Background: Fragmented mitochondrial (mt) genomes and extensive mt gene rearrangements have been frequently reported from parasitic lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera). However, relatively little is available about the mt genomes from the family Philopteridae that is the most species-rich family within the suborder Ischnocera.
Methods: Herein, we use next-generation sequencing to decode the mt genome sequences of Falcolipeurus suturalis and compared it with the mt genome sequences of F. quadripustulatus. Phylogenetic relationship of the concatenated amino acid sequence data for 13 protein-coding genes of the two Falcolipeurus lice and selected members of the family Philopteridae was evaluated using Bayesian inference (BI).
Results: The complete mt genome of F. suturalis is a circular double-stranded DNA molecule of 16,659 bp, and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, as well as three putative non-coding regions. The gene order in F. suturalis mt genome was rearranged compared with that of F. quadripustulatus, and they were radical different from other louse species and the ancestral insect. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the clear genetic distinctiveness between F. suturalis and F. quadripustulatus (Bayesian posterior probabilities=1.0), and the genus Falcolipeurus is more closely related to the genus Ibidoecus than to other genera (Bayesian posterior probabilities=1.0).
Conclusions: These novel datasets will help to better understand the gene rearrangements and phylogenetic position of Falcolipeurus and provide useful genetic markers for systematics and phylogenetic studies of bird lice.

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This is a list of supplementary files associated with this preprint. Click to download.
Fig. S1: PCR amplicons from the mitochondrial genome of Falcolipeurus suturalis. Amplicons generated with the F. suturalis primers. M: DL8000 DNA marker, 1: Validation_01, 2: Validation_02, 3: Validation_03, 4: Validation_04, 5: Validation_05, 6: Negative control.
Table S1 Primers used for assembly validation.
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Posted 24 Feb, 2021
Received 07 Mar, 2021
On 07 Mar, 2021
Received 28 Feb, 2021
Received 25 Feb, 2021
On 23 Feb, 2021
On 22 Feb, 2021
Received 21 Feb, 2021
On 21 Feb, 2021
Invitations sent on 21 Feb, 2021
On 16 Feb, 2021
On 16 Feb, 2021
On 16 Feb, 2021
On 16 Feb, 2021
Posted 24 Feb, 2021
Received 07 Mar, 2021
On 07 Mar, 2021
Received 28 Feb, 2021
Received 25 Feb, 2021
On 23 Feb, 2021
On 22 Feb, 2021
Received 21 Feb, 2021
On 21 Feb, 2021
Invitations sent on 21 Feb, 2021
On 16 Feb, 2021
On 16 Feb, 2021
On 16 Feb, 2021
On 16 Feb, 2021
Background: Fragmented mitochondrial (mt) genomes and extensive mt gene rearrangements have been frequently reported from parasitic lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera). However, relatively little is available about the mt genomes from the family Philopteridae that is the most species-rich family within the suborder Ischnocera.
Methods: Herein, we use next-generation sequencing to decode the mt genome sequences of Falcolipeurus suturalis and compared it with the mt genome sequences of F. quadripustulatus. Phylogenetic relationship of the concatenated amino acid sequence data for 13 protein-coding genes of the two Falcolipeurus lice and selected members of the family Philopteridae was evaluated using Bayesian inference (BI).
Results: The complete mt genome of F. suturalis is a circular double-stranded DNA molecule of 16,659 bp, and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, as well as three putative non-coding regions. The gene order in F. suturalis mt genome was rearranged compared with that of F. quadripustulatus, and they were radical different from other louse species and the ancestral insect. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the clear genetic distinctiveness between F. suturalis and F. quadripustulatus (Bayesian posterior probabilities=1.0), and the genus Falcolipeurus is more closely related to the genus Ibidoecus than to other genera (Bayesian posterior probabilities=1.0).
Conclusions: These novel datasets will help to better understand the gene rearrangements and phylogenetic position of Falcolipeurus and provide useful genetic markers for systematics and phylogenetic studies of bird lice.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6
This is a list of supplementary files associated with this preprint. Click to download.
Fig. S1: PCR amplicons from the mitochondrial genome of Falcolipeurus suturalis. Amplicons generated with the F. suturalis primers. M: DL8000 DNA marker, 1: Validation_01, 2: Validation_02, 3: Validation_03, 4: Validation_04, 5: Validation_05, 6: Negative control.
Table S1 Primers used for assembly validation.
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