443 of the targeted 466 people with disabilities, representing a 95% response rate, completed this survey.
Table 1: Socio-demographic characteristics of survey participants
Variable
|
Category
|
n=443
|
Percentage %
|
Age group
|
18-24
|
147
|
33.2
|
|
25-49
|
144
|
32.5
|
|
50+
|
152
|
34.3
|
Gender
|
Male
|
218
|
49.2
|
|
Female
|
225
|
50.8
|
Residence
|
Kigali City
|
114
|
25.7
|
|
Secondary cities
|
329
|
74.3
|
Education
|
No formal education
|
81
|
18.3
|
|
Primary
|
237
|
53.5
|
|
Vocation/Ordinary level
|
55
|
12.4
|
|
Secondary/Higher
|
70
|
15.8
|
Religion
|
Roman Catholic
|
232
|
52.4
|
|
Protestants
|
161
|
36.3
|
|
Adventists
|
39
|
8.8
|
|
Muslims
|
11
|
2.5
|
Occupation
|
None/Student
|
200
|
45.2
|
|
Employed
|
243
|
54.8
|
Health insurance
|
No Insurance
|
37
|
8.4
|
|
RSSB_CBHI
|
390
|
88.0
|
|
RSSB_RAMA
|
13
|
2.9
|
|
Others
|
3
|
0.7
|
Type of disability
|
Physical
|
273
|
61.6
|
|
Visual
|
42
|
9.5
|
|
Hearing and speaking
|
42
|
9.5
|
|
Others
|
66
|
14.9
|
|
Combined
|
20
|
4.5
|
Number of dependents
|
None
|
129
|
29.8
|
|
1-2
|
88
|
20.3
|
|
3-4
|
94
|
21.7
|
|
Five and more
|
122
|
28.2
|
This table shows the result of the socio-demographic factors of the respondents. For the variable of age respondents between the ages of 25 years to 29 years and 30 years to 34 years recorded the majority (21.2% and 21.7% respectively) of the respondents while the respondents between the ages of 18-24 years and 65 years and above had a tie (12.0% each) and were the minority. As regards the aspect of the gender of the respondents, female respondents were slightly higher (50.8%). Furthermore, the majority (74.3%) of the respondents lived in secondary cities; besides the majority of the respondents had obtained basic primary education (53.5%) and while only a few which were the minority (2.5%) had attained higher education. In liaison with the variable of religion, respondents who indicated to be from the Catholic faith were the majority (52.4%), whilst the Muslims were the minority (2.5%); in addition to the respondent's occupation, the majority (41.8) of the respondents cited that they have no job, whereas the minority focused on household jobs. Despite recording a huge percentage of no jobs, more than 90% had health insurance. Finally, the majority of the respondents (61.6%) were disabled physically under the variable of the type of disability, while a minority (4.5%) indicated that they had a combined disability; in addition to the variable of dependents, respondents who had no dependents were the majority (29.8%), while the minority had between 1-2 dependents. Table 1.
According to the District of participants’ residence, the figure above shows that the majority (98%) were from the Huye District, while districts such as Nyagatare and Rusizi had a tie and were the minority (16%). (Figure 2).
Respondents with physical disabilities were the majority (61.6%), and those with combined disabilities were the minority (4.5%). (Figure 3).
3.2 Sexual Behaviour
The sexual activity contributes to the extent to which respondents are at risk of HIV and STIs. The survey collected data on respondents' sexual activity for this purpose. Participants were asked about their sexual experiences, such as their age at first sex, commercial sex, partner types, and condom use.
