Geothermal power generation and positive impact in the greater bay area: A case study of Huizhou city, Guangdong province

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3212471/v1

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Geothermal power generation and positive impact in the greater bay area: A case study of Huizhou city, Guangdong province

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3212471/v1

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published 19 Feb, 2024

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Geothermal resources, as abundant renewable and clean natural resources on Earth, have been utilized for geothermal power generation in 29 countries. Guangdong Province, as one of the most developed, economically vibrant, and attractive investment regions in China, has experienced rapid economic growth. However, further development is constrained by resource limitations and severe ecological environmental pressures. The issue of energy consumption and economic growth imbalance needs to be urgently addressed. Geothermal energy, as a clean and stable form of energy, can reduce reliance on fossil fuels, decrease dependence on imported energy, and enhance national energy security. This study conducts geological investigations, geophysical surveys, geochemical surveys, remote sensing detection, and drilling exploration in the Shiba-Huangshadong Cave area of Huizhou. It preliminarily identifies the available geothermal energy and its potential in the study area. A comparative analysis is conducted with Huizhou's annual electricity consumption to evaluate the impact of geothermal resources on the sustainability and societal benefits of Guangdong Province. The study highlights the urgent need, positive role, and significant importance of researching the extraction and utilization of geothermal resources.

Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences

Physical sciences/Energy science and technology

Physical sciences/Engineering

Geothermal resources, as vast renewable and clean natural resources on Earth, are estimated to have an energy storage of approximately 3.6×10¹⁴ gigawatt-hours in the upper 10 kilometers of the Earth's crust[1]. Theoretically, these geothermal reserves can supply global energy consumption for approximately 2.17 million years, based on a global energy consumption rate of approximately 1.7×10⁸ gigawatt-hours per year in 2012 [2, 3]. In recent years, geothermal energy has been widely utilized globally, with increasing utilization rates [4]. Currently, most of the geothermal resources being exploited and utilized domestically and internationally are hydrothermal, but other types such as steam, geopressure, hot dry rock, radiogenic, magma and lava, and sedimentary basin types also exist, indicating significant potential for geothermal energy storage and reserves in various forms[5].

With the implementation of China's reform and opening-up policy in 1978, Guangdong Province in China was among the first to adopt economic reforms, leading to rapid economic growth. Even after the changes in epidemic prevention and control policies in 2023, Guangdong Province remains one of the most developed, economically vibrant, and attractive investment regions in China[6].Despite the epidemic environment, Guangdong's total economic volume reached 12.9118 trillion yuan according to the Guangdong Statistical Yearbook (2022), with Shenzhen, an important city within Guangdong, holding a significant position in its development. The GDP of Shenzhen has surpassed that of the provincial capital Guangzhou, ranking first in the province at 3.2387 trillion yuan. Additionally, Shenzhen, as the core engine city in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, fully utilizes its talent advantages to radiate to surrounding regions[7].

In January 2017, the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Land and Resources, and the National Energy Administration jointly formulated and released the first special plan for geothermal energy development titled "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan for Geothermal Energy Development and Utilization." However, as a national strategy, the development and utilization of geothermal energy are still in the early stages, despite rapid technological advancements, and have not yet achieved large-scale application [8]. The overall utilization rate of geothermal resources remains at a relatively low level [9]. Furthermore, the further development of the Greater Bay Area is constrained by resource limitations and severe ecological environmental pressures, with issues of energy consumption and economic growth imbalance in need of urgent resolution[10].

In 2021, the global geothermal capacity increased by 246 megawatts. The total installed capacity of other countries outside the top ten was 1,067 megawatts, bringing the total installed capacity of geothermal power generation to 15,854 megawatts by the end of 2021. Indonesia had the largest increase, with an additional 143 megawatts of installed capacity and the construction of two new power plants. This was followed by Chile and Turkey. Currently, there are geothermal power plants in operation in 29 countries/regions[11].The top ten countries with the highest geothermal power generation capacity are shown in Fig. 1.

China, as the world's largest energy consumer and the second-largest economy, faces challenges of an insufficiently rational energy structure and limited environmental carrying capacity[12].In this context, geothermal energy holds significant importance as a clean and stable energy source[13]. Additionally, geothermal energy can reduce reliance on fossil fuels, decrease dependence on imported energy, and enhance national energy security[14]. Therefore, the research on the extraction and utilization of geothermal resources in China becomes increasingly urgent.

