no intervention | Referral of women to the health facility by TBA | / |
Liambila et al. [57] | 2014 | 2013 | Kenya | / | TBAs vs community midwife/ healthcare provider | Self reports of a complication while in labour, during delivery or within 42 days after delivery that either necessitated treatment, referral or hospitalization | / |
Lori et al. [58] | 2012 | ? | Liberia | Training of traditional midwives and family members in Home-Based Life Saving Skills (HBLSS) | Trained vs untrained traditional midwives | "Too much bleeding" following delivery | / |
Manasyan et al. [59] | 2019 | 2009 | Zambia | TBA training in early identification & referral of women in labour, and basic neonatal resuscitation | Trained TBA vs midwife | / | Neonatal mortality |
Martinez et al. [60] | 2018 | 2015 | Guatemala | TBA training in mHealth and provision of adequate equipment | Trained TBA with mHealth vs trained TBA with paper forms | Referral of women to the health facility by TBA | / |
Matendo et al. [16] | 2011 | ? | DRC | Training TBAs using the WHO Essential Newborn Care (ENC) program and a Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP) | Before vs after training | / | Perinatal mortality (stillbirth or death during the first seven days after birth) |
Mbonye et al. [61] | 2008 | 2002 | Uganda | TBA training in sensitization and distribution of intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) against malaria in pregnancy using a community-based approach | TBA-issued IPT vs collection at health facility | Two doses of IPT taken during pregnancy exclusively from TBA or at the health facility | / |
Menendez et al. [14] | 1994 | 1982? | Gambia | TBA training and provision of obstetric packs | TBA-administered iron vs placebo | / | Low birth weight (< 2.5 Kg) |
Midhet et al. [62] | 2010 | 1998 | Pakistan | TBA training in clean delivery and recognition of obstetric and newborn complications; Information and education for empowerment and change (IEEC) for women and their husbands | Intervention vs no intervention | Iron/folate intake during pregnancy; anti-tetanic vaccination | Neonatal mortality |
Miller et al. [63] | 2012 | 2006 | Pakistan | TBA training following an innovative 8-day “SMART Dai” training course | Trained vs untrained TBA | Referral of women to the health facility by TBA within 4 hours of labour | / |
Mobeen et al. [64] | 2010 | 2006 | Pakistan | TBA training and provision of misoprostol | TBA-administered misoprostol vs placebo | Post-partum haemorrhage (blood loss ≥ 500ml) | / |
Okubagzhi et al. [17] | 1988 | / | Ethiopia | TBA training using a two-week course on basic maternal and child healthcare practices | Before vs after training | ANC attendance during previous pregnancy; mother vaccination during pregnancy; | Infant mortality (< 1 year); child immunization coverage; Breastfeeding initiated ≤ 2 hours after birth |
Olakunde et al. [65] | 2017 | 2016 | Nigeria | HIV screening in pregnant women by TBAs, and establishment of referral / linkage mechanisms to the healthcare system | HIV detection using TBAs vs standard approach at health facilities | HIV diagnosis in pregnant women | / |
Olusanya et al. [66] | 2011 | 2005 | Nigeria | / | Delivery by TBA vs skilled birth attendant in health facility | / | Hearing problems in the baby in the first 3 months |
Perez et al. [67] | 2008 | 2006 | Zimbabwe | / | Delivery at home (by TBA) vs healthcare facility | ANC attendance during previous pregnancy | / |
Prata et al. [68] | 2005 | 2003 | Tanzania | TBA training to recognize post-partum bleeding ≥ 500ml and to administer misoprostol rectally | Misoprostol administration vs no misoprostol | Bleeding requiring referral to health facility | / |
Prata et al. [69] | 2009 | 2005 | Ethiopia | TBA training to administer misoprostol during the third stage of labour | Trained TBA with misoprostol provision vs untrained TBA | Maternal death / maternal bleeding requiring referral to a health facility | / |
Robinson et al. [70] | 1998 | 1995 | Indonesia | TBA training on how to manage iron tablet distribution and provide health education to mothers | Intervention vs no intervention (routine iron tablets dispensation during ANC) | Compliance to iron tablets intake | / |
Saleem et al. [71] | 2007 | ? | Pakistan | TBA training and provision of disposable safe delivery kits | Chlorexidine use vs no chlorexidine | / | Neonatal mortality |
Soofi et al. [72] | 2012 | 2007 | Pakistan | TBA training on hand hygiene and chlorexidine application on the cord | Chlorexidine use vs no chlorexidine | / | Neonatal death; omphalitis |
Soofi et al. [73] | 2017 | 2009 | Pakistan | TBA training in basic essential neonatal care training, and linkage with Lady Health Workers | Intervention vs no intervention | / | Neonatal mortality |
Ssebunya et al. [74] | 2016 | 2014 | Uganda | / | Discussion with TBA about moto-ambulance usage vs no discussion | Use of the moto-ambulance by the pregnant woman | / |
Talukder et al. [75] | 2017 | 2010 | Bangladesh | Training of TBAs and Community Volunteers on recommended behaviours during birthing sessions | Trained vs untrained TBA | / | Breastfeeding initiated ≤ 1 hour after birth |
Tomedi et al. [76] | 2013 | 2011 | Kenya | TBA sensitization and incentives to refer pregnant women to health facilities | Intervention vs no intervention | Referral of women to the health facility by TBA | / |
Tomedi et al. [77] | 2015 | 2013 | Kenya | TBA training and incentives to refer pregnant women to health facilities | Intervention vs no intervention | Referral of women to the health facility by TBA | / |
Umeora et al. [78] | 2010 | 2004 | Nigeria | / | Labour managed by TBA vs healthcare worker at hospital | Maternal mortality | / |