Table 2: Age at first Sexual Intercourse
Variable
|
Category
|
Had sex being below 18 years
|
Had sex between 18-24 years
|
Had sex being 25+years
|
Age group
|
18-24
|
29.6
|
48.1
|
22.2
|
|
25-49
|
17.0
|
45.2
|
37.8
|
|
50+
|
8.7
|
62.0
|
29.3
|
Gender
|
Male
|
16.3
|
48.9
|
34.7
|
|
Female
|
16.5
|
56.8
|
26.7
|
Residence
|
Kigali City
|
24.5
|
64.3
|
11.2
|
|
Secondary Cities
|
13.4
|
48.5
|
38.1
|
Education
|
No formal education
|
23.4
|
50.0
|
26.6
|
|
Primary
|
16.0
|
51.4
|
32.5
|
|
Vocational /Ordinary level
|
7.3
|
75.6
|
17.1
|
|
Secondary/Higher
|
16.3
|
42.9
|
40.8
|
Occupation
|
None/Student
|
17.6
|
60.1
|
22.3
|
|
Employed
|
15.6
|
47.7
|
36.7
|
Type of disability
|
Physical
|
15.4
|
53.8
|
30.8
|
|
Visual
|
8.8
|
55.9
|
35.3
|
|
Hearing and speaking
|
26.7
|
46.7
|
26.7
|
|
Others
|
21.2
|
42.3
|
36.5
|
|
Combined
|
12.5
|
75.0
|
12.5
|
This table, reveals the statistics of the respondents in various variables for age at first sexual intercourse. It showed that the majority (62.0%) had their first sexual encounter between the ages of 18-24 years and this was stated by the respondents who were 50 years and above, out of these percentage, the majority are females (56.8%) and most of them lived in the Capital city of Kigali (64.3%). Furthermore, the majority of these respondents had a vocational/ordinary level of education (75.6%) and out of these majority (60.1%) were not employed or were students. Finally, the majority who stated they had their first sexual encounter in the age group stated above, the majority (75.0%) had a combined disability. Table 2
Table 3: Forced Sex at First Sexual Intercourse
Variable
|
Category
|
Yes %
|
No %
|
Age group
|
18-24
|
24.7
|
75.3
|
|
25-49
|
12.6
|
87.4
|
|
50+
|
6.7
|
93.3
|
Gender
|
Male
|
6.3
|
93.7
|
|
Female
|
19.9
|
80.1
|
Residence
|
City of Kigali
|
19.4
|
80.6
|
|
Secondary cities
|
10.4
|
89.6
|
Education
|
No formal education
|
14.1
|
85.9
|
|
Primary
|
12.3
|
87.7
|
|
Vocational /Ordinary level
|
12.2
|
87.8
|
|
Secondary/higher
|
14.3
|
85.7
|
Religion
|
Catholic
|
9.5
|
90.5
|
|
Protestant
|
13.5
|
86.5
|
|
Others
|
25.6
|
74.4
|
Occupation
|
None/Student
|
15.5
|
84.5
|
|
Employed
|
11.0
|
89.0
|
Health insurance
|
No Insurance
|
18.2
|
81.8
|
|
Musa
|
12.0
|
88.0
|
|
Rama
|
15.4
|
84.6
|
|
Others
|
33.3
|
66.7
|
Type of disability
|
Physical
|
10.7
|
89.3
|
|
Visual
|
8.8
|
91.2
|
|
Hearing and speaking
|
36.7
|
63.3
|
|
Others
|
11.5
|
88.5
|
|
Combined
|
12.5
|
87.5
|
Number of dependents
|
None
|
22.2
|
77.8
|
|
1-2
|
11.9
|
88.1
|
|
3-4
|
10.8
|
89.2
|
|
5+
|
10.7
|
89.3
|
Non-voluntary first sex is linked to the prevalence of STIs, including HIV, thus table 3 above reveals the results of respondents that were forced or not during their first sexual encounter. As stated above, 18-24 years the majority stated to have been forced during their first sexual encounter (24.7%); out of this percentage majority of them are females (19.9%). Most of them lived in the city of Kigali (19.4%) and had a secondary or higher level of education (14.3%). In addition, in this group of respondents the majority (15.5%), were either not employed or were students and the majority of them had health insurance. Finally, the majority of them who had forced sex had a hearing and speaking disability (36.7%), and the majority of them had no dependents (22.2%). Table 3.
In Rwanda, commercial sex is one of the leading risk factors for HIV infection and other STIs. According to studies, sex workers have a higher prevalence of HIV and STIs. Commercial sex can be defined as any sexual act performed in exchange for something of value (commonly money, gift or service). Thus, from table 4 below, commercial sex was more prevalent (11.1%) within the ages of 18-24 years, and most of them are females (5.1%). The majority of respondents that were involved in commercial sex lived in the city of Kigali (12.2%) and had no education (7.8%). Finally, the prevalence (4.1%) was higher among the employed and among those who indicated having a hearing and speaking disability (30.0%). Table 4.
