3.1. Solubility test of corrosion inhibitors.
The objective of the solubility test was to simulate and visualize the effect of the addition of CIs on some of the liquid phases present in oil and gas transportation systems. Figures 4, 5 and 6 plot the results of each solubility test.
In Fig. 4, it can be seen that CI-R12 did not present turbidity in isopropanol or in saline/isopropanol solution and resulted in a transparent solution. In deionized water, there was slight turbidity and the formation of foam on the surface. In saline/hydrocarbon solution, there was slight turbidity in the aqueous phase, as well as the formation of a thin whitish film between the phases. In hydrocarbon (white gasoline), there was turbidity and the formation of a whitish precipitate after 24 h. In deionized water, CI-R12/2 showed slight turbidity, a yellowish precipitate, and the formation of foam on the surface. In saline/hydrocarbon solution, turbidity occurred, as well as the formation of small micelles in the organic phase, slight turbidity in the aqueous phase, and the formation of a thin whitish film between the phases. In hydrocarbon (white gasoline), there was turbidity and the formation of a whitish precipitate after 24 h. CI-R12/2 did not present turbidity in isopropanol or in saline/isopropanol solution and thus resulted in a transparent solution.
Figure 5 shows that CI-R16 did not exhibit turbidity in saline/isopropanol and thus resulted in a clear solution. The sample in isopropanol showed slight turbidity and a whitish precipitate; in deionized water, white turbidity and the formation of a white precipitate were observed after 24 h, as well as the formation of foam on the surface. In saline/hydrocarbon solution, there was slight turbidity in the aqueous phase, as well as the formation of a thin film between the phases. In the sample in hydrocarbon (white gasoline), turbidity appeared a whitish precipitate formed after 24 h, and the phase cleared up. Additionally, CI-R16/2 did not present turbidity in saline/isopropanol solution and thus resulted in a transparent solution. The sample in isopropanol showed slight turbidity and a whitish precipitate. In deionized water, white turbidity was observed, as well as the presence of white solids. In saline/hydrocarbon solution, slight turbidity occurred in the aqueous phase, as well as the formation of a film between the phases. The sample in hydrocarbon (white gasoline) presented turbidity and the formation of a whitish precipitate after 24 h.
Figure 6 shows that in isopropanol and in saline/isopropanol solution, CI-R18 did not present turbidity and resulted in a clear solution. When CI-R18 was solubilized in deionized water, turbidity and white colouration of the solution appeared, and there was a thick layer on the surface. In saline/hydrocarbon solution, turbidity appeared in the aqueous phase close to the whitish film that formed between the phases. The sample in hydrocarbon (white gasoline) was not cloudy, showing good solubilization. CI-R18/2 did not present turbidity in hydrocarbon or saline/isopropanol, and the samples were transparent. In the case of isopropanol, there was slight turbidity; in deionized water, the presence of solids and foaming on the surface were observed, as well as a small amount of turbidity. For the sample in saline/hydrocarbon, there was slight turbidity and the presence of small solids in both phases, as well as the formation of a film between the phases.
In Fig. 7, CI-IMPG2 in isopropanol presented a translucent brown colouration with small fragments of nonsolubilized inhibitor. In deionized water, it presented slight turbidity, a slightly brown colouration and fragments of inhibitor dispersed in the medium. In saline/isopropanol solution, there was slight turbidity, and a yellowish colouration was observed. In saline/hydrocarbon solution, there was a yellowish colouration in the organic phase, and for the sample in hydrocarbon, there was a slightly yellow colouration without the presence of turbidity. Furthermore, in isopropanol, PG12A presented a translucent brown colour, and a brown precipitate formed. In deionized water, the sample showed slight turbidity, an opaque light brown colour, the presence of foam on the surface and a brown precipitate. In saline/isopropanol solution, a slightly yellowish color was present, and a fraction of the inhibitor was found as a precipitate. In saline/hydrocarbon solution, there was a slight yellowish colouration in the aqueous phase, and a fraction of the inhibitor was at the interface. For the sample in hydrocarbon, a fraction of the added inhibitor was at the bottom.
According to the results of the solubility tests, the behavior of the inhibitors in solution depends on the degree of polarity of the solvent; these results could provide an initial approximation of the behavior of CIs in a certain environmental matrix such as rivers, lakes, and seas. The green CIs evaluated in this study are amphiphilic substances, which gives them dual polar-nonpolar physicochemical properties. In this case, the polar groups are determined by the amino acids added to the carbon chain, while the chain itself is the nonpolar segment.