With the completion of the Ganzhou-Shenzhen High-speed Railway as a major north-south transportation artery, and the realization of the 30-minute interchange between Huizhou and Shenzhen, Huizhou has become an important ‘population magnet’city in the Greater Bay Area. During the "13th Five-Year Plan" period, its GDP grew at an average annual rate of around 5.5%, reaching 497.736 billion yuan in 2021, with a growth rate of 10.1%. It ranked second in the Pearl River Delta region and third in the entire province in terms of growth rate [Guangdong Statistical Yearbook (2022)]. Through investigations, it was found that the geothermal resources in Huizhou City, Guangdong Province, are mainly concentrated in Huidong County and Boluo County. In Huidong County, the resources are primarily distributed in the towns of Fengren, Baihua, Pingshan, Dalin, and Longmen, with Pingshan Town being the most abundant. In Boluo County, the resources are mainly distributed in the towns of Xijiang, Longhua, Yuanzhou, and Luoyang, with Xijiang Town being the most abundant.

However, despite the abundance of geothermal resources(Fig. 2), the current development and utilization methods in Huizhou City, Guangdong Province, remain inefficient. The level of resource exploration is low, and the development and utilization forms are limited to the construction of hot spring tourism as the sole approach[15].

In order to obtain more detailed data, we selected the Huangsha Cave-Shiba area as the study area and employed various methods for data collection and compilation, including geological investigations, geophysical surveys, geochemical surveys, remote sensing detection, and drilling exploration.

The Huangsha Cave-Shiba area in Huizhou is located at the southern margin of the Cathaysia Block. It is situated within the Meixian-Huiyang sag sedimentary area, bounded by the northeast-trending He Yuan deep fault zone inclined towards the southeast and the northeast-trending Lianhua Mountain deep fault zone inclined towards the northwest (part of the Zhenghe-Dapu Fault southern segment) (Fig. 3.1a, 1b).

The study area exhibits well-developed fold and fault structures. The basement folds are represented by the Baishi Syncline, with a northeast-trending axis(Fig. 4a). The orientations of the overlying fold structures are predominantly northeast-trending, with subordinate east-west, northwest, and north-south trends. Representative examples include the Aibei compound syncline with a northeast-trending axis, the Shimen anticline with a northwest-trending axis, the Zhaoyuan syncline with an almost north-south-trending axis, and the Baoxi anticline with an approximately east-west-trending axis. [17]The dominant fault structures are oriented in the northeast direction, with a secondary northwest orientation, forming an overall concave-convex structural pattern (Fig. 4b, Fig. 3).The stratigraphic units exposed in the study area are similar to those exposed in the southern part of the Huaxia Massif (Wang et al., 2013). Except for the Silurian strata, all other stratigraphic units are present in the study area (Fig. 4).

The study reveals the existence of two geothermal systems in the area: hydrothermal and dry hot geothermal resources. In terms of hydrothermal genesis, atmospheric precipitation, surface water, or ambient groundwater infiltrates through fault structures and weathered fractures. During the deep circulation process in the fractured zone, it extracts heat from normal or elevated rock temperatures and manifests at suitable locations through exposure due to uplift or human engineering activities. As for the dry hot genesis mechanism, the combined effect of high thermal conductivity and the presence of radioactive heat-generating elements in the granite body contributes to the formation of high-temperature geothermal resources in the study area. The granite body in the area is up to 3.5 km thick, predominantly composed of highly differentiated I-type granites from the Yanshanian period, especially those derived from remelting of crustal materials from the pre-Cambrian era, which contain high concentrations of heat-generating elements such as Th, U, and K. The radioactive decay of these heat-generating elements provides a significant amount of heat, thereby increasing the surface heat flow. Through comprehensive analysis, it is evident that the Moho surface in the study area is shallow, and the Moho temperature is relatively high, indicating a substantial contribution of mantle heat to the surface heat flow.

The data used in this study was obtained from the Guangdong Nonferrous Metal Geological Bureau and was utilized to create geological and topographic maps of the study area and its surrounding regional geology.

The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area is rich in geothermal resources, and Huizhou City in particular has concentrated resources in Longmen County, Huicheng District, and Huidong County[16].Currently, the utilization of geothermal resources in Huizhou City primarily focuses on hydrothermal geothermal energy, while the development and utilization of shallow geothermal energy and dry hot rock resources are still in the exploratory stage.