Table 4: Commercial sex in the last three months
Variable
|
Category
|
Had sex in exchange for money or good in the last three months before the survey (%)
|
Age group
|
18-24
|
11.1
|
|
25-49
|
0.7
|
|
50+
|
1.3
|
Gender
|
Male
|
1.6
|
|
Female
|
5.1
|
Residence
|
Kigali City
|
12.2
|
|
Secondary cities
|
0.0
|
Education
|
No formal education
|
7.8
|
|
Primary
|
2.4
|
|
Vocational /Ordinary level
|
4.9
|
|
Secondary/higher
|
0.0
|
Occupation
|
None/Student
|
2.0
|
|
Employed
|
4.1
|
Type of disability
|
Physical
|
0.9
|
|
Visual
|
0.0
|
|
Hearing and speaking
|
30.0
|
|
Others
|
1.9
|
|
Combined
|
0.0
|
Sexual behaviours are associated with various sexual partners; a sexual partner can be a spouse, one regular/occasional or multiple sexual partners, which plays a vital role in the transmission of STDs and STIs. From table 5 below, statistics reveal that respondents who were between the ages of 18-24 years were more prevalent (23.7%) in having an extramarital affair than their counterparts, and this result was high among the females (17.4%) as compared to the males. These groups of people majorly resided in the city of Kigali (23.4%) and had no formal education (12.5%). Furthermore, the majority of them were not employed or were students at that time (12.5%), in addition to having a hearing and speaking disability (54.6%). Table 5.
Table 5: Number of Sexual Partners
Variable
|
Category
|
Sexual Partner in 3 months before the survey
|
Spouse only (%)
|
One regular non-married-partner (%)
|
Multiple partnerships (%)
|
Age group (Yrs.)
|
18-24
|
76.3
|
10.5
|
13.2
|
|
25-49
|
92
|
5.0
|
3.0
|
|
50+
|
94.3
|
4.3
|
1.4
|
Gender
|
Male
|
93.5
|
2.9
|
3.6
|
|
Female
|
82.6
|
11.6
|
5.8
|
Residence
|
Kigali City
|
76.6
|
12.8
|
10.6
|
|
Secondary cities
|
93.8
|
3.7
|
2.5
|
Education
|
No formal education
|
87.5
|
0.0
|
12.5
|
|
Primary
|
90.3
|
7.3
|
2.4
|
|
Vocational /Ordinary level
|
88.9
|
5.6
|
5.6
|
|
Secondary/higher
|
91.2
|
5.9
|
2.9
|
Occupation
|
None/Student
|
87.5
|
5.6
|
6.9
|
|
Employed
|
91.2
|
5.9
|
2.9
|
Type of disability
|
Physical
|
93.2
|
4.1
|
2.7
|
|
Visual
|
75
|
18.8
|
6.3
|
|
Hearing and speaking
|
45.5
|
18.2
|
36.4
|
|
Others
|
96.4
|
3.6
|
0.0
|
|
Combined
|
100
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
Questions on condom use were asked of the respondents as part of the ways to prevent the transmission of HIV and STIs. Thus, table 6 below reveals that the majority of respondents within the age bracket of 50 and above, used condoms during their first sexual encounter (91.4%) and they were predominantly females (84.6%). In addition to this, most of them (83.3%) resided in the secondary cities of the Country and had no formal education (96%). Finally, these groups of people that said yes to condom use were neither employed nor were students (88.1%) and reported having a combined disability (100%). Table 6.
Table 6: Condom Use at First Sex
Variable
|
Category
|
No (%)
|
Yes (%)
|
Age group
|
18-24
|
31.1
|
68.9
|
|
25-49
|
14.5
|
85.5
|
|
50+
|
8.6
|
91.4
|
Gender
|
Male
|
22.6
|
77.4
|
|
Female
|
15.4
|
84.6
|
Residence
|
Kigali City
|
25
|
75.0
|
|
Secondary cities
|
16.7
|
83.3
|
Education
|
No formal education
|
4
|
96
|
|
Primary
|
18.4
|
81.6
|
|
Vocational /Ordinary level
|
33.3
|
66.7
|
|
Secondary/higher
|
29
|
71.0
|
Occupation
|
None/Student
|
11.9
|
88.1
|
|
Employed
|
24.2
|
75.8
|
Type of disability
|
Physical
|
14.6
|
85.4
|
|
Visual
|
23.1
|
76.9
|
|
Hearing and speaking
|
38.5
|
61.5
|
|
Others
|
22.2
|
77.8
|
|
Combined
|
0
|
100
|
3.3 Knowledge and Attitude about HIV
This section covers HIV knowledge in depth, attitudes toward PLHIV, and knowledge of ARVs and PMTCT. This survey gathered information on PWDs' attitudes toward HIV transmission and prevention, PMTCT and ARVs, and the stigmatization of PLHIV. The findings are critical in informing and directing necessary and tailored HIV-related messages to improve PWDs' knowledge of HIV and related programs.
