1.1 Literature inclusion and exclusion
1.1.1 Study type: Randomized controlled study and cohort study.
1.1.2 Study subjects: Patients with stage I lung cancer.
1.1.3 Intervention measures: various types of PTNB, such as CT guided PTNB or ultrasound guided PTNB. Studies focusing on transbronchial or intraoperative needle biopsy will be excluded. 1.1.4 exclusion criteria: ① no PTNB study was conducted; ② letters, repeated publications, animal experiments, case reports, literature reviews, conference posters, conference abstracts and seminars; ③ four grid table values could not be obtained; ④ articles not published in English or Chinese and studies published in national journals of non-English speaking countries.
1.2 Search strategies: Databases :PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, CNKI, CBM and Wanfang database. Key words: “lung neoplasm”, “biopsy, needle”, “recurrence”, “randomized controlled trials” or “prospective studies” or “retrospective study”. The retrieval period is from the establishment of the database to 2020.04.30. The combination of subject words and free words is adopted in the retrieval, and there is no limit to the languages. At the same time, the references included in the research are supplemented by secondary retrieval. Taking PubMed as an example, the retrieval strategy is as follows:
#1 (((((((((((((((((("Lung Neoplasms"[Mesh]) OR Lung Neoplasms[Title/Abstract]) OR Pulmonary Neoplasms[Title/Abstract]) OR Neoplasms, Lung[Title/Abstract]) OR Lung Neoplasm[Title/Abstract]) OR Neoplasm, Lung[Title/Abstract]) OR Neoplasms, Pulmonary[Title/Abstract]) OR Neoplasm, Pulmonary[Title/Abstract]) OR Pulmonary Neoplasm[Title/Abstract]) OR Lung Cancer[Title/Abstract]) OR Cancer, Lung[Title/Abstract]) OR Cancers, Lung[Title/Abstract]) OR Lung Cancers[Title/Abstract]) OR Pulmonary Cancer[Title/Abstract]) OR Cancer, Pulmonary[Title/Abstract]) OR Cancers, Pulmonary[Title/Abstract]) OR Pulmonary Cancers[Title/Abstract]) OR Cancer of the Lung[Title/Abstract]) OR Cancer of Lung[Title/Abstract]
#2 (((((((((((("Biopsy, Needle"[Mesh]) OR Biopsy, Needle[Title/Abstract]) OR Biopsies, Needle[Title/Abstract]) OR Needle Biopsies[Title/Abstract]) OR Needle Biopsy[Title/Abstract]) OR Aspiration Biopsy[Title/Abstract]) OR Aspiration Biopsies[Title/Abstract]) OR Biopsies, Aspiration[Title/Abstract]) OR Biopsy, Aspiration[Title/Abstract]) OR Puncture Biopsy[Title/Abstract]) OR Biopsies, Puncture[Title/Abstract]) OR Biopsy, Puncture[Title/Abstract]) OR Puncture Biopsies[Title/Abstract]
#3 (((((("Recurrence"[Mesh]) OR Recurrence[Title/Abstract]) OR Recurrences[Title/Abstract]) OR Recrudescence[Title/Abstract]) OR Recrudescences[Title/Abstract]) OR Relapse[Title/Abstract]) OR Relapses[Title/Abstract]
#4 ((((((((("Prospective Studies"[Mesh]) OR Prospective Studies[Title/Abstract]) OR Prospective Study[Title/Abstract]) OR Studies, Prospective[Title/Abstract]) OR Study, Prospective[Title/Abstract]) OR Prospective[Title/Abstract]) OR Prospectively[Title/Abstract])) OR ((((((("Retrospective Studies"[Mesh]) OR Retrospective Studies[Title/Abstract]) OR Studies, Retrospective[Title/Abstract]) OR Study, Retrospective[Title/Abstract]) OR Retrospective Study[Title/Abstract]) OR Retrospective[Title/Abstract]) OR Retrospectively[Title/Abstract])) OR ((((("Randomized Controlled Trial" [Publication Type]) OR Randomized Controlled Trial[Title/Abstract]) OR Randomized[Title/Abstract]) OR Randomizedly[Title/Abstract]) OR Placebo[Title/Abstract])
#5 #1 AND #2 AND #3 AND #4
1.3 Literature screenings and data extraction: The data included first author, publication time, sample characteristics (number, size, stage, metastasis, pleural recurrence, etc.) and so on. If there is a lack of relevant data in the literatures, contact the relevant authors, and if the relevant data cannot be obtained, they will be excluded.
1.4 Quality evaluation: For randomized controlled trials, methodological quality was assessed using the five point Jadad scale. The bias risk of cohort studies were evaluated according to the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) and the results were cross-checked.
1.5 Statistical analyses: we used Stata16.0 software for statistical analyses and the degree of heterogeneity was determined by the size of I2 value. I2 > 50% indicates obvious heterogeneity, we choose random effect model to merge statistics. I2<50% represents that there is small heterogeneity, we select the fixed effect model to merge statistics. For the comparison of the total recurrence rate and pleural metastasis rate of lung cancer between PTNB group and NPTNB group, the relative risk (RR) was used to represent the effect. The interval was estimated by 95% confidence interval (CI) and p < 0.05 means the difference was statistically significant.