Ethics approval and consent to participate
All animal experimental procedures were approved by the Committee for Animal Research, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine (M2021-56, 2021-107). All methods were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. All methods were reported according to the ARRIVE guidelines for reporting animal experiments (https://arriveguidelines.org/)
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Competing interests
Takashi Yoshimura has no competing interest.
Takuro Okamura has no competing interest.
Hiroki Yuge has no competing interest.
Yukako Hosomi has no competing interest.
Emi Ushigome has received grants from the Japanese Study Group for Physiology and Management of Blood Pressure, the Astellas Foundation for Research on Metabolic Disorders (Grant number: 4024). Donated Fund Laboratory of Diabetes therapeutics is an endowment department, supported with an unrestricted grant from Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., and received personal fees from AstraZeneca plc, Astellas Pharma Inc., Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Kyowa Hakko Kirin Company Ltd., Kowa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., MSD K.K., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corp., Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd., Taisho Toyama Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., and Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., outside the submitted work.
Naoko Nakanishi received grant support from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 19K23999) (JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 20K16158) and The Japan Food Chemical Research Foundation, and received personal fees from Kowa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., and Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd.
Ryoichi Sasano has no competing interest.
Takehiro Ogata has no competing interest.
Masahide Hamaguchi has received grants from Asahi Kasei Pharma, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Sanofi K.K., Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Astellas Pharma Inc., Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd., and Eli Lilly Japan K.K., outside the submitted work.
Michiaki Fukui has received grants from Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Kissei Pharma Co., Ltd., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Co, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Sanofi K.K., Takeda Pharma Co., Ltd., Astellas Pharma Inc., MSD K.K., Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Kowa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd., Ono Pharma Co., Ltd., Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd. Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Taisho Pharma Co., Ltd., Terumo Co., Teijin Pharma Ltd., Nippon Chemiphar Co., Ltd., and Johnson & Johnson K.K. Medical Co., Abbott Japan Co., Ltd., and received personal fees from Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Kissei Pharma Co., Ltd., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corp., Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Sanofi K.K., Takeda Pharma Co., Ltd., Astellas Pharma Inc., MSD K.K., Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Kowa Pharma Co., Ltd., Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd., Ono Pharma Co., Ltd., Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Taisho Pharma Co., Ltd., Bayer Yakuhin, Ltd., AstraZeneca K.K., Mochida Pharma Co., Ltd., Abbott Japan Co., Ltd., Medtronic Japan Co., Ltd., Arkley Inc., Teijin Pharma Ltd. and Nipro Cor., outside the submitted work.
Funding
Ushigome Emi received grant support from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (grant numbers 18K15897 and 22K08108).
Authors’ contributions
M.H. originated and designed the study, researched the data, and wrote the manuscript. T.Y., T.O., and M.F. originated and designed the study, researched the data, and reviewed the manuscript. D.Y., Y.H., T.K., E.U., and N.N. researched the data and contributed to the discussion. R.S. and T.O. supported the techniques of research. H.M. is the guarantor of this work and, as such, had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. All authors were involved in the writing of the manuscript and approved the final version of this article.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Editage (www.editage.com) for English language editing.