Table 7: Knowledge of HIV Transmission
Variable
|
Category
|
Using a condom for each sexual act (%)
|
Can acquire HIV through mosquito bites (%)
|
Having only one uninfected faithful sexual partner (%)
|
Abstinence from any sexual relationship (%)
|
Sharing the meal with an infected person (%)
|
Sharing needles with an infected person (%)
|
A person apparently in good health can transmit the HIV infection (%)
|
Age group
|
18-24
|
89.8
|
62.2
|
65.4
|
89
|
16.5
|
78.7
|
85
|
|
25-49
|
89.9
|
68.8
|
70.3
|
91.3
|
12.3
|
91.3
|
96.4
|
|
50+
|
89
|
65.8
|
66.4
|
89
|
13
|
89.7
|
89.7
|
Gender
|
Male
|
91.3
|
69.2
|
68.3
|
90.4
|
12
|
88.9
|
94.2
|
|
Female
|
87.7
|
62.1
|
66.5
|
89.2
|
15.8
|
84.7
|
86.7
|
Residence
|
Kigali City
|
88.9
|
63
|
69.4
|
92.6
|
86.1
|
85.2
|
94.4
|
|
Secondary cities
|
89.8
|
66.7
|
66.7
|
88.8
|
13.9
|
87.5
|
89.1
|
Education
|
No formal education
|
78.5
|
60
|
58.5
|
87.7
|
20
|
81.5
|
83.1
|
|
Primary
|
92
|
60.6
|
72.1
|
90.3
|
13.7
|
88.1
|
90.7
|
|
Vocational /Ordinary level
|
92.2
|
72.5
|
54.9
|
90.2
|
17.6
|
84.3
|
94.1
|
|
Secondary/Higher
|
89.9
|
82.6
|
69.6
|
89.9
|
5.8
|
89.9
|
94.2
|
Occupation
|
None/Student
|
87.7
|
64.2
|
67.6
|
89.9
|
16.2
|
85.5
|
87.2
|
|
Employed
|
90.9
|
66.8
|
67.2
|
89.7
|
12.1
|
87.9
|
93.1
|
Type of disability
|
Physical
|
90.6
|
63.9
|
64.7
|
89.8
|
13.2
|
87.6
|
91.4
|
|
Visual
|
92.7
|
78
|
61
|
92.7
|
9.8
|
90.2
|
82.9
|
|
Hearing and speaking
|
85.7
|
51.4
|
77.1
|
85.7
|
80
|
68.6
|
91.4
|
|
Others
|
83.9
|
69.6
|
76.8
|
89.3
|
83.9
|
91.1
|
91.1
|
|
Combined
|
92.3
|
84.6
|
76.9
|
92.3
|
84.6
|
92.3
|
92.3
|
The table above shows the results of the various respondents who said yes when asked various questions regarding their knowledge of the transmission of HIV. The majority of respondents (96.4%) within the age bracket of 25-49 years cited that a person in good health could transmit HIV, and they were mostly males (94.2%). Of these groups of people that believed such, the majority of them resided in the city of Kigali (94.4%). Furthermore, the majority of these groups of respondents (94.2%), had attained either a secondary or higher education, and most of them (93.1%) were employed; finally, among these groups, the majority of them (92.7%) had a visual type of disability. Overall knowledge of HIV transmission amongst the respondents was low. Table 7.
The table below reveals the results of the various respondents who had a positive attitude toward People Living with HIV. It shows that the majority of the respondents who were between the ages of 25-49 are willing to be schooled by a positive person without opportunistic infections (OIs) (98.6%), and the majority (97.6%) which are males, are willing to allow an HIV infected student carry on with their studies, provided they don’t show any sign of OIs. The majority (97.2%) of these groups of people lived in the city of Kigali and the majority of them (98.6%) had either a secondary or higher education. Finally, the majority of these respondents were employed (97.4%) and the majority of the respondents who had a hearing and speaking disability (98.2%) cited that they would care for an HIV-positive family member. Table 8.
