1.Beckett P, Edwards J, Fennell D, Hubbard R, Woolhouse I, Peake MD. Demographics, management and survival of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma in the National Lung Cancer Audit in England and Wales. Lung Cancer. 2015;88(3):344–8.
2.Hodgson J, McElvenny D, Darnton A, Price M, Peto J. The expected burden of mesothelioma mortality in Great Britain from 2002 to 2050. British Journal of Cancer. 2005;92(3):587.
3.Yates D, Corrin B, Stidolph P, Browne K. Malignant mesothelioma in south east England: clinicopathological experience of 272 cases. Thorax. 1997;52(6):507–12.
4.Ribak J, Selikoff IJ. Survival of asbestos insulation workers with mesothelioma. British Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1992;49(10):732–5.
5.Woolhouse I, Bishop L, Darlison L, De Fonseka D, Edey A, Edwards J, et al. British Thoracic Society Guideline for the investigation and management of malignant pleural mesothelioma. Thorax. 2018;73(Suppl 1):i1-i30.
6.Zalcman G, Mazieres J, Margery J, Greillier L, Audigier-Valette C, Moro-Sibilot D, et al. Bevacizumab for newly diagnosed pleural mesothelioma in the Mesothelioma Avastin Cisplatin Pemetrexed Study (MAPS): a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2016;387(10026):1405–14.
7.Baas P, Scherpereel A, Nowak A, Fujimoto N, Peters S, Tsao A, et al. First-line nivolumab + ipilimumab vs chemotherapy in unresectable malignant pleural mesothelioma: CheckMate 743. Journal of Thoracic Oncology. 2020;15(10):e42.
8.Mansfield AS, Roden AC, Peikert T, Sheinin YM, Harrington SM, Krco CJ, et al. B7-H1 expression in malignant pleural mesothelioma is associated with sarcomatoid histology and poor prognosis. Journal of Thoracic Oncology. 2014;9(7):1036–40.
9.Cedrés S, Ponce-Aix S, Zugazagoitia J, Sansano I, Enguita A, Navarro-Mendivil A, et al. Analysis of Expression of Programmed Cell Death 1 Ligand 1 (PD-L1) in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma (MPM). PLOS ONE. 2015;10(3):e0121071.
10.Maio M, Scherpereel A, Calabrò L, Aerts J, Perez SC, Bearz A, et al. Tremelimumab as second-line or third-line treatment in relapsed malignant mesothelioma (DETERMINE): a multicentre, international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2b trial. Lancet Oncology. 2017.
11.Popat S, Curioni-Fontecedro A, Polydoropoulou V, Shah R, O’Brien M, Pope A, et al. A multicentre randomized phase III trial comparing pembrolizumab (P) vs single agent chemotherapy (CT) for advanced pre-treated malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM): Results from the European Thoracic Oncology Platform (ETOP 9–15) PROMISE-meso trial. 2019;30:v931.
12.Bibby AC, De Fonseka D, Morley AJ, Keenan E, Addeo A, Smith S, et al. Exploring the characteristics of patients with mesothelioma who chose active symptom control over chemotherapy as first-line treatment: a prospective, observational, single centre study. BMC Palliative Care. 2017;16(1):71.
13.Vogelzang NJ, Rusthoven JJ, Symanowski J, Denham C, Kaukel E, Ruffie P, et al. Phase III study of pemetrexed in combination with cisplatin versus cisplatin alone in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(14):2636–44.
14.Scherpereel A, Mazieres J, Greillier L, Lantuejoul S, Dô P, Bylicki O, et al. Nivolumab or nivolumab plus ipilimumab in patients with relapsed malignant pleural mesothelioma (IFCT–1501 MAPS2): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, non-comparative, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncology. 2019;20(2):239–53.
15.Watanabe M, Boyer JL, Crystal RG. AAVrh. 10-mediated genetic delivery of bevacizumab to the pleura to provide local anti-VEGF to suppress growth of metastatic lung tumors. Gene Therapy. 2010;17(8):1042–51.
16.Davies CWH LSDR. The Systemic Fibrinolytic Activity of Intrapleural Streptokinase. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1998;157(1):328–30.
17.Felletti R, Ravazzoni C. Intrapleural Corynebacterium parvum for malignant pleural effusions. Thorax. 1983;38(1):22–4.
18.Millar J, Hunter A, Horne N. Intrapleural immunotherapy with Corynebacterium parvum in recurrent malignant pleural effusions. Thorax. 1980;35(11):856–8.
19.Ostrowski M, Priestman T, Houston R, Martin W. A randomized trial of intracavitary bleomycin and Corynebacterium parvum in the control of malignant pleural effusions. Radiotherapy and Oncology. 1989;14(1):19–26.
20.Bibby AC, Walker S, Maskell NA. Are intra-pleural bacterial products associated with longer survival in adults with malignant pleural effusions? A systematic review. Lung Cancer. 2018;122:249–56.
21.Stephens RJ, Whiting C, Cowan K. Research priorities in mesothelioma: A James Lind Alliance Priority Setting Partnership. Lung Cancer. 2015;89(2):175–80.
22.Uchida A, Micksche M. Lysis of fresh human tumor cells by autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes and pleural effusion lymphocytes activated by OK432. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1983;71(4):673–80.
23.Sakamoto J, Teramukai S, Watanabe Y, Hayata Y, Okayasu T, Nakazato H, et al. Meta-analysis of adjuvant immunochemotherapy using OK–432 in patients with resected non-small-cell lung cancer. Journal of Immunotherapy. 2001;24(3):250–6.
