The clinical features and long-term prognosis of asymmetry childhood Guillain-Barré syndrome: a 5-year follow-up.

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-31710/v2

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The clinical features and long-term prognosis of asymmetry childhood Guillain-Barré syndrome: a 5-year follow-up.

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-31710/v2

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Backgroud: The aim was to investigate clinical features and long-term prognosis of asymmetric childhood Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS).

Methods: In a retrospective cohort study, standardized data from all children with GBS seen at the Wuhan Children’s Hospital were collected regarding clinical presentation, auxiliary examinations and long-term outcome. We compared asymmetry GBS with symmetry GBS. Asymmetry GBS was defined by Medical Research Council (MRC) grade and motor nerves conduction in bilateral limbs. Recovery was defined as a return to normal life with a DSS of 0.

Results: GBS was diagnosed in 72 children. 12（16.67%）were asymmetry GBS compared to 60 symmetry GBS . In asymmetry GBS, six children were transient asymmetry weakness and six children were persistent asymmetry weakness. Compared to symmetry weakness GBS, asymmetry weakness GBS had more preschool children (75% vs 25%, P=0.005), longer days on hospital(26.5(15-37) days vs 11(9-15) days, p =0.000), more mechanical ventilation(MV) (50% vs 8.33%, p=0.000), higher Disease severity score(DSS)at nadir of disease(4(3-5) vs 3(1-4), p=0.010), more axonal subtypes(50% vs 15%, p=0.013) and more complications(58.33% vs 8.33%, p=0.000). Eight children had sequelae and sixty-four children had recovery. Compared to recovery group, sequelae group had more axonal subtypes(62.5% vs 15.63%, p=0.002) and more persistent asymmetry weakness(62.5% vs 4.69%, p=0.000). In six persistent asymmetry GBS, 5(83.33%) had abnormal EEG (electroencephalogram) results, 3(50%) children had mild to marked pleocytosis in CSF and 5(83.33%) had sequelae.

Conclusions: In conclusion, asymmetry GBS had two types, namely transient and persistent asymmetry weakness. Asymmetry GBS indicated a more complex condition during disease. Most of persistent asymmetry GBS had clinical or subclinical infectious disease and poor prognosis. Inflammatory in anterior horn cells or nerve root by infectious disease may be the possible function in persistent asymmetry GBS.

Neurology

Neurosurgery

Guillain-Barre syndrome

asymmetry weakness

childhood

Guillain-Barre syndrome(GBS) is an acute inflammatory polyneuropatchy typically characterized by progressive symmetry weakness and areflexia. GBS is currently the most frequent cause of acute flaccid paralysis in children^[1], with an estimated incidence of 0.5:100 000 to 1.5:100 000 individuals in the under 18-year age group^[2]. It has usually been considered as an immune-mediated polyneuropatchy clinically characterised by acute symmetry muscle weakness and areflexia. Symmetry weakness is the core feature in GBS, but asymmetry weakness was also found in some cases. In pediatric GBS, asymmetry weakness was the atypical clinical feature of GBS and it occured in a significant proportion of children^[3]. A case report of asymmetry GBS described a patient who developed an acute motor-sensory neuropatchy with a more prolonged and incomplete type of recovery in more weakness limb^[4]. Until now, the clinical feature of asymmetry GBS was only reported in case reports, and its function was unclear. Indeed, these cases report raised issues on diagnosis and features in asymmetry GBS. The aim of this paper is to describe features in asymmetry GBS, make a comparison between asymmetry weakness and asymmetry weakness in GBS and discuss the possible pathophysiology in this type of GBS.

Children

We retrospectively reviewed our database of children with a diagnosis of GBS at the neurology department of Wuhan children hospital between 2010 and 2018. The diagnosis was made in each case in accordance with the diagnostic criteria of Asbury and Cornblath ^[5]. Recurrent GBS was excluded. We focus on GBS with limbs weakness. The study was approved by the ethical committee of Wuhan Children’s Hospital. Written informed consent was obtained from their parents of patient in our study.