Hydrothermal Geothermal Resources

Huizhou City, located in the eastern part of Guangdong Province, possesses multiple geothermal fields such as Boluo hot springs, Huidong Tangzi, and Huangshadong, displaying tremendous geothermal development potential. In 2014, the Guangdong Geological Exploration Team conducted drilling in the Huangshadong area of Huizhou, providing new evidence for geothermal development. The hot springs in the study area are mainly distributed near Boluo and Huiyang, arranged in a northeast-southwest and northwest-southeast direction. Among them, the Huangshadong Geothermal Field in Shibai No. 1 is a renowned geothermal field in the region.

From a regional structural perspective, the geothermal fields are controlled by the superposition of larger-scale structures from the Yanshanian and more recent Xishanian periods. The presence of well-developed extensional faults and significant thermal alteration along rock contacts provides favorable pathways for the circulation of rock pore water, structural fracture water, and carbonate rock cave water, facilitating the upward flow of deep-seated heat. As a result, a large-scale hydrothermal geothermal field has formed in the region.

The most likely temperature range for geothermal reservoirs in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area is 104–156℃. The circulation depths of geothermal water in inland and coastal areas can reach up to 4800 meters and 4200 meters, respectively. Groundwater accounts for 84℃ of the circulating water in inland geothermal systems, while seawater contributes to 37% of the circulating water in coastal geothermal systems(Fig. 5).

Hydrothermal Geothermal Resources

The geothermal resources in the Huangshadong area are related to granite. In this study, we conducted data collection and analysis specifically for the Huangshadong area, resulting in the following parameter Table 1.

Table 1

Calculating parameters of hot dry rock geothermal resources of granite in the study area
Parameter	Huangshadong area	Shiba area
Density of granite(kg -m³)	2.73×10³	2.73×10³
Specific heat capacity of granite(kcal -kg-1 - ℃-1)	0.79	0.79
Density of underground hot water(kg -m³)	1×10³	1×10³
Specific heat capacity of groundwater(kcal- kg¹ - ℃-1)	4.2	4.2
Porosity of granite(%)	0.5	0.5
Average temperature of granite and water (℃)	164	164
Local average annual temperature(℃)	20	20
Area of concealed rock body(km²)	18×13	22×12
Calculated thickness ( km)	3.5	3.5
Q(kW -h)	8.07×10¹⁴	9.10×10¹⁴

After calculation, the annual heat production of granite in the Huangshadong working area is estimated to be 3.54×107 kW∙h, while in the Shiba working area, it is estimated to be 4.62×107 kW∙h. Assuming a conversion rate of 0.404 kg of standard coal per kilowatt-hour, it implies that the rock mass in the study area generates approximately 3.10×104 tons of standard coal energy annually. Considering that the intrusion of the rock mass exceeds 137 million years, the cumulative heat production amounts to 4.38×1012 tons of standard coal energy. In 2021, the total energy consumption in Huizhou City was approximately 3×107 tons of standard coal, which is equivalent to 1.46×105 times the energy consumption in the same year[19].

One notable distinction between the utilization of enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) for power generation and conventional thermal power plants lies in their respective heat extraction methods.EGS employ a closed-loop system that ensures the absence of wastewater, waste materials, and emissions, thereby mitigating any potential environmental impact associated with traditional thermal power generation methods.

The process of harnessing geothermal power through enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) entails injecting low-temperature water into the geothermal reservoir. Subsequently, as the water permeates through fractures and weathered fissures, it undergoes a deep circulation process within the fractured zone. During this process, the water absorbs heat from the surrounding rock mass, either at normal or elevated temperatures. Upon reaching suitable locations, the heated water ascends to the surface, either naturally exposed or artificially revealed through engineering interventions. It emerges as a mixture of high-temperature water and steam, which is then collected through production wells for electricity generation(Fig. 6).

According to the 《2022 Huizhou Statistical Yearbook》, the total electricity consumption in Huizhou City in 2021 was 51.036 billion kW∙h (the total electricity consumption in the Greater Bay Area exceeded 760 billion kW∙h, with Shenzhen's electricity consumption reaching 110.34 billion kW∙h, representing a growth rate of 14.0%. Figure 7 shows the values and shares of electricity consumption for each social component.