The affinity of an inhibitor towards a solvent will depend on the chemical structure. Since inhibitors can be located at the interface due to adsorption and the capacity for self-association, a layer of inhibitor forms at the interface of mixtures of multiple solvents or on the surface of pure solvents.
In general, green inhibitors have good solubility in isopropanol and in saline solution: isopropanol. This finding indicates that the inhibitors would solubilize relatively easily in an aqueous environment, be it fresh water or salt water, which would facilitate their bioavailability.
3.2 Partition coefficients (CP values) of corrosion inhibitors.
The partition coefficients (CP values) of the six green and two commercial inhibitors were determined under pressure conditions in the CDMX at room temperature, using two different volumetric proportions of the aqueous phase, AP:HC 50:50 vol% and 80:20 vol% with brine as the aqueous phase and white gasoline as the organic phase. The coefficients resulting from extraction with the AP: HC mixtures are presented in Table 1.
Table 1
Partition coefficients for each corrosion inhibitor evaluated in different proportions of inhibitor solubilized in deionized water or isopropanol.
Partition coefficient
|
CI
|
CI solubilized in deionized water
|
CI solubilized in isopropanol
|
50:50 vol%.
|
80:20 vol%.
|
50:50 vol%.
|
80:20 vol%.
|
AF
%
|
HC
%
|
P
|
AF
%
|
HC
%
|
P
|
AF
%
|
HC
%
|
P
|
AF
%
|
HC
%
|
P
|
CI-R12
|
52.80
|
47.2
|
0.89
|
82.28
|
17.72
|
0.22
|
24.39
|
75.61
|
3.10
|
37.54
|
62.46
|
1.66
|
CI-R12/2
|
21.76
|
78.24
|
3.60
|
47.58
|
52.42
|
1.10
|
27.66
|
72.34
|
2.62
|
62.4
|
37.6
|
0.60
|
CI-R16
|
24.66
|
75.34
|
3.06
|
79.78
|
20.22
|
0.25
|
30.46
|
69.54
|
2.28
|
82.97
|
17.03
|
0.21
|
CI-R16/2
|
6.41
|
93.59
|
14.60
|
31.83
|
68.17
|
2.14
|
33.3
|
66.7
|
2.00
|
37.08
|
62.92
|
1.70
|
CI-R18
|
35.71
|
64.29
|
1.80
|
58.08
|
41.92
|
0.72
|
47.7
|
52.3
|
1.10
|
59.65
|
40.35
|
0.68
|
CI-R18/2
|
4.8
|
95.2
|
19.83
|
35.12
|
64.88
|
1.85
|
38.45
|
61.55
|
1.60
|
40.81
|
59.19
|
1.45
|
CI-PG12A
|
3.82
|
96.18
|
25.18
|
28.98
|
71.02
|
2.45
|
14.45
|
85.55
|
5.92
|
21.65
|
78.35
|
3.62
|
CI-IMP-GB2
|
11.31
|
88.69
|
7.84
|
31.8
|
68.2
|
2.14
|
40.41
|
59.59
|
1.47
|
33.26
|
66.74
|
2.01
|
*AF- Aqueous Phase; HC -Organic Phase (Hydrocarbon); Partition coefficient (CP) |
The CIs were solubilized in deionized water and in isopropanol using 50:50 vol% and 80:20 vol% AP:HC for extraction (Fig. 8).
For the CIs solubilized in deionized water with the mixture 50:50 vol% AP:HC, the highest partition coefficient corresponded to CI-PG12A, followed by CI-R18/2 and CI-R16/2, with values of 25.25, 19.83 and 14.6, respectively. For the 80:20 vol % mixture, the CP values were the same, but they were much lower than those obtained for the 50:50 vol% mixture. High CP values indicate that the inhibitors are hydrophobic, which implies that they could cross the cell membrane and be toxic to cells (Fig. 8).
When the CIs were solubilized in deionized water and extracted with 80:20 vol.% AP:HC, very low CP values between 0.22 and 2.45 were obtained (Fig. 8).
When isopropanol was used as the solvent (Fig. 8), higher CP values between 1.1 and 3.1 were also obtained with 50:50 vol% AP:HC extraction, except for CI-PG12A, which had a high CP of 5.92. In the case of the 80:20 vol% AP:HC extraction, the CP values were low, except for CI-PG12A.
