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Research Article
Christian Sturmbauer
University of Graz
Corresponding Author
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Background:Teleosts display a spectacular diversity of craniofacial adaptations that often mediate ecological specializations. A considerable amount of research has revealed molecular players underlying skeletal craniofacial morphologies, but less is known about soft craniofacial phenotypes. Here we focus on a bizarre example of lip hypertrophy in the Lake Tangnayika cichlid, Gnathochromis permaxillaris, that is considered to be a dietary adaptation to suck invertebrates out of narrow crevices. In this study, we investigate the molecular and regulatory basis of lip development G. permaxillaris, using a comparative transcriptomic approach.
Results: We identified a gene regulatory network involved in tissue overgrowth and cellular hypertrophy, potentially associated with the formation of a locally restricted hypertrophic lip in a teleost fish species. Of particular interest were the increased expression level of apoda and fhl2, as well as reduced expression of cyp1a, gimap8, lama5 and rasal3, in the hypertrophic lip region which have been implicated in formation of lip structure in other vertebrates. Among the predicted upstream transcription factors, we found reduced expression foxp1 in the hypertrophic lip region, which is known to act as repressor of cell growth and proliferation and its function has been associated with hypertrophy of upper lip in human.
Conclusion: Our results provide a genetic foundation for future studies of molecular players shaping soft and exaggerated, but locally restricted, craniofacial morphological changes in fish and perhaps across vertebrates.
Keywords
lip hypertrophy, gene expression, Cichlidae, Gnathochromis permaxillaris, RNA-Seq, Lake Tangnayika
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No competing interests reported.
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Reviewer #4 agreed
On 18 Mar, 2021
Reviewer #7 agreed
On 15 Mar, 2021
Reviewer #3 agreed
On 15 Mar, 2021
Reviewer #5 agreed
On 15 Mar, 2021
Reviewer #8 agreed
On 15 Mar, 2021
Reviewer #11 agreed
On 15 Mar, 2021
Reviewer #6 agreed
On 15 Mar, 2021
Reviewer #13 agreed
On 15 Mar, 2021
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 15 Mar, 2021
Reviewer #12 agreed
On 15 Mar, 2021
Reviewer #9 agreed
On 15 Mar, 2021
Reviewer #10 agreed
On 15 Mar, 2021
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 15 Mar, 2021
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 14 Mar, 2021
Editor assigned
On 12 Mar, 2021
Editor invited
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Subject Areas
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This preprint is under consideration at BMC Genomics. A preprint is a preliminary version of a manuscript that has not completed peer review at a journal. Research Square does not conduct peer review prior to posting preprints. The posting of a preprint on this server should not be interpreted as an endorsement of its validity or suitability for dissemination as established information or for guiding clinical practice.
Learn more about In Review
Research Article
Christian Sturmbauer
University of Graz
Corresponding Author
Badges
Prescreen
This manuscript passed our Prescreen assessment
Complete author information
Appropriate declaration statements
Potential risks to human health
Prescreen
Peer Review Timeline
CURRENT STATUS: Under Revision
Version 1
Posted 16 Mar, 2021
No community comments so far
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 15 Apr, 2021
Review #2 received
Received 05 Apr, 2021
Review #4 received
Received 05 Apr, 2021
Review #3 received
Received 05 Apr, 2021
Review #1 received
Received 05 Apr, 2021
Reviewer #4 agreed
On 18 Mar, 2021
Reviewer #7 agreed
On 15 Mar, 2021
Reviewer #3 agreed
On 15 Mar, 2021
Reviewer #5 agreed
On 15 Mar, 2021
Reviewer #8 agreed
On 15 Mar, 2021
Reviewer #11 agreed
On 15 Mar, 2021
Reviewer #6 agreed
On 15 Mar, 2021
Reviewer #13 agreed
On 15 Mar, 2021
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 15 Mar, 2021
Reviewer #12 agreed
On 15 Mar, 2021
Reviewer #9 agreed
On 15 Mar, 2021
Reviewer #10 agreed
On 15 Mar, 2021
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 15 Mar, 2021
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 14 Mar, 2021
Editor assigned
On 12 Mar, 2021
Editor invited
On 12 Mar, 2021
Submission checks complete
On 12 Mar, 2021
First submitted
On 27 Feb, 2021
Metrics
Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
Subject Areas
Epigenetics & Genomics
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
Background:Teleosts display a spectacular diversity of craniofacial adaptations that often mediate ecological specializations. A considerable amount of research has revealed molecular players underlying skeletal craniofacial morphologies, but less is known about soft craniofacial phenotypes. Here we focus on a bizarre example of lip hypertrophy in the Lake Tangnayika cichlid, Gnathochromis permaxillaris, that is considered to be a dietary adaptation to suck invertebrates out of narrow crevices. In this study, we investigate the molecular and regulatory basis of lip development G. permaxillaris, using a comparative transcriptomic approach.
Results: We identified a gene regulatory network involved in tissue overgrowth and cellular hypertrophy, potentially associated with the formation of a locally restricted hypertrophic lip in a teleost fish species. Of particular interest were the increased expression level of apoda and fhl2, as well as reduced expression of cyp1a, gimap8, lama5 and rasal3, in the hypertrophic lip region which have been implicated in formation of lip structure in other vertebrates. Among the predicted upstream transcription factors, we found reduced expression foxp1 in the hypertrophic lip region, which is known to act as repressor of cell growth and proliferation and its function has been associated with hypertrophy of upper lip in human.
Conclusion: Our results provide a genetic foundation for future studies of molecular players shaping soft and exaggerated, but locally restricted, craniofacial morphological changes in fish and perhaps across vertebrates.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
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