Table 1: Characteristics of People Living with HIV in Tajikistan, Stratified by Migrants and Non-Migrants
|
Non-Migrants
|
Migrants
|
P-Value*
|
|
N=9519
|
N=503
|
|
Region:
|
|
|
<0.001
|
Badakhshan
|
398 (4.18%)
|
98 (19.5%)
|
|
DRS
|
1939 (20.4%)
|
103 (20.5%)
|
|
Dushanbe
|
2430 (25.5%)
|
40 (7.95%)
|
|
Khatlon
|
2667 (28.0%)
|
129 (25.6%)
|
|
Sughd
|
2085 (21.9%)
|
133 (26.4%)
|
|
Age (mean)
|
37.2 (13.4)
|
39.6 (8.30)
|
<0.001
|
Age (Categorical):
|
|
|
<0.001
|
<18
|
1120 (11.8%)
|
0 (0.00%)
|
|
18-24
|
247 (2.59%)
|
10 (1.99%)
|
|
25-34
|
1991 (20.9%)
|
152 (30.2%)
|
|
35-44
|
3324 (34.9%)
|
201 (40.0%)
|
|
45-55
|
2175 (22.8%)
|
117 (23.3%)
|
|
55<
|
662 (6.95%)
|
23 (4.57%)
|
|
Percent Female
|
40% (0.49)
|
16% (0.37)
|
<0.001
|
Transmission Route:
|
|
|
.
|
Heterosexual
|
4834 (50.8%)
|
406 (80.7%)
|
|
Injection drug use
|
3219 (33.8%)
|
92 (18.3%)
|
|
Male-to-Male Sexual
|
36 (0.38%)
|
4 (0.80%)
|
|
Relationship Status:
|
|
|
<0.001
|
Divorced
|
1048 (11.8%)
|
56 (11.5%)
|
|
Married
|
4583 (51.7%)
|
344 (70.9%)
|
|
Unmarried
|
2761 (31.1%)
|
60 (12.4%)
|
|
Widowed
|
380 (4.29%)
|
17 (3.51%)
|
|
Education:
|
|
|
. <0.001
|
Elementary
|
180 (2.12%)
|
6 (1.25%)
|
|
High school
|
6498 (76.4%)
|
353 (73.5%)
|
|
None
|
815 (9.58%)
|
7 (1.46%)
|
|
Specialized high school
|
416 (4.89%)
|
80 (16.7%)
|
|
Unfinished high school
|
304 (3.57%)
|
5 (1.04%)
|
|
Unfinished University
|
80 (0.94%)
|
8 (1.67%)
|
|
University Degree
|
214 (2.52%)
|
21 (4.38%)
|
|
Employment:
|
|
|
<0.001 .
|
Employed
|
555 (5.83%)
|
86 (17.1%)
|
|
Incarcerated
|
207 (2.17%)
|
1 (0.20%)
|
|
Military
|
18 (0.19%)
|
0 (0.00%)
|
|
None
|
8300 (87.2%)
|
413 (82.1%)
|
|
Other
|
87 (0.91%)
|
1 (0.20%)
|
|
Retired
|
26 (0.27%)
|
1 (0.20%)
|
|
Student
|
308 (3.24%)
|
0 (0.00%)
|
|
Student (higher education)
|
17 (0.18%)
|
1 (0.20%)
|
|
Ever had Male-to-Male Sexual Contact:
|
|
|
0.688
|
No
|
5903 (98.4%)
|
415 (98.8%)
|
|
Yes
|
94 (1.57%)
|
5 (1.19%)
|
|
Ever used Illicit Drugs:
|
|
|
<0.001
|
No
|
5942 (64.7%)
|
400 (79.7%)
|
|
Yes
|
3240 (35.3%)
|
102 (20.3%)
|
|
Baseline_CD4 (mean)
|
390 (305)
|
340 (213)
|
<0.001
|
Late Presentation (CD4<200) at Diagnosis:
|
|
|
0.505
|
No
|
3900 (73.2%)
|
234 (71.3%)
|
|
Yes
|
1429 (26.8%)
|
94 (28.7%)
|
|
Number of Sexual Partners in the Last 12 Months (mean)
|
2.29 (3.11)
|
3.05 (2.87)
|
<0.001
|
|
|
|
|
Percent AntiHCV Positive
|
27% (0.44)
|
30% (0.46)
|
0.393
|
|
|
|
|
Percent TB Positive (Syndromic)
|
2% (0.14)
|
2% (0.15)
|
0.811
|
|
|
|
|
Percent HBsAg Positive
|
7% (0.26)
|
6% (0.25)
|
0.615
|
|
|
|
|
Ever Purchases Services of a Sex Worker:
|
|
|
<0.001
|
No
|
4392 (68.3%)
|
247 (50.7%)
|
|
Yes
|
1827 (28.4%)
|
209 (42.9%)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*For continuous variables that are normally distributed, a t-test is performed to calculate p-values. For continuous variables that are not normally distributed, MannWhitney U is performed. For categorical variables, p-values correspond to a Pearson Chi-Square test.