Methods

We systematically collected datas on children’s demographics, physical examination, nerve conduction results, CSF, and other related test results. Peak weakness was defined as the nadir of disease. Disease severity score(DSS)was determined by Hughes' functional scale score ^[6] or upper limb disability grading scale^[7](when the muscle weakness was more prominent in upper limbs). When upper limbs was asymmetry weakness, DSS was evaluated on the more prominent weakness limb. Recovery was defined as a return to normal life with a DSS of 0. At least one year should be given to follow-up.

All children included had undergone electrophysiological study of at least 4 motor and 2 sensory nerves within 3 weeks from symptom-onset. The electrophysiology abnormalities were categorised as acute inflammatory demyelinating poluradiculoneuropathy (AIDP), and axonal type: acute motor axonal neuropathy(AMAN) acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy(AMSAN) or unclassiﬁable (equivocal) based on the single study approach in accordance to Hadden et al.’s and Rajabally et al.’s electrodiagnostic criteria^[8]. If children had more than two electrophysiological studies, subtype was categorized based on last electrophysiological result.

Asymmetry weakness was deﬁned as at least 1 score difference by Medical Research Council (MRC) grade between the right- versus left-side muscles in children at admission^[9].

Statistical Analysis

Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS version 11.0 software. Categorical data are presented as proportions, and differences in proportions were tested using the χ2 test. Continuous data with a normal distribution are presented as the means ± SDs, and these variables were tested using Student t test or analysis of variance. Continuous variables with a skewed distribution are presented as medians(M) and interquertile range(IQR) ([25th – 75th]), and these variables were tested by the Mann-Whitney U test. A test level α = 0.05 or p < 0.05 indicated that the difference was significant.

3.1 Demographics

In total, we identiﬁed 72 children with clinical diagnosis of classic GBS. Among these, 42 were males, 30 were females. 24 children were under 6-year-old. The median age at time of diagnosis was 91.86±37.94months. Antecedent events were found in 49 of children. 7 children had diarrhoea, 14 children had upper repiratory tract infections(URI), 21 children had fever only, 2 children had vaccination，2 children had Chicken pox and 3 children had herpes. The average days at hospital stay was 12(8-18) days. Ten children need MV during the disease. Twelve children had sensory nerve deficit and sixteen had cranial nerve involvement. Signs of dysautonomia were present in 14 children (35%), 5 of whom had arterial hypertension (58%), 6 had sinus tachycardia (29%), 2 had urinary problems (29%) and 1 had vasomotor disorders (8%). The mean GBS disability score in nadir was 3(2-4). 18 children had positive ganglioside antibodies in serum and 47 had albuminocytologic dissociation on the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). 15 children were classified as axonal type of GBS(13 AMAN and 2 AMSAN), 45 were classified as AIDP and 12 were classified as equivocal type. One children had abnormality in cranial MRI. Complications: 12 children had complications, including central nerve system(CNS) infection(abnormal electroencephalogram with limit impaired or normal consciousness), liver function impairment, gastrointestinal bleeding, electrolyte disturbance, cardiac arrest, bronchopneumonia, II respiratory failure, atelectasis, severe protein-energy malnutrition, closed craniocerebral injury. The most common pathogen during disease was mycoplasma pneumonia infection. Intravenous immunoglobulin was the first-line therapy, and some children need plasma exchange or glucocorticoid therapy.

3.2 clinical feature of asymmetry weakness.

