In the conditions of socio-economic changes taking place in the world and international integration, it is necessary to move the agricultural industry to a new innovative development path in a short period of time. Through this way, there will be an opportunity to raise the status of the village on a modern technical and technological basis[1].
In the XXI century, the problem of management, organization of innovative activities, selection of methods and mechanisms for innovative development of various sectors of the economy has been in the focus of attention of economists. Innovation, innovative activity, innovative process and similar concepts are firmly established in our daily life, enterprise activity and various aspects of economic sectors. In developed countries, innovation is one of the crucial factors in increasing the competitiveness of enterprises, strengthening their position in the market and producing consumer goods. In the implementation and execusion of innovative activities, first of all, it is necessary to clarify the main terms and concepts. As a result of studying the researches of the republican and foreign scientists dealing with the problem of innovation, it was found that there are different approaches to the content and essence of innovation, innovative process and innovative activity. In many economic literature, the Australian economist-scientist Joseph Schumpeter is highlighted as one of the first scientists who made an important contribution to the definition and types of innovative processes and the theory of innovative activity in general. At that time, there was no thought about innovation, but concepts such as "effective method", "innovation", "effect", "application" were used in the development of the economy.
From a technical or economic point of view, production is a combination of available resources and forces. Each method of production means a certain combination. Different methods of production can differ only in character and style, either by the object of combinations or by the ratio of their quantities. Each process of production constitutes this combination for us. In his research, Y.Schumpeter considered the issues of new combinations in development, gave a complete definition of the innovation process and singled out five exemplary changes:
- use of new equipment, new technological processes or new market supply in production (sale);
- introduction of new quality products;
- use of new raw materials;
- changes in the organization of production and its material and technical support;
- emergence of new sales markets.
The first most complete description of innovations was introduced into economic science by Y.A.Schumpeter[2], an Austrian scientist, in his book "Theory of Economic Development". This study initiates the classical theory of innovation. According to Y.Schumpeter, innovation is not only innovation, but also a factor of production. According to Schumpeter, the mass emergence of "new combinations" indicates the primary stage of economic recovery.
Y.Schumpeter defines innovation as an economic category: it is a productive function that, taking into account the changes in the set of factors affecting it, "predetermines the quantitative changes in the product. If a number of factors o instead of converting the form of the function, we achieve innovation. " He emphasized that innovation should be considered only in the context of cyclical and dynamic competition with new ones that replace old goods and technologies, that is, innovation is something that replaces the old is the new production function.
After Y.Schumpeter, G.Mensch, M.Kaleski, B.Twiss and others, "neoclassical" theories of innovation appeared. Prominent representatives of this trend consider innovations as the "main impetus" of development arising from new consumer goods, new methods of production and transportation, new markets, new organizational spheres in industry, and at the same time, they evaluate the cyclical development of the economy[3].
The innovation process is cyclical in nature. The economic and technological impact of innovative processes is only partially manifested in new products and technologies. The main part is manifested in the increase of economic and scientific technical capabilities (purchase of new techniques), that is, the technological level of the innovation system increases, which leads to an increase in the demand for innovations.
We can find such terms as "innovation", "innovation", "scientific and technical innovation" in the research works of scientists such as M.Porter[4], B.Twiss[5]. At the same time, many economists expressed their opinions on the innovation. For example, B. Santo defined innovation as follows: "Innovation is a socio-technical-economic process, which leads to the creation of products and technologies that are better according to their characteristics through the practical use of ideas and discoveries. If it aimed at obtaining economic benefits, its appearance on the market will create an opportunity for additional income.
In his research, B.Santo[6] based the concept of innovation chain as a linear sequence of certain stages in the process of innovation, various models of innovation processes and innovation modeling. According to L.Vodachek, O.Vodachkova[7], innovation is a purposeful change in the quality of the system in the work of the enterprise, which can be manifested in quantitative and qualitative changes in one or another field of the enterprise. V.N.Lapin[8] understood innovation as a set of processes for creating new practical tools (innovations) in order to fully satisfy certain needs of people. In our opinion, there is no guarantee that innovation will be beneficial to the community, that it will still be economically efficient and profitable.
In our opinion, innovation is the use of scientific achievements and advanced experience, improvement and development processes of social production, formation of products with new consumer characteristics (goods, products, techniques, technology, other organizational forms and tools), is the materialized final result of investment and creative activity based on implementation, aids to satisfy market and social needs, saves costs and ensures that people have different results in different spheres of life and activity.
According to I.T. Balabanov[9], innovation is investment in new techniques, technologies, new forms of organization of production, labor, service and management, including control, accounting, planning methods, analysis and other new forms. is the materialized result taken into account.
R.A.Fatkhuddinov defines innovation as follows: "Innovation is the final result of the innovation introduced in order to change the object of management and obtain economic, social, ecological, scientific-technical or other results." Summarizing the opinions of a number of other scientists, they generally expressed the meaning of "innovation" and "innovation", "introducing something new".
Evaluation of the effectiveness of the development and adoption of innovations in agriculture has its own characteristics, and it is necessary to take into account the limited resources of most of the resources used in the sector. This applies primarily to land, material, financial, and recently labor resources (highly qualified managers and specialists are meant). The limited resources and the year-by-year increase of the need make the country's agriculture, especially in the farming sector, the need to move to a new modern stage and an innovative model. Many foreign scientists defended their opinions on the topic of innovation in farms in scientific articles and dissertations.
In particular, V.Moysiadis, Panagiotis Sarigiannidis, Vasileios Vitsas, Adel Khelifi in their scientific article "Smart Farming in Europe"[10] describe a number of advanced developments in European farms. Accordingly, the main technological evolutions related to smart farming (such as unmanned aerial vehicles, unmanned ground vehicles and wireless sensor networks) are introduced, analyzed and discussed, with along with providing the main potential advantages of their use in the agricultural department and the latest research trends in their field. However, it should be noted that one of the biggest disadvantages of the ideas put forward by these scientists is that the prices of the technological equipment they introduce are very expensive, and the introduction of these technologies causes the cost of the product to increase several times 10 times. .
[1]Khamraeva S.N. Innovative development of rural infrastructure: Monograph; – T.: «Economy-Finance», 2017.p – 256.
[2]Schumpeter, Joseph, and Ursula Backhaus. "The theory of economic development." Joseph Alois Schumpeter. Springer, Boston, MA, 2003. 61-116.
[4]М. Портера. Инновационная глобализация и российская конкурентоспособность через призму «Алмаза .Текст научной статьи по специальности «Экономика и бизнес»
[5]Твисс Б. Прогнозирование для технологов и инженеров. М.: 2000. – 255 с.
[6]B.Santo Innovation as a tool for economic development. Moscow: Progress, 2005
[7]Vodachek L., Vodachkova O. Strategy of innovation management at the enterprise. Moscow: Economics, 1989. 167 p.
[8]Lapin V.N.3D modeling of fracture initiation from perforated noncemented wellbore //Spe Journal. – 2013. – Т. 18. – №. 03. – С. 589-600.
[9]BalabanovI.T.Innovation management //Textbook. M.: Russian Academy of Entrepreneurship. – 2001.
[10]Moysiadis V. Smart farming in Europe //Computer science review. – 2021. – Т. 39. – С. 100345.