Table 2. Missingness analysis for the Late Presentation variable. Categories for which the Late Presentation variable is not missing completely at random (MCAR) are in bold. P-values correspond to a chi-square test.
Category
|
Category
|
Not Missing
|
Missing
|
P-value
|
Age
|
|
|
|
0.017
|
|
18-24
|
9 (2.7)
|
1 (0.6)
|
|
|
25-34
|
110 (33.5)
|
42 (24.0)
|
|
|
35-44
|
127 (38.7)
|
74 (42.3)
|
|
|
45-54
|
65 (19.8)
|
52 (29.7)
|
|
|
>55
|
17 (5.2)
|
6 (3.4)
|
|
Region
|
|
|
|
<0.0001
|
|
Badakhshan
|
46 (14.0)
|
52 (29.7)
|
|
|
DIRS
|
74 (22.6)
|
29 (16.6)
|
|
|
Dushanbe
|
26 (7.9)
|
14 (8.0)
|
|
|
Khatlon
|
88 (26.8)
|
41 (23.4)
|
|
|
Sughd
|
94 (28.7)
|
39 (22.3)
|
|
Sex
|
Male
|
272 (82.9)
|
150 (85.7)
|
0.495
|
|
Female
|
56 (17.1)
|
25 (14.3)
|
|
Education
|
Elementary
|
3 (1.0)
|
3 (1.8)
|
0.326
|
|
High school
|
238 (76.0)
|
115 (68.9)
|
|
|
None
|
6 (1.9)
|
1 (0.6)
|
|
|
Specialized high school
|
45 (14.4)|
|
35 (21.0)
|
|
|
Unfinished high school
|
2 (0.6)
|
3 (1.8)
|
|
|
Unfinished University
|
5 (1.6)
|
3 (1.8)
|
|
|
University Degree
|
14 (4.5)
|
7 (4.2)
|
|
Relationship Status
|
|
|
|
0.010
|
|
Single
|
13 (4.2)
|
12 (6.9)
|
|
|
Divorced
|
38 (12.2)
|
18 (10.4)
|
|
|
Married
|
230 (73.7)
|
114 (65.9)
|
|
|
Other
|
5 (1.6)
|
1 (0.6)
|
|
|
Unmarried (Not Single)
|
14 (4.5)
|
21 (12.1)
|
|
|
Widowed
|
12 (3.8
|
5 (2.9)
|
|
Transmission Route
|
|
|
|
|
|
Heterosexual
|
282 (86.0)
|
124 (70.9)
|
<0.001
|
|
Injection Drug Use
|
41 (12.5)
|
51 (29.1)
|
|
|
Male-to-Male Sexual
|
4 (1.2)
|
0 (0.0)
|
|
Employment
|
|
|
|
0.132
|
|
Employed
|
65 (19.8)
|
21 (12.0)|
|
|
|
Unemployed
|
260 (79.3)
|
153 (87.4)
|
|
Ever had Male-to-Male Sexual Contact
|
|
|
|
0.235
|
|
No
|
267 (98.2)
|
148 (100.0)
|
|
|
Yes
|
5 (1.8)|
|
0 (0.0)
|
|
Ever used Illict Drugs
|
|
|
|
|
|
No
|
279 (85.3)
|
121 (69.1)
|
|
|
Yes
|
48 (14.7)
|
54 (30.9)
|
|
Ever Purchased Services of Sex Worker
|
|
|
|
0.259
|
|
No
|
154 (48.4)
|
93 (55.0)
|
|
|
Yes
|
145 (45.6)
|
64 (37.9)
|
|