In general, higher CP values were obtained when the CIs were solubilized in deionized water and 50:50 vol% AP:HC extraction was applied (Fig. 9), and lower CP values were obtained when deionized water was used as the solvent and 80:20 vol% AP:HC extraction was applied.
When 80:20 vol% AP:HC was used for extraction, the CP values were very similar regardless of the solvent used to solubilize the CI, except for CI-R12 and CI- PG12A (Fig. 9b).
It is important to determine the partition coefficient since it is an indication of the environmental matrix in which the CI may persist. If a CI has a high partition coefficient, it will have a hydrophobic affinity that could lead to high toxicity since a high partition coefficient implies that part of the molecule has lipophilic tendency. The permeability of the plasma membrane to a given substance increases with the fat solubility of the substance.
3.2.1 Effect of chain size on partition coefficient
Figure 10 presents the effect of the size of the hydrocarbon chain on the partition coefficient. The effects of the green inhibitors with a single zwitterionic group were in the order CI-R18 \(>\) CI-R16\(>\) CI-R12, and for those with two zwitterionic groups, the order was CI-R18/2\(>\)CI-R16/2\(>\)CI-R12/2. These trends were independent of the solvent used (deionized water or isopropanol) and of the proportions of the phases used for extraction. Moreover, with increasing size of the hydrocarbon chain, CP increased; this is because the hydrocarbon chain is the part of the inhibitor that promotes fat solubility.
3.2.2 Effect of the number of zwitterionic groups in the CIs on CP
Figure 11 shows the effect of the number of zwitterionic groups. When analyzing the effect of the chain and the number of zwitterionic groups on the partition coefficient, the following order was obtained: CI-R18/2\(>\)CI-R16/2\(>\)CI-R12/2\(>\)CI-R18\(>\)CI-R16\(>\)CI-R12. That is, CP increased with increasing size of the hydrocarbon chain and with increasing number of zwitterionic groups, where the highest CP was obtained for the CIs with two zwitterionic groups. This is because the CIs were better solubilized in both water and isopropanol, and during extraction, the distribution of the CIs towards the organic phase could be better determined; thus, the CP values were higher when 50:50% AP:HC extraction was performed, and lower CP values were obtained when 80:20% AP:HC extraction was performed. Therefore, the CI with the lowest CP was CI-R12, which has a hydrocarbon chain and a single zwitterionic group, regardless of the solvent used and the proportions used in the extraction.
3.2.3 Average partition coefficients
The partition coefficients obtained using the two solvents and the two percentage compositions of AP:HC were averaged, and log CP was calculated. This value indicates the affinity of the compounds to an environmental compartment such as soil and can be classified as presented in Table 2.
Table 2
Classification of the affinity of a compound to the soil based on the log Cp.
Soil Affinity
|
Log Cp
|
Higher
|
> 5
|
High
|
4–5
|
Medium
|
2–4
|
Low
|
1–2
|
Lower
|
< 1
|
The log CP values were determined for the green and commercial inhibitors evaluated in this work (Table 3).
Table 3
Average values of the partition coefficients (Cp) of the green and commercial inhibitors.
CI
|
Average Cp
|
Log Cp
|
CI-R12
|
1.47
|
0.167
|
CI -R12/2
|
1.98
|
0.296
|
CI -R16
|
1.45
|
0.161
|
CI -R16/2
|
5.11
|
0.708
|
CI -R18
|
1.07
|
0.031
|
CI -R18/2
|
6.18
|
0.791
|
CI -PG12A
|
9.29
|
0.968
|
CI -IMP-GB2
|
3.37
|
0.527
|
Based on the results of Table 3, it can be predicted that all the inhibitors have a very low affinity to the soil (< 1); in addition, the values are less than 3, which is the allowed value for chemical substances (Singh & Bockris, 1996), indicating that they are not persistent and not bioaccumulative.
3.4 Analysis of the toxicity of green inhibitors
When an onion bulb (Allium cepa) is rehydrated, cell growth is stimulated, which allows root growth. However, when hydration is carried out in the presence of toxic substances, cell division of the root meristems can be inhibited, either by slowing the mitosis process or by destroying the cells. This type of alteration generally prevents normal root growth and therefore root elongation.