24.Prescott S, James K, Hargreave TB, Chisholm GD, Smyth JF. Intravesical Evans Strain BCG Therapy: Quantitative Immunohistochemical Analysis of the Immune Response within the Bladder Wall. The Journal of Urology. 1992;147(6):1636–42.
25.Sylvester RJ, van der Meijden APM, Witjes JA, Kurth K. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin versus chemotherapy for the intravesical treatment of patients with carcinoma in situ of the bladder: a meta-analysis of the published results of randomized clinical trials. The Journal of Urology. 2005;174(1):86–91.
26.Relton C, Torgerson D, O’Cathain A, Nicholl J. Rethinking pragmatic randomised controlled trials: introducing the “cohort multiple randomised controlled trial” design. British Medical Journal. 2010;340:c1066.
27.van der Velden JM, Verkooijen HM, Young-Afat DA, Burbach JPM, van Vulpen M, Relton C, et al. The cohort multiple randomized controlled trial design: a valid and efficient alternative to pragmatic trials? International Journal of Epidemiology. 2016.
28.Verkooijen H, Roes K, van Gils C. Cohort multiple randomized controlled trial: a solution for the evaluation of multiple interventions. Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde. 2013;157(17):A5762-A.
29.Loudon K, Treweek S, Sullivan F, Donnan P, Thorpe KE, Zwarenstein M. The PRECIS–2 tool: designing trials that are fit for purpose. British Medical Journal. 2015;350.
30.Bibby AC, Torgerson DJ, Leach S, Lewis-White H, Maskell NA. Commentary: considerations for using the ‘Trials within Cohorts’ design in a clinical trial of an investigational medicinal product. Trials. 2018;19(1):18.
31.Byrne MJ, Nowak AK. Modified RECIST criteria for assessment of response in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Annals of Oncology. 2004;15(2):257–60.
32.NIHR. Pilot and Feasibility Studies. https://wwwjournalslibrarynihracuk/information-for-authors/pilot-and-feasibility-studies/ Accessd 29/06/2020.
33.Clarke V, Braun V. Thematic analysis. Encyclopedia of Critical Psychology: Springer; 2014. p. 1947–52.
34.Gal R, Monninkhof EM, van Gils CH, Groenwold RHH, van den Bongard DHJG, Peeters PHM, et al. The Trials within Cohorts design faced methodological advantages and disadvantages in the exercise oncology setting. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2019;113:137–46.
35.Bibby AC, Halford P, De Fonseka D, Morley AJ, Smith S, Maskell NA. The prevalence and clinical relevance of non-expandable lung in malignant pleural mesothelioma: a prospective, single-center cohort study of 229 patients. Annals of the American Thoracic Society. 2019;16(10):1273–9.
36.Sterman DH, Alley E, Stevenson JP, Friedberg J, Metzger S, Recio A, et al. Pilot and feasibility trial of immuno-gene therapy of malignant mesothelioma using intrapleural delivery of adenovirus- interferon-alpha combined with chemotherapy. Clinical Cancer Research. 2016.
37.Sterman DH, Molnar-Kimber K, Iyengar T, Chang M, Lanuti M, Amin KM, et al. A pilot study of systemic corticosteroid administration in conjunction with intrapleural adenoviral vector administration in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma. Cancer Gene Therapy. 2000;7(12):1511.
38.Sterman DH, Recio A, Vachani A, Sun J, Cheung L, DeLong P, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma receiving high-dose adenovirus herpes simplex thymidine kinase/ganciclovir suicide gene therapy. Clinical Cancer Research. 2005;11(20):7444–53.
39.Bhatnagar R, Keenan EK, Morley AJ, Kahan BC, Stanton AE, Haris M, et al. Outpatient talc administration by indwelling pleural catheter for malignant effusion. New England Journal of Medicine. 2018;378(14):1313–22.
40.Wahidi MM, Reddy C, Yarmus L, Feller-Kopman D, Musani A, Shepherd RW, et al. Randomized Trial of Pleural Fluid Drainage Frequency in Patients with Malignant Pleural Effusions. The ASAP Trial. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine. 2017;195(8):1050–7.
41.Warnock C, Lord K, Taylor B, Tod A. Patient experiences of participation in a radical thoracic surgical trial: findings from the Mesothelioma and Radical Surgery Trial 2 (MARS 2). Trials. 2019;20(1):598.
42.British Lung Foundation. The British Lung Foundation Survey of people affected by mesothelioma 2013. Available at https://patientperspective.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/BLF-mesothelioma-survey-report.pdf, accessed 20/07/2020.
43.Mesothelioma UJRoahwmuc. National Mesothelioma Experience Survey. 2012.
44.Pate A, Candlish J, Sperrin M, Van Staa TP, 2 oboGWP. Cohort Multiple Randomised Controlled Trials (cmRCT) design: efficient but biased? A simulation study to evaluate the feasibility of the Cluster cmRCT design. BMC Medical Research Methodology. 2016;16(1):109.
45.Royal College of Physicians. National Mesothelioma Audit report 2018 (for the audit period 2014–16). London: Royal College of Physicians, 2018.
46.Calabro L, Morra A, Fonsatti E, Cutaia O, Amato G, Giannarelli D, et al. Tremelimumab for patients with chemotherapy-resistant advanced malignant mesothelioma: an open-label, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncology. 2013;14(11):1104–11.