Table 8: Attitude toward People Living with HIV
Variable
|
Category
|
Will share a meal with an HIV-positive person (%)
|
Will care for an HIV-positive family member (%)
|
Will allow an HIV-positive student who does not display OIs to carry on with their study (%)
|
Will allow an HIV-positive teacher who does not display OIs to keep teaching (%)
|
Will buy food from a known HIV-positive vendor (%)
|
Will keep confidential an HIV-positive family member (%)
|
Age group
|
18-24
|
85.8
|
90.6
|
94.5
|
93.7
|
84.3
|
52.0
|
|
25-49
|
94.2
|
96.4
|
97.8
|
98.6
|
94.9
|
52.9
|
|
50+
|
93.8
|
97.3
|
97.9
|
95.2
|
95.2
|
52.1
|
Gender
|
Male
|
95.2
|
95.7
|
97.6
|
97.1
|
92.3
|
51.0
|
|
Female
|
87.7
|
94.1
|
96.1
|
94.6
|
91.1
|
53.7
|
Residence
|
Kigali City
|
89.8
|
93.5
|
97.2
|
97.2
|
89.8
|
50.9
|
|
Secondary cities
|
92.1
|
95.4
|
96.7
|
95.4
|
92.4
|
52.8
|
Education
|
No formal education
|
90.8
|
90.8
|
92.3
|
92.3
|
90.8
|
55.4
|
|
Primary
|
92.0
|
95.1
|
97.8
|
96.0
|
92.0
|
53.1
|
|
Vocational /Ordinary level
|
88.2
|
96.1
|
96.1
|
96.1
|
84.3
|
31.4
|
|
Secondary/Higher
|
92.8
|
97.1
|
98.6
|
98.6
|
97.1
|
62.3
|
Occupation
|
None/Student
|
88.8
|
93.3
|
96.1
|
95.5
|
89.9
|
45.3
|
|
Employed
|
93.5
|
96.1
|
97.4
|
96.1
|
93.1
|
57.8
|
Type of disability
|
Physical
|
92.9
|
97.6
|
97.7
|
97.0
|
93.6
|
48.9
|
|
Visual
|
95.1
|
82.9
|
97.6
|
92.7
|
95.1
|
61.0
|
|
Hearing and speaking
|
80.0
|
98.2
|
91.4
|
91.4
|
74.3
|
51.4
|
|
Others
|
91.1
|
92.3
|
96.4
|
96.4
|
94.6
|
58.9
|
|
Combined
|
84.6
|
92.3
|
92.3
|
92.3
|
76.9
|
69.2
|
Comprehensive knowledge of ART and PMTCT was defined as understanding that a mother can infect her child during labour, that a mother can infect her child during breastfeeding, that a pregnant woman can take ARVs to save the baby, and that PLHIV can infect a pregnant woman. ARVs can be taken for a better life, and ARVs are lifelong. A composite indicator encompassing PMTCT and ART was developed. Table 9.
Table 9: Comprehensive knowledge of ARVs and PMTCT
Variable
|
Categorys
|
The mother can infect her child during labour (%)
|
The mother can infect her child during breastfeeding (%)
|
A pregnant woman can take ARVs to save the baby (%)
|
PLHIV Can take ARVs for a better life (%)
|
ARVs are lifelong (%)
|
Comprehensive knowledge of ARVs and PMTCT (%)
|
Age group
|
18-24
|
81.9
|
72.4
|
87.4
|
92.9
|
89.8
|
62.2
|
|
25-49
|
89.9
|
78.3
|
88.4
|
97.1
|
92.8
|
69.6
|
|
50+
|
84.2
|
73.3
|
89.7
|
95.2
|
93.2
|
67.1
|
Gender
|
Male
|
87
|
72.6
|
90.4
|
97.6
|
93.8
|
66.8
|
|
Female
|
83.7
|
76.8
|
86.7
|
92.6
|
90.1
|
66.0
|
Residence
|
Kigali City
|
84.3
|
74.1
|
89.8
|
94.4
|
94.4
|
66.7
|
|
Secondary cities
|
85.8
|
74.9
|
88.1
|
95.4
|
91.1
|
66.3
|
Education
|
No formal education
|
70.8
|
63.1
|
89.8
|
86.2
|
83.1
|
52.3
|
|
Primary
|
86.7
|
73.9
|
88.1
|
96.5
|
93.8
|
65.5
|
|
Vocational /Ordinary level
|
92.2
|
78.4
|
89.8
|
96.1
|
92.2
|
76.5
|
|
Secondary/Higher
|
89.9
|
85.5
|
88.1
|
98.6
|
94.2
|
75.4
|
Occupation
|
None/Student
|
87.2
|
76.5
|
87.7
|
93.3
|
93.9
|
68.2
|
|
Employed
|
84.1
|
73.3
|
89.2
|
96.6
|
90.5
|
65.1
|
Type of disability
|
Physical
|
86.5
|
74.4
|
90.6
|
97
|
92.9
|
65.8
|
|
Visual
|
92.7
|
82.9
|
87.8
|
95.1
|
92.7
|
75.6
|
|
Hearing and speaking
|
74.3
|
62.9
|
77.1
|
82.9
|
82.9
|
51.4
|
|
Others
|
83.9
|
78.6
|
87.5
|
94.6
|
92.9
|
73.2
|
|
Combined
|
76.9
|
69.2
|
84.6
|
92.3
|
92.3
|
61.5
|
From table (9) above, respondents within the age bracket of 25-49 had a higher knowledge as compared to the other age groups (69.6%) and the majority (66.8%) of them are males. The majority of the respondents who had high comprehensive knowledge of ARVs and PMTCT lived in Kigali (66.7%) and out of these groups, the majority (76.5%) had either a vocational or an ordinary level of education. Finally, the majority (68.2%) of the respondents who had higher knowledge were either unemployed or were students, out of these, the majority (75.6%), had visual impairment.