Twelve children had asymmetry weakness. Nine children were male, three were female. Nine children were under 6-year-old. The median age at time of diagnosis was 51.25±33.54months. Antecedent infections were found in 6 children. The mean length of the hospital stay was 26.5(15-37)days. Six children need MV. One child had sensory nerves deﬁcit, and four children had cranial nerves deﬁcit. The nadir of disease in DSS were 4(3-5). Three children had dysautonomia. Six children had persistently asymmetry weakness and six children had transit asymmetry weakness (Table 1). Among six children with persistently asymmetry weakness, one child had good recovery. The characteristics of the asymmetry weakness children or those asymmetry weakness are shown in Table 1.In six children with transit asymmetry weakness, 5 children(5/6,83.33%) were AIDP, while in persistent asymmetry weakness, 5 children(5/6, 83.33%) were axonal GBS, AIDP were more reported in transit asymmetry weakness while axonal GBS were more reported in persistent asymmetry weakness.

Table 1 clinical feature in 12 children with asymmetry weakness(n=12)

	Case 1	Case 2	Case 3	Case 4	Case 5	Case 6
Age/sex(years)	9/M	2/M	1/M	7/M	3/M	4/F
Antecedent infections	N	URI	N	N	N	N
Days on hospital	21	16	15	18	13	14
Nerve studies	AIDP	AMAN	AIDP	AIDP	AIDP	AIDP
Mechanical ventilation	N	N	N	P	N	N
Sensory nerves deﬁcit	N	N	N	P	N	N
The muscle strength at admission(MRC)	left upper limb:3/5 right upper limb and bilateral limbs:5/5	left lower limb:2/5, right lower limb:4/5,bilateral upper limbs:5/5	right upper limb:2/5,left upper limb:3/5, bilateral lower limbs:2-/5	bilateral upper limbs:3⁺/5, left lower limb:2/5, right limb lower:3/5	right upper limb:2/5, left upper limb:4/5,bilateral lower limbs:2/5.	bilateral upper limbs:5/5,left lower limb:3/5, right limb:4/5
Duration time on asymmetry weakness	2 days	5 days	4 days	12 days	7 days	4 days
Cranial nerve deﬁcit	P	N	N	P	N	N
Dysautonomia	N	N	N	N	hypertension, hypertensive encephalopathy.	N
Ganglioside antibodies	N	Anti-GM1	N	N	N	N
Complications	N	N	N	gastrointestinal bleeding	electrolyte disturbance	N
ICU therapy days	N	N	N	5 days	N	N
Cranial and spinal MRI	N	N	N	Bilateral frontal white matter: slightly higer signal intensity.	N	N
Pathogen detection results	N	mycoplasma pneumoniae	N	N	klebsiella pneumoniae enterobacter cholerae enterobacter cloacae	mycoplasma pneumoniae
Albuminocytologic dissociation on the CSF	N	N	P	N	Not done	P
Therapy	G	IVIG	IVIG	IVIG	IVIG	N
Recovery time/follow-up time	39 days	41 days	47 days	11 months	8 months	55 days
Sequelae	N	N	N	N	N	N

P=positive,N=negative,CNS=central nerve system, The CSF=cerebrospinal fluid, MRC= Medical Research Council grade,URI= upper repiratory tract infections, G=glucocorticoid, IVIG= intravenous immunoglobulin, AIDP= acute inflammatory demyelinating poluradiculoneuropathy,AMAN= acute motor axonal neuropathy

,AMSAN= acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy.

Table 1 clinical feature in 12 children with asymmetry weakness (sequels)(n=12)

