3.1 Social impacts of Flooding
The study’s results on Tuti Island revealed valuable insights into the social impacts of flooding on the island's residents. According to the respondents, several key social impacts were identified, including migration, displacement, injury or death of a family member, loss of job opportunities, and an increase in poverty (as presented in Table 1). These findings highlight the multifaceted and far-reaching consequences of flooding events on the local population (Khayyam 2020; Yu et al. 2022).Table 1 also provides an interesting spatial dimension to the social impacts, showing variations across different parts of Tuti Island. The results indicate that the eastern part of the island experienced a higher frequency of social impacts compared to other regions. This suggests that certain areas within Tuti Island are more vulnerable and susceptible to the social consequences of flooding. In contrast, the southern part of the island reported injury or death of a family member as the sole social impact, indicating a different pattern and possibly unique circumstances in that area. The prevalence of migration and displacement as significant social impacts highlight the disruption and upheaval experienced by residents in the face of flooding (Kakinuma et al. 2020; Mora et al. 2018). These consequences can have long-term implications for individuals and families, leading to the loss of familiar surroundings, social networks, and livelihoods. The loss of job opportunities and an increase in poverty further compound the challenges the affected population faces, exacerbating the community's socioeconomic inequalities (Parvin et al. 2016).
Table 1: The number of respondents who indicated the existence of flooding social impacts and their types in Tuti Island across the four geographical directions
Location
|
Existence of social impacts (%)
|
Social impacts of floods (%)
|
Migration
|
Displacement
|
Injury or
Death of
family
member
|
Losing Job
Opportunities
|
Increase
in poverty
|
Other
|
East
|
85
|
15.7
|
21.6
|
13.7
|
21.6
|
21.6
|
5.9
|
West
|
57
|
25.0
|
25.0
|
15.0
|
20.0
|
15.0
|
0
|
North
|
65
|
21.1
|
24.6
|
15.8
|
14.0
|
17.5
|
7
|
South
|
50
|
0
|
0
|
100
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Mean
|
64
|
15.4
|
17.8
|
36.1
|
13.9
|
13.5
|
3.3
|
3.2 Economic impacts of Flooding
The survey findings on Tuti Island also shed light on the economic impacts of flooding as perceived by the respondents. Loss of income sources, property losses, decrease in annual income rates, infrastructure destruction, hindrance to economic growth, crop damage, and animals' death emerged as the most commonly reported economic impacts (as presented in Table 2). Among these impacts, property losses were relatively the most prevalent, with an average score of 21.5 (Table 2). To further understand the economic ramifications, the study also assessed the monetary losses experienced by the island's residents. Table 3 shows that the economic losses varied across different parts of the island, ranging from 71.2 USD in the western areas to 1,779.4 USD in the southern regions. This variability in economic losses suggests spatial disparities in the severity of flooding impacts on the local economy. Interestingly, Figure 1 indicates a positive relationship between economic loss and the distance from the Nile River. This suggests that areas situated farther from the river tend to experience higher economic losses due to flooding. The proximity to the Nile appears to play a significant role in increasing the community's ability to cope with the economic impacts of floods. Figure 2 highlights the differential vulnerability of various occupational groups to flooding. It reveals that individuals who depend on agriculture as their primary source of income are more severely affected by flooding compared to those in other occupations. This underscores the vulnerability of agricultural livelihoods and the need for targeted support and adaptation strategies for farmers and related sectors (Ahmadi et al. 2022). The identified economic impacts demonstrate the extensive damage and disruptions caused by flooding on Tuti Island's economy. Loss of income sources, property damage, and reduced economic growth impede the island's development and hinder the well-being of its residents. The variations in economic losses across different regions underscore the importance of localized approaches to address the unique challenges faced by each area.
Table2: The number of respondents who indicated the existence of flooding economic impacts and their types in Tuti Island across the four geographical directions
location
|
Existence of economic impacts of floods (%)
|
Economic impacts of the floods (%)
|
Loss source of income
|
Property losses
|
Decrease annul income rate
|
Infrastructure destruction
|
Hinder economic growth
|
Crops damage and animals death
|
Other
|
East
|
90
|
17.5
|
19.0
|
12.7
|
20.6
|
14.3
|
14.3
|
1.6
|
West
|
74
|
17.5
|
15.8
|
15.8
|
17.5
|
15.8
|
15.8
|
1.8
|
North
|
73
|
16.7
|
17.9
|
15.4
|
17.9
|
15.4
|
15.4
|
1.3
|
South
|
100
|
0
|
33.3
|
0
|
0
|
33.3
|
33.3
|
0
|
Mean
|
84.3
|
12.9
|
21.5
|
11.0
|
14.0
|
19.7
|
19.7
|
1.2
|
Table 3: Descriptive Statistics of the amount of economic loss per USD in Tuti Island across the four geographical directions
Location
|
Minimum
|
Maximum
|
Mean
|
Std. Deviation
|
East
|
89.0
|
1245.6
|
631.7
|
371.5
|
West
|
71.2
|
1245.6
|
605.0
|
426.0
|
North
|
355.9
|
1779.4
|
823.0
|
435.2
|
South
|
1779.4
|
1779.4
|
1779.4
|
-
|
1Dollar = 562 SDG
3. Environmental impacts of Floods
The environmental impacts of flooding, as reported by the respondents, are; Loss of vegetation cover, soil erosion, lack of diversity, water pollution, loss of the beautiful nature, and landslides were identified as the most common environmental impacts (as presented in Table 4). Landslides emerged as the most frequently reported environmental impact, with an average score of 33.5 (Table 4). These findings highlight the significant ecological consequences of flooding (Talbot et al. 2018). The loss of vegetation cover can have detrimental effects on soil stability, exacerbating soil erosion and increasing the risk of landslides (Zhang et al. 2022). Additionally, the lack of diversity resulting from the destruction of natural habitats can disrupt ecosystems and lead to a decline in biodiversity (Zhang et al. 2021). Water pollution is another significant environmental impact, which can harm aquatic ecosystems, compromise water quality, and threaten the health of both humans and livestock (Talbot et al. 2018). The respondents also emphasized the loss of the island's beautiful natural features, highlighting the aesthetic and cultural value of the environment that is compromised by flooding Ebuzoeme 2015). This loss not only impacts the quality of life for residents but may also have negative consequences for tourism and recreational activities (Talbot et al. 2018).The recognition of landslides as the most prevalent environmental impact suggests the vulnerability of Tuti Island to slope instability and geohazards. The occurrence of landslides can lead to severe damage to infrastructure, property, and human lives, further exacerbating the overall impacts of flooding (Alimohammadlou et al. 2013).
Table 4: Environmental impacts of the floods in Tuti Island across the four geographical directions
location
|
Existence of environmental impacts of floods(%)
|
Environmental impacts of floods (%)
|
Loss of vegetation cover
|
Soil erosion
|
Lack of diversity
|
Water pollution
|
Loss of the beautiful nature
|
Landslide
|
Other
|
East
|
100
|
15.0
|
15.0
|
12.5
|
20.0
|
12.5
|
23.8
|
1.3
|
West
|
94.7
|
15.4
|
15.4
|
12.8
|
17.9
|
14.1
|
21.8
|
2.6
|
North
|
100
|
15.5
|
16.4
|
13.6
|
16.4
|
15.5
|
21.8
|
0.9
|
South
|
100
|
0
|
33.3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
66.7
|
0
|
Mean
|
98.7
|
11.5
|
20.0
|
9.7
|
13.6
|
10.5
|
33.5
|
1.2
|