Table 3. Unadjusted associations between study variables and probability of late presentation for HIV (n=503)
Characteristic OR (95% Confidence) P-value
Region of Origin
Badakhshan 1.00
Districts of Republican Subordination 0.9 (0.4 – 1.8) 0.8
Dushanbe 0.9 (0.4 – 2.4) 0.9
Khatlon 0.9 (0.4 – 1.8) 0.7
Sughd 0.7 (0.4 – 1.5) 0.4
Current Age (years)
18-24 1.00
25-34 2.1 (0.2 – 17.5) 0.5
35-44 3.5 (0.4 – 29.1) 0.2
45-54 4.5 (0.5– 38.3) 0.2
>55 15.9 (1.6 – 160.2) 0.02**
As continuous* 1.06 (1.03-1.09) 0.0001***
Time Spent in Russia
Less than 5 years 1.00
5-15 years 1.5 (0.9 – 2.4) 0.1
15 years or more 1.9 (1.0 – 3.7) 0.05**
As continuous* 1.04 (1.003-1.077) 0.03***
Sex
Male 1.00
Female 0.7 (0.3 – 1.3) 0.3
Education
Elementary 1.00
High school 1.2 (0.1 – 11.1) 0.9
None 0.6 (0.0 – 11.0) 0.8
Specialized High School 1.0 (0.1 – 10.3) 0.8
Unfinished High School 1.4 (0.06 – 34.5) 1.0
Unfinished University 1.6 (0.1– 27.1) 0.8
University Degree 1.7 (0.1 – 21.1) 0.7
Employment Status
Employed 1.00
Unemployed 1.3 (0.7 – 2.4) 0.4
Relationship Status
Single 1.00
Divorced 2.9 (0.5 – 17.7) 0.3
Married 2.4 (0.4 – 13.4) 0.3
Widowed 4.4 (0.6 – 32.7) 0.1
Transmission Route
Heterosexual 1.00
Injection Drug Use 1.4 (0.7 – 2.5) 0.3
Male-to-Male Sexual 0.0 (undefined) 0.1
Number of Sexual Partners in Last 12 months
As continuous* 1.0 (0.9 – 1.1) 0.8
Risk Behavior & Misc.
Ever used illicit drugs
No 1.00
Yes 0.3 (-0.3 – 0.9) 0.3
Ever had Male-to-Male Sexual Contact
No 1.00
Yes -13.6 (-1207.8 – 1180.7) 1.0
Ever Purchased Services of Sex Worker
No 1.00
Yes 0.2 (-0.3 – 0.6) 0.4
Table 4. Multivariable logistic regression model of factors associated with late presentation for HIV (N=503)
Characteristic
|
Adjusted OR
(95% CI)
|
p
|
Time Spent in Russia 1.04 (1.001-1.078) 0.04*
Age
18-24 1.00
25-34 2.2 (0.3 – 19.3) 0.5
35-44 3.7 (0.4 – 31.9) 0.2
45-54 4.6 (0.5– 40.1) 0.2
>55 18.3 (1.7– 195.7) 0.02**
Sex
Male 1.00
Female 0.7 (0.3 – 1.4) 0.3
Region of Origin
Badakhshan 1.00
DRS 1.0 (0.5 – 2.2) 1.0
Dushanbe 0.9 (0.4 – 2.9) 0.9
Khatlon 0.9 (0.5 – 2.2) 1.0
Sughd 0.7 (0.4 – 1.8) 0.6