Acute toxicity tests were carried out on Allium cepa onion bulbs. Three replicates were prepared for each of the inhibitors under study at different exposure concentrations; a series of logarithmic dilutions were used for exploratory tests, as well as for the determination of the effective concentration (EC50). The probit method was used, and the following results were obtained:
According to the results, with respect to the CIs obtained by green chemistry, in general, the CIs with a single zwitterionic group were more toxic than those with two zwitterionic groups. The most toxic CI was CI-R16 with an EC50 of 1.2 ppm. This effect could be attenuated if adjuvant agents were added to improve its effect as an inhibitor and improve its bioavailability characteristics. The addition of another zwitterionic group resulted in more favourable environmental behaviour the least toxic CI was CI-R16/2, with an EC50 of 34.06 ppm (Table 4).
Table 4
EC50 of the green and commercial corrosion inhibitors evaluated
CI
|
CE50 (ppm)
|
CI-R12
|
3.61
|
CI -R12/2
|
13.74
|
CI -R16
|
1.12
|
CI -R16/2
|
34.06
|
CI -R18
|
4.50
|
CI -R18/2
|
3.30
|
CI -IMP-GB2
|
168.5
|
CI -PG12A
|
1.25
|
In the case of the commercial CIs, the one with the highest toxicity CIs, PG12A at 1.25 ppm, and the one with the lowest toxicity was CI-IMP-GB2. CI-R16 and CI-PG12A were the most toxic given the concentration at which 50% of the population of Allium cepa showed effects on root elongation as well as root thickness and colouration.
These results are related to both the solubility and the partition coefficient previously obtained. The green inhibitors with the highest toxicity (between 1.12 and 4.5 ppm) were CI-R12, CI-R16 and CI-R18 with a single zwitterionic group, and the least toxic were the inhibitors with two zwitterionic groups (Fig. 9).
It is worth mentioning that in the case of inhibitors synthesized by green chemistry, emulsifiers can be used to improve their behaviour. However, emulsifiers cannot be applied to commercial inhibitors since they are not found in their purest fraction (active component), in contrast to green inhibitors; moreover, some trace of the solvents, emulsifiers or adjuvants used to solubilize the CIs in their commercial form may have affected the bioassay.
The use of bioassays with organisms such as Allium cepa to evaluate the toxicity of CIs is significant, since although this species is not commonly used to perform toxicity tests, it presents high sensitivity in a short time and at low cost. Therefore, the current results confirmed that there is a close relationship between the chemical structure, solubility, partition coefficient and degree of toxicity of CIs.
3.5 Mitotic index of corrosion inhibitors
The results obtained can be seen in Table 5 below.
Table 5
Mitotic indices corresponding to each of the green and commercial corrosion inhibitors evaluated.
CI
|
Concentration
|
Cells in
mitosis
|
Cells
totals
|
MI%
|
CONTROL (+)
|
--
|
99
|
1,096
|
9.03
|
CONTROL (-)
|
--
|
18
|
1,074
|
1.68
|
CI-R12
|
B
|
84
|
1,038
|
8.09
|
M
|
82
|
1,002
|
8.18
|
A
|
85
|
1,007
|
8.44
|
CI -R12/2
|
B
|
40
|
1,188
|
3.37
|
M
|
36
|
1,009
|
3.57
|
A
|
45
|
1,089
|
4.13
|
CI -R16
|
B
|
46
|
1,167
|
3.94
|
M
|
45
|
1,079
|
4.17
|
A
|
48
|
1,117
|
4.30
|
CI -R16/2
|
B
|
25
|
1,053
|
2.37
|
M
|
26
|
1,052
|
2.47
|
A
|
28
|
1,061
|
2.64
|
CI -R18
|
B
|
53
|
1,040
|
5.10
|
M
|
67
|
1,132
|
5.92
|
A
|
67
|
1,051
|
6.37
|
CI -R18/2
|
B
|
51
|
1,010
|
5.05
|
M
|
60
|
1,066
|
5.63
|
A
|
65
|
1,119
|
5.81
|
CI -IMPG2
|
B
|
25
|
1,111
|
2.25
|
M
|
23
|
1,002
|
2.30
|
A
|
25
|
1,067
|
2.34
|
CI -PG12A
|
B
|
54
|
1,050
|
5.14
|
M
|
59
|
1,052
|
5.61
|
A
|
69
|
1,159
|
5.95
|
Figure 13 shows the % MI values of the evaluated CIs at different concentrations. The data correspond, for the most part, to the distribution coefficients and toxicity tests carried out previously. The CIs with the lowest % MI were CI-R16/2 and CI-IMPG2, and those with the highest % MI were CI-R12 and CI-PG12A.