	Case 7	Case8	Case 9	Case10	Case 11	Case12
Age/sex(years)	1/F	4/M	5/M	7/F	4/M	2m^#/M
Antecedent infections	fever	fever	Fever	N	Fever,cough	fever
Days on hospital	41	37	32	34	84	36
Nerve studies	equivocal	AMSAN	AMAN	AMSAN	AMAN	AMAN
Mechanical ventilation	P	N	P	P	P	P
Sensory nerves deﬁcit	N	N	N	N	N	N
The muscle strength at adimission(MRC)	right upper limbs:3⁺/5,left upper limbs:2⁺/5,right lower limb:1/5,left lower limb:1⁺/5	left upper limb:3/5,right upper limb:5/5,bilateral lower limbs: 3/5	left limbs:2/5, right limbs:3⁺/5	bilateral upper limbs: 1/5, left lower limb:3⁺/5, right lower limb:5/5	bilateral upper limbs:2/5, left lower limbs: 1/5, right lower limbs:2/5.	right upper limb:1/5,left upper limb:0/5, right lower limb:3⁺/5, left lower limbs:4/5
Duration time on asymmetry weakness	persistent asymmetry weakness	persistent asymmetry weakness	persistent asymmetry weakness	persistent asymmetry weakness	persistent asymmetry weakness	persistent asymmetry weakness
Cranial nerve deﬁcit	N	N	P	P	N	N
Dysautonomia	N	N	Urinary problem, hypertension	N	vasomotor disorders	N
Ganglioside antibodies	N	N	Anti-GD1b	N	Anti-GM1	Anti-GM1
Complications	N	CNS infection	CNS infection	CNS infection, Pneumonia	CNS infection, Cardiac Arrest, bronchopneumonia, abnormal liver function, II respiratory failure, atelectasis, severe protein-energy malnutrition, closed craniocerebral injury	CNS infection, bronchopneumonia
ICU therapy days	12 days	N	10 days	7 days	42 days	21 days
Cranial and spinal MRI	N	N	N	N	N	N
Pathogen detection results	N	Mycoplasma pneumoniae	Cytomegalovirus	N	N	N
Albuminocytologic dissociation on the CSF	P	N	N	N	N	N
therapy	IVIG+G	IVIG+PE	IVIG+PE	IVIG+G	IVIG+PE+G	Two circle of IVIG
Recovery time/follow-up time	4 years	19 months	37 months	28 months	16 months	5 years
Sequelae	Right upper limbs:5/5,left upper limbs:3+/5,right lower limb:3/5,left lower limb:4/5	N	Left limbs:3/5, right limbs:5/5	Bilateral upper limbs: 3/5, bilateral lower limb:5/5	Bilateral upper limbs:3/5, bilateral lower limbs: 4/5.	Right upper limb:4/5,left upper limb:2/5, right lower limb:4+/5, left lower limbs:5/5

P=positive,N=negative,CNS=central nerve system, The CSF=cerebrospinal fluid, 2m^#=2 months, MRC= Medical Research Council grade,PE=plasma exchange, G=glucocorticoid, IVIG= intravenous immunoglobulin. MRC= Medical Research Council grade. AIDP= acute inflammatory demyelinating poluradiculoneuropathy,AMAN= acute motor axonal neuropathy,AMSAN= acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy.

Table 1 clinical feature in 12 children with asymmetry weakness (n=12)

3.3 Comparative between children with asymmetry weakness and symmetry weakness

12 children(12/72,16.67%) had asymmetry weakness. Compared to symmetry weakness group, asymmetry weakness had more preschool children, longer days on hospital, more MV, higher DSS, more axonal type ,more complications and sequelae (P<0.05)(Table 2).

Table 2 clinical feature of asymmetrical weakness and symmetrical weakness(n=72)

	Asymmetrical weakness(n=12)	symmetrical weakness(n=60)	T/χ2	P
Median age(month)	51.25±33.54	99.98±33.46	4.604	0.000
Male:female	9:3	36:24	0.947	0.331
Preschool children	9(75%)	15(25.00%)	7.887	0.005
Antecedent events	6(50.00%)	43(71.65%)	2.129	0.145
Days on hospital	26.5(15-37)	11(9-15)	4.393	0.000
Mechanical ventilation	6(50.00%)	4(8.33%)	-6.079	0.000
Sensory nerves deﬁcit	1(1.67%)	11(18.33%)	0.710	0.399
Cranial nerves deﬁcit	4(33.33%)	12（20%）	1.014	0.314
Dysautonomia	3(25.00%)	11（18.33%）	0.280	0.597
DSS	4(3-5)	3(1-4)	2.565	0.010
AIDP	5（41.67%）	40(66.67%)
Axonal type(AMAN,AMSAN)	6(50.00%)	9 (15.00%)	6.166	0.013
Equivocal type	1(8.33%)	11 (18.33%)	0.710	0.399
ganglioside antibody	4(33.33%)	14(23.33%)	0.526	0.468
Complication	7(58.33%)	5(8.33%)	17.750	0.000
therapy
Monotherapy	7(58.33%)	44(73.33%)
Combination therapy	5（41.67%）	6(10.00%)	5.742	0.017
Sequelae	5（41.67%）	3(5.00%)	13.423	0.000