3.4 HIV TESTING
HIV testing assists people in making HIV-related decisions: for HIV-negative people, the knowledge of their HIV status helps reduce risk and increase safer sex practices to remain HIV-negative; for HIV-positive people, the knowledge pushes them to connect with HIV care and treatment services to reduce the risk of HIV-related morbidity and mortality.
Table 10: Utilization of HIV testing services
Variable
|
Category
|
Tested in the last 12 months (%)
|
Age group
|
18-24
|
48.2
|
|
25-49
|
54.8
|
|
50+
|
47.8
|
Gender
|
Male
|
54
|
|
Female
|
46.4
|
Residence
|
Kigali City
|
42.3
|
|
Secondary cities
|
53.2
|
Education
|
No formal education
|
41.1
|
|
Primary
|
51.7
|
|
Vocational /Ordinary level
|
46.8
|
|
Secondary/Higher
|
56.7
|
Occupation
|
None/Student
|
46.3
|
|
Employed
|
53.4
|
Type of disability
|
Physical
|
47.6
|
|
Visual
|
56.4
|
|
Hearing and speaking
|
41.4
|
|
Others
|
60.4
|
|
Combined
|
66.7
|
From table 10 above, respondents within the age group of 25-49, were the majority that utilized HIV testing services in the last 12 months (54.8%), and most of them are males (54%). Furthermore, the majority (53.2%) of them lived in secondary cities and had either a secondary or higher education (56.7%). In addition to the above, majority (53.4%) of them were employed and had reported having a combined disability (66.7%). Table 10.
3.5 HIV PREVALENCE
The survey had 443 participants, but only 440 agreed to HIV testing. Overall, 7.0% of those who agreed to be tested for HIV were found to be HIV positive.
Table 11: HIV prevalence by socio-demographic characteristics
Variable
|
Category
|
Prevalence of HIV (%)
|
Age group
|
18-24
|
4.2
|
|
25-49
|
3.5
|
|
50+
|
13.2
|
Gender
|
Male
|
6.0
|
|
Female
|
8.1
|
Residence
|
Kigali City
|
14.2
|
|
Secondary cities
|
4.6
|
Education
|
No formal education
|
7.5
|
|
Primary
|
6.3
|
|
Vocational /Ordinary level
|
14.5
|
|
Secondary/Higher
|
2.9
|
Occupation
|
None/Student
|
7.5
|
|
Employed
|
6.7
|
Type of disability
|
Physical
|
6.3
|
|
Visual
|
7.1
|
|
Hearing and speaking
|
11.9
|
|
Others
|
4.6
|
|
Combined
|
15.0
|
From table 11 above, the highest (13.2%) prevalence was observed amongst the age group of 50 years and above and most of them are females (8.1%). In addition to these figures, HIV prevalence was high among the residents of Kigali (14.2%) and most of them had a vocational level of education (14.5%) and the majority of these were not employed/students (7.5%). Finally, HIV prevalence was high among those who had a combined disability (15.0%). Table 11.
3.6 PREVALENCE OF MALE CIRCUMCISION
Several studies have found that male circumcision reduces HIV and other STI transmission. The prevalence of male circumcision in Rwanda has gradually increased from 13% in 2010 to 56% in 2020. (Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey, 2010 and 2020). Male survey respondents (49.2%) self-reported their status regarding male circumcision.