The obtained results suggest that the solubility and the partition coefficient are fundamental in toxicokinetic studies since these properties can be used to predict the toxic potential of a chemical compound, in this case, CIs.
To determine the cytotoxic effect produced by t inhibitors in Allium cepa, the duration of each of the phases of the cell cycle was obtained for each of the CIs; it was assumed that the duration of the cell cycle in Allium cepa is 720 minutes = 12 hours. The results of these estimates are shown in Tables 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10.
Table 6
Percentage of cells in each cell division phase and estimation of the duration (minutes) of the phases corresponding to the Allium cepa apices in the positive control and negative control.
|
Positive control
|
Negative control
|
|
Phases
|
%
|
Duration
(minutes)
|
%
|
Duration
(minutes)
|
Interphase
|
90.9672
|
654.96
|
98.324
|
707.93
|
Prophase
|
6.6606
|
47.96
|
0.9311
|
6.70
|
Metaphase
|
1.6423
|
11.82
|
0.5587
|
4.02
|
Anaphase
|
0.4562
|
3.28
|
0.0931
|
0.67
|
Telophase
|
0.2737
|
1.97
|
0.0931
|
0.67
|
Table 7
Percentage of cells in each cell division phase and estimation of the duration (minutes) of the phases corresponding to the Allium cepa apices in CI CI-R12 and R12/2.
|
CI-R12
|
CI-R12/2
|
|
B
|
M
|
A
|
B
|
M
|
A
|
Phases
|
%
|
Duration
(minutes)
|
%
|
Duration
(minutes)
|
%
|
Duration
(minutes)
|
%
|
Duration
(minutes)
|
%
|
Duration
(minutes)
|
%
|
Duration
(minutes)
|
Interphase
|
91.9075
|
661.73
|
91.8164
|
661.08
|
91.559
|
659.22
|
96.6329
|
695.76
|
96.1321
|
692.15
|
95.8678
|
690.25
|
Prophase
|
6.5511
|
47.17
|
4.3912
|
31.62
|
3.9722
|
28.60
|
2.1044
|
15.15
|
2.6786
|
19.29
|
2.7548
|
19.83
|
Metaphase
|
0.9634
|
6.94
|
2.3952
|
17.25
|
3.0785
|
22.17
|
1.1785
|
8.49
|
0.9911
|
7.14
|
1.0101
|
7.27
|
Anaphase
|
0.2890
|
2.08
|
0.6986
|
5.03
|
0.2979
|
2.14
|
0.0000
|
0.00
|
0.1982
|
1.43
|
0.0918
|
0.66
|
Telophase
|
0.2890
|
2.08
|
0.6986
|
5.03
|
1.0924
|
7.87
|
0.0842
|
0.61
|
0.0000
|
0.00
|
0.2755
|
1.98
|
B (Concentration = 1/10 EC50); M (Concentration = 1/5 EC50) ; A (Concentration = 1/ 2.5 EC50). |
Table 8
Percentage of cells in each cell division phase and estimation of the duration (minutes) of the phases corresponding to the Allium cepa apices in CI CI-R16 and R16/2.
|
CI-R16
|
CI-R16/2
|
|
B
|
M
|
A
|
B
|
M
|
A
|
Phases
|
%
|
Duration
(minutes)
|
%
|
Duration
(minutes)
|
%
|
Duration
(minutes)
|
%
|
Duration
(minutes)
|
%
|
Duration
(minutes)
|
%
|
Duration
(minutes)
|
Interphase
|
96.0581
|
691.62
|
95.8295
|
689.97
|
95.7027
|
689.06
|
97.6259
|
702.91
|
97.5284
|
702.20
|
97.3609
|
701.00
|
Prophase
|
2.0566
|
14.81
|
2.595
|
18.68
|
2.6858
|
19.34
|
1.1396
|
8.21
|
1.1407
|
8.21
|
1.6965
|
12.21
|
Metaphase
|
1.1997
|
8.64
|
1.1121
|
8.01
|
1.0743
|
7.73
|
0.8547
|
6.15
|
1.1407
|
8.21
|
0.754
|
5.43
|
Anaphase
|
0.3428
|
2.47
|
0.1854
|
1.33
|
0.2686
|
1.93
|
0.1899
|
1.37
|
0.0951
|
0.68
|
0.0943
|
0.68
|
Telophase
|
0.3428
|
2.47
|
0.278
|
2.00
|
0.2686
|
1.93
|
0.1899
|
1.37
|
0.0951
|
0.68
|
0.0943
|
0.68
|
B (Concentration = 1/10 EC50); M (Concentration = 1/5 EC50) ; A (Concentration = 1/ 2.5 EC50). |
Table 9
Percentage of cells in each cell division phase and estimation of the duration (minutes) of the phases corresponding to the Allium cepa apices in CI CI-R18 and R18/2.