AIDP= acute inflammatory demyelinating poluradiculoneuropathy, DSS=Disease severity score.

Table 2 clinical feature of asymmetry weakness and asymmetry weakness(n=72)

3.4 Comparative between children with sequelae and good prognosis group

Eight children had sequelae and sixty-four children had good prognosis. Compared to good prognosis group, sequelae group had younger age at the onset of disease, longer days on hospital, more MV, more axonal subtype, more persistent asymmetry weakness and complications(P<0.05)(Table 3).

Table 3 clinical feature between children with sequelaelae and good prognosis group (n=72)

	Sequelae cases (n=8)	recovery cases (n=64)	T/χ2	P
Median age(month)	67.25±35.10	94.94±37.40	1.986	0.051
Male:female	5:3	37:27	0.063	0.801
Preschool children	5（62.5%）	19（29.69%）	3.397	0.065
Antecedent events	5（62.5%）	44（68.75%）	0.126	0.723
Days on hospital	33(15-41)	12(9-15)	3.572	0.000
Mechanical ventilation	6（75%）	4(6.25%)	28.623	0.000
Cranial nerves deﬁcit	4(50.00%)	12(18.75%)	3.962	0.047
Dysautonomia	3 (37.5%)	11(17.19%)	1.847	0.174
Axonal type	5（62.5%）	10（15.63%）	9.432	0.002
Persist asymmetrical weakness	5（62.5%）	3(4.69%)	23.730	0.000
Complications	4(50.00)	8(12.50%)	7.100	0.008

Table 3 clinical feature between children with sequelae and good prognosis group (n=72)

In our study, 16.67%(12/72) children had asymmetry weakness on admission and this data was lower than previous report which included chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropatchy^[3]. GBS is a generalised but unevenly distributed illness ^[10]. In six cases, asymmetry weakness reappeared within 4 weeks, indicating transient asymmetry weakness at admission. In early stage of disease, demyelination was patchy in motor nerves which indicated normal to various abnormalities in electrophysiology. Also, demyelination parameters and motor nerves involvement were in varying degrees. Distal motor latency and conduction block were the most common abnormal parameters in AIDP and median nerve was the most frequently affected nerve^[11]. In axonal GBS, reduced motor amplitudes was the most common parameter, and the most frequently abnormal nerve was tibial nerve^[11]. In another investigation, ulnar, peroneal nerve abnormal and sural-sparing pattern were detected at very early stage^[12]. Several early and sensitive parameters in AIDP, such as medial plantar sensory response or erb's point stimulation method, can be used in the early stage of GBS, as parasthesias often involved the medial plantar nerve or proximal nerve was the first involvement place^[13,14]. The neurophysiological and pathological findings of AIDP indicated that demyelination of motor nerves is focal and patchy and most of transit asymmetry weakness were AIDP. Persistent asymmetry is one of the features casting doubt or excluding other possible diagnosis. As no reliable serological marker of GBS is currently available, long-time follow-up is necessary to exclude other possible diagnosis. In our asymmetry weakness, at least one year follow-up time was given to exclude other diagnosis.