From table 12 below, slightly more than half of the respondents (51.4%) reported that they are circumcised overall. This was prevalent in the age group of 18-24, residents of Kigali and people who had secondary/Higher education (71.9%, 64.9% and 79.1% respectively). Finally, the prevalence of circumcision was higher among the employed and people who had a hearing and speaking disability (53.4% and 64.3% respectively). Table 12.
Table 12: Male circumcision
Variable
|
Category
|
Circumcised (%)
|
Age group
|
18-24
|
71.9
|
|
25-49
|
54.3
|
|
50+
|
30.1
|
Residence
|
Kigali City
|
64.9
|
|
Secondary cities
|
48.6
|
Education
|
No formal education
|
33.3
|
|
Primary
|
45.5
|
|
Vocational /Ordinary level
|
61.1
|
|
Secondary/Higher
|
79.1
|
Occupation
|
None/Student
|
48.3
|
|
Employed
|
53.4
|
Type of disability
|
Physical
|
51.3
|
|
Visual
|
50.0
|
|
Hearing and speaking
|
64.3
|
|
Others
|
48.1
|
|
Combined
|
45.5
|
3.7 KNOWLEDGE AND UTILIZATION OF SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH SERVICES (SRHs)
Many people of all ages and genders, rich and poor, people with and without disabilities, from rural and urban areas, use sexual and reproductive health services. This survey included questions designed to assess respondents' knowledge and use of sexual and reproductive health services. Hence, from table 13 below, the majority of the respondents within the age bracket of 25-49 years stated that the use of condoms could prevent the transmission of HIV (95.8%), and the majority of them are males (94.5%). In addition, the majority of the respondents (96.5%) who resided in Kigali stated that a woman could get pregnant at the first sexual act and the majority of them who had attained secondary/higher education stated they know where they can access family planning services and that condoms prevent the transmission of HIV (97.1% and 97.1% respectively). Out of these groups, as stipulated above, the majority were employed and had physical impairments and stated that condoms could prevent various STDs (93.0% and 93.4% respectively). Table 13.
Table 13: Knowledge of SRHs
Variable
|
Category
|
Can a woman get pregnant at the first sexual act? (%)
|
Can a woman get pregnant in the middle of her period? (%)
|
Do you know any contraception methods? (%)
|
Do you know where you can get the services for family planning? (%)
|
Can the use of condoms prevent pregnancies? (%)
|
Can the use of condoms prevent HIV? (%)
|
Can the use of condoms prevent Sexual Transmitted Diseases? (%)
|
Can condoms be re-used? (%)
|
Do the use of condoms reduce sexual pleasure? (%)
|
Is buying condoms shameful? (%)
|
Age group
|
18-24
|
84.4
|
63.9
|
84.4
|
81.0
|
80.3
|
83.7
|
83.0
|
12.9
|
42.9
|
24.0
|
|
25-49
|
92.4
|
69.4
|
91.0
|
93.8
|
90.3
|
95.8
|
95.1
|
9.7
|
60.4
|
30.6
|
|
50+
|
82.8
|
56.3
|
86.8
|
88.1
|
86.8
|
90.1
|
90.7
|
15.9
|
55.0
|
32.5
|
Gender
|
Male
|
86.2
|
61.0
|
89.4
|
90.4
|
91.7
|
94.5
|
93.6
|
15.1
|
55.0
|
22.9
|
|
Female
|
86.6
|
65.2
|
85.3
|
84.8
|
79.9
|
85.3
|
85.7
|
10.7
|
50.4
|
41.5
|
Residence
|
Kigali City
|
96.5
|
67.3
|
91.2
|
89.4
|
89.4
|
93.8
|
92.0
|
9.7
|
51.3
|
48.7
|
|
Secondary cities
|
83.0
|
61.7
|
86.0
|
86.9
|
84.5
|
88.4
|
88.8
|
14.0
|
53.2
|
26.7
|
Education
|
No formal education
|
74.1
|
44.4
|
66.7
|
64.2
|
69.1
|
75.3
|
71.6
|
19.8
|
51.9
|
30.9
|
|
Primary
|
89.5
|
62.9
|
90.3
|
92.4
|
89.0
|
92.8
|
92.8
|
12.2
|
57.8
|
32.9
|
|
Vocational /Ordinary level
|
87.0
|
70.4
|
94.4
|
88.9
|
85.2
|
88.9
|
90.7
|
1.9
|
38.9
|
38.9
|
|
Secondary/Higher
|
90.0
|