|
CI-R18
|
CI-R18/2
|
|
B
|
M
|
A
|
B
|
M
|
A
|
Phases
|
%
|
Duration
(minutes)
|
%
|
Duration
(minutes)
|
%
|
Duration
(minutes)
|
%
|
Duration
(minutes)
|
%
|
Duration
(minutes)
|
%
|
Duration
(minutes)
|
Interphase
|
94.9039
|
683.31
|
94.0812
|
677.38
|
93.6252
|
674.10
|
94.9506
|
683.64
|
94.3716
|
679.48
|
94.1912
|
678.18
|
Prophase
|
2.2115
|
15.92
|
2.2968
|
16.54
|
3.0447
|
21.92
|
2.4752
|
17.82
|
2.5328
|
18.24
|
2.5022
|
18.02
|
Metaphase
|
2.4038
|
17.31
|
2.0318
|
14.63
|
2.1884
|
15.76
|
1.8812
|
13.54
|
2.3452
|
16.89
|
2.1448
|
15.44
|
Anaphase
|
0.3846
|
2.77
|
0.7951
|
5.72
|
0.666
|
4.80
|
0.2970
|
2.14
|
0.2814
|
2.03
|
0.5362
|
3.86
|
Telophase
|
0.0962
|
0.69
|
0.7951
|
5.72
|
0.4757
|
3.43
|
0.396
|
2.85
|
0.4690
|
3.38
|
0.6256
|
4.50
|
B (Concentration = 1/10 EC50); M (Concentration = 1/5 EC50) ; A (Concentration = 1/ 2.5 EC50). |
Table 10
Percentage of cells in each cell division phase and estimation of the duration (minutes) of the phases corresponding to the Allium cepa apices in the CI CI-IMPG2 and PG12A.
|
CI-CI-IMPG2
|
CI-PG12A
|
|
B
|
M
|
A
|
B
|
M
|
A
|
Phases
|
%
|
Duration
(minutes)
|
%
|
Duration
(minutes)
|
%
|
Duration
(minutes)
|
%
|
Duration
(minutes)
|
%
|
Duration
(minutes)
|
%
|
Duration
(minutes)
|
Interphase
|
97.7498
|
703.80
|
97.7046
|
703.47
|
97.6571
|
703.13
|
94.8571
|
682.97
|
94.3916
|
679.62
|
94.0467
|
677.14
|
Prophase
|
0.5401
|
3.89
|
0.998
|
7.19
|
0.4686
|
3.37
|
2.4762
|
17.83
|
3.5171
|
25.32
|
3.2787
|
23.61
|
Metaphase
|
1.1701
|
8.42
|
1.1976
|
8.62
|
1.0309
|
7.42
|
2.1905
|
15.77
|
1.8061
|
13.00
|
1.6393
|
11.80
|
Anaphase
|
0.0900
|
0.65
|
0
|
0.00
|
0.656
|
4.72
|
0.1905
|
1.37
|
0.0951
|
0.68
|
0.2588
|
1.86
|
Telophase
|
0.4500
|
3.24
|
0.0998
|
0.72
|
0.1874
|
1.35
|
0.2857
|
2.06
|
0.1901
|
1.37
|
0.7765
|
5.59
|
B (Concentration = 1/10 EC50); M (Concentration = 1/5 EC50) ; A (Concentration = 1/ 2.5 EC50). |
In the case of the inhibitors that presented the least toxicity, the cell cycle presented a response similar to that of the negative control, in which the phases occurred regularly and without modifications.
The cell cycle of the samples corresponding to the CIs with the highest toxicity showed a significant reduction in MI, with greater cellular activity; however, it was also possible to identify some nuclear aberrations.