We also compare clinical features and auxiliary examinations between asymmetry weakness and asymmetry weakness in GBS. Preschool children had more asymmetry weakness than school-age children. The diagnosis of GBS should be carefully evaluated in preschool children as more atypical clinical presentations were reported^[15]. MV, axonal type as well as combination therapy were more reported in asymmetry weakness. Longer days on hospital, higher DSS in motor function, more complications and sequelae were also reported in asymmetry weakness. Our datas indicated that asymmetry weakness had more serious and complex conditions during disease. Monotherapy had limited effect and combination therapy was necessary to improve prognosis. We also made a comparative between GBS with or without sequelae group which indicated persistent asymmetry weakness was related to sequelae.

Also, 5 patients(5/6,83.33%) with persistent asymmetry weakness were axonal type. There were several possible interpretations of persistent asymmetry weakness and sequelae in axonal type. First of all, virus infection could cause direct or indirect damage in anterior horn cells in the spinal cord which was the most common asymmetry weakness in neuromuscular disease ^[16]. There were several common features between anterior horn cells in the spinal cord involvement and persistent asymmetry weakness in our axonal cases: central nerves infectious, persistent asymmetry weakness, reduced compound muscle amplitude potentials in motor nerve conduction, and long-time or incomplete recovery. In our hypothesis, there was a virus infection which can bring involvement of peripheral nerves and anterior horn cells in the spinal cord, causing axonal type in nerve conduction, persistent asymmetry weakness and long-time or incomplete recovery. In addition, it should be recognized that axonal GBS and involvement of anterior horn cells in the spinal cord were hardly be distinguished from each other sometimes. In our cases, axonal GBS had positive ganglioside antibodies or involvement of sensory nerves which favor GBS diagnosis. Secondly, there were increased inflammatory cell infiltrates comprising lymphocytes and macrophages in the spinal cord of GBS^[17]. Impairment of the spinal anterior horn cells with their axons was suggested to be responsible for prolonged motor symptoms, persistent asymmetry weakness and the predominantly axonal type at least as a late-stage feature with poor outcome^[17].

As we all known, with deeper and further investigations, many atypical features and variants in GBS were reported. More and more investigations had found that central nerve and peripheral nerves can both involved in GBS, such as encephalopatchy, seizure concurrent with GBS^[18,19]. Also, peripheral nerves involvement could progress to anterior horn cells in spinal cord in GBS, either by inflammatory cells infiltrated or virus infection.

In conclusion, asymmetry weakness had two types in GBS, including transient and persistent asymmetry weakness. Asymmetry weakness in GBS indicated more complex condition during disease. Persistent asymmetry weakness in GBS had related with sequelae. Anterior horn cells in the spinal cord involvement may be the possible function in persistent asymmetry weakness in GBS.

GBS= Guillain-Barré syndrome

DSS=Disease severity score

AIDP= acute inflammatory demyelinating poluradiculoneuropathy

AMAN= acute motor axonal neuropathy

AMSAN= acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy

MRC=Medical Research Council

URI= upper repiratory tract infections

CSF= cerebrospinal fluid

CNS= central nerve system

Ethics approval and consent to participate

We confirm that we have read the Journal's position on issues involved in ethical publication and affirm that this report is consistent with those guidelines. We had ethics approval and consent to participate.

The study was approved by the ethical committee of Wuhan Children’s Hospital. Written informed consent was obtained from their parents of patient in our study.

Competing interests

None of the authors have any conflicts of interest to disclose.

Availability of data and material

The datas in report had availability of data and material.

Funding

There is no funding in this report.

Authors' contributions

Sun Rui-di designed the study, performed the research, and wrote the paper.

Jiang Jun analysed data,

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Wuhan Children’s Hospital in favor of research.

Consent for Publication

Images and clinical details of patient were all in compromise anonymity and they consent for the publication of identifying that. A statement of consent was abtained from the patients’ guardians to agree to use images or other personal/clinical details.

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The clinical features and long-term prognosis of asymmetry childhood Guillain-Barré syndrome: a 5-year follow-up.

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Abstract

1 Introduction

2. Materials And Methods

3 Results

Discussion

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