80.0
|
95.7
|
97.1
|
94.3
|
97.1
|
98.6
|
15.7
|
47.1
|
27.1
|
Occupation
|
None/Student
|
81.0
|
62.5
|
82.0
|
81.0
|
83.0
|
88.5
|
87.5
|
14.5
|
53.0
|
29.0
|
|
Employed
|
90.9
|
63.6
|
91.7
|
93.0
|
88.0
|
90.9
|
91.3
|
11.6
|
52.5
|
35.1
|
Type of disability
|
Physical
|
90.1
|
65.4
|
91.5
|
91.2
|
87.9
|
93.0
|
93.4
|
11.4
|
54.4
|
33.1
|
|
Visual
|
92.9
|
66.7
|
90.5
|
90.5
|
88.1
|
90.5
|
92.9
|
9.5
|
42.9
|
33.3
|
|
Hearing and speaking
|
73.8
|
52.4
|
76.2
|
73.8
|
88.1
|
88.1
|
81.0
|
14.3
|
42.9
|
38.1
|
|
Others
|
81.8
|
62.1
|
80.3
|
84.8
|
80.3
|
83.3
|
83.3
|
22.7
|
62.1
|
28.8
|
|
Combined
|
65.0
|
50.0
|
70.0
|
70.0
|
65.0
|
70.0
|
70.0
|
5.0
|
40.0
|
20.0
|
To gain insights into the perception and utilization of family planning as one of the sexual and reproductive health services, questions were asked about it. The results below reveal the percentage of respondents who said yes to the question asked. Thus, the majority of people (95.3%) between the ages of 18-24 stated that they would utilize family planning services if married or sexually active. The majority of males believed that contraceptives reduce unwanted pregnancies (96.8%). Furthermore, the majority of these males who believed so resided in the secondary cities of the Country and had vocational/ordinary levels of education (95.8% and 97.8% respectively); in addition to this, the majority of them were employed and had a combined disability (94.7% and 100% respectively). Table 14.
Table 14: Family Planning
Variable
|
Category
|
Do you believe in contraceptives to reduce unwanted pregnancies? (%)
|
If married/sexual active, would you use family planning? (%)
|
Do you currently use any family planning methods? (%)
|
Age group
|
18-24
|
92.5
|
95.3
|
25.9
|
|
25-49
|
94.7
|
92.4
|
46.5
|
|
50+
|
95.1
|
88.6
|
17.8
|
Gender
|
Male
|
96.8
|
91.4
|
39.9
|
|
Female
|
91.4
|
92.6
|
20.0
|
Residence
|
Kigali City
|
89.9
|
83.8
|
25.4
|
|
Secondary cities
|
95.8
|
95.0
|
31.3
|
Education
|
No formal education
|
90.4
|
84.6
|
21.0
|
|
Primary
|
94.0
|
92.0
|
36.7
|
|
Vocational /Ordinary level
|
97.8
|
95.7
|
14.5
|
|
Secondary/higher
|
95.1
|
95.1
|
28.6
|
Occupation
|
None/Student
|
93.4
|
92.7
|
24.0
|
|
Employed
|
94.7
|
91.4
|
24.6
|
Type of disability
|
Physical
|
93.2
|
90.7
|
31.9
|
|
Visual
|
92.1
|
89.5
|
16.7
|
|
Hearing and speaking
|
95.8
|
95.8
|
33.3
|
|
Others
|
98.0
|
96.1
|
28.8
|
|
Combined
|
100
|
100
|
25.0
|
3.8 DISABILITY AND INCLUSION
Participants in the survey were asked to share their experiences with family members, healthcare providers and neighbours, in terms of support. Their level of satisfaction was scaled from 1 to 4. (i.e., from "not satisfied at all" to "very satisfied"). Therefore, table 15 below shows the results of the participants who said yes to the various level of support and their level of satisfaction. The majority of the respondents (94.3%) indicated to have received support from health care workers/providers as compared to other levels of support but were very satisfied (35.5%) with the support they receive from family members as compared to other levels of satisfaction. Table 15.
Table 15: Support to the Respondents and Level of Satisfaction
Variable
|
Category
|
Have you received any support? (%)
|
How do you rank the support received
|
|
|
|
Not Satisfied (%)
|
Very Satisfied (%)
|
Disability and Inclusion
|
Support from Family Members
|
85.3
|
3.2
|
35.5
|
|
Support from Health Care Workers/Providers
|
94.3
|
3.1
|
31.4
|
|
Support from Neighbours/Community
|
62.4
|
4.7
|
14.9
|