The power structure in the Huizhou region is primarily composed of fossil fuels and renewable energy. Fossil fuels, including coal, oil, and natural gas, account for approximately 80% of the total, while renewable energy, mainly consisting of hydropower, wind power, and solar energy, accounts for approximately 20%.

Although thermal power generation has low construction costs and short construction periods, allowing for adjustment based on load variations, it has significant drawbacks. The continuous emissions of gases such as SO₂ and NO₂ from coal combustion have led to increased acid rain in many regions of China, causing fly ash pollution near power plants and adversely affecting people's lives and plant growth. Thermal power plants typically use water as a cooling medium, with a daily water consumption of about 100,000 tons for a 1000MW thermal power plant. In 2021, Huizhou's total energy consumption reached 29.96 million tons of standard coal.

Developing geothermal energy for power generation offers the following advantages:

Both hydrothermal geothermal resources and shallow geothermal energy can be directly used for electricity generation. While deep exploitation and heating are required for dry rock geothermal resources to generate steam for driving turbines, the research area has substantial dry rock reserves. enhanced geothermal systems in the area exhibit high stability and have long-term development potential, promoting the development of related industries.
Hydrothermal geothermal resources, shallow geothermal energy, and dry rock resources are all clean energy sources that do not produce pollutants or greenhouse gases. Developing and utilizing them helps reduce reliance on traditional fossil fuels, enhances the energy diversification of Huizhou, and optimizes the energy structure of Huizhou and the Greater Bay Area.

Therefore, geothermal power generation holds great promise for Huizhou and plays a significant role in optimizing the energy structure of the city and the Greater Bay Area.

Geothermal energy, as a clean and sustainable energy source, has the potential to reduce air and water pollution, create job opportunities, generate economic benefits, and contribute to the overall health and well-being of local communities. Geothermal power generation is complementary to other forms of energy and can serve as a supplement depending on the circumstances. To maximize its sustainability and environmental advantages, several approaches can be taken:

Geothermal energy can supplement other renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power, providing stable and continuous electricity supply in situations where wind and solar energy are intermittent. By using a mix of renewable energy sources, the power grid can become more reliable and flexible.
Geothermal energy can help reduce dependence on fossil fuel-based electricity generation. By replacing coal-fired power plants with geothermal power stations, we can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution.
Geothermal heat pumps can be used for heating and cooling buildings, leading to substantial energy savings and reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. This technology is applicable to residential, commercial, and industrial buildings.

Given the increasing energy demand in Guangdong province, it is of great significance to research and utilize new, clean resources. Geothermal energy can provide a sustainable and environmentally friendly source of electricity and heat. By integrating the use of renewable energy, optimizing existing resources, and collaborating with stakeholders, we can maximize the benefits of geothermal energy and achieve sustainable development.

Further development of the Greater Bay Area is constrained by resource limitations and severe ecological pressures. The issue of energy consumption and economic growth imbalance needs to be urgently addressed. Geothermal energy can reduce the dependence on fossil fuels, decrease reliance on imported energy, and enhance national energy security. Therefore, research and utilization of geothermal resources have become increasingly urgent.
The Greater Bay Area possesses favorable geological conditions for the development of geothermal energy. However, the current methods of development and utilization remain inefficient, with low levels of resource exploration and limited forms of utilization. Geological surveys indicate that Guangdong Province has a high geothermal gradient, particularly in the Pearl River Delta region. Additionally, the energy demand in the Greater Bay Area is substantial and can be met by geothermal energy. Therefore, geothermal energy has significant potential applications in the Greater Bay Area. The Chinese government should strengthen exploration and assessment of geothermal energy, including understanding the geological conditions, thermal storage characteristics, and quality and quantity of geothermal resources for hydrothermal, shallow geothermal, and HDR regions. This will provide a basis for rational development and utilization.
Thermal power construction has relatively low costs and offers a certain level of adjustability. However, it also presents notable drawbacks. Geothermal power generation plays a positive role in optimizing the energy structure of Huizhou City. It promotes industrial upgrading, increases employment opportunities, enhances energy diversification in the Greater Bay Area, and incurs low operation and maintenance costs. Geothermal power generation demonstrates good economic benefits, providing positive impetus for local economic development and significant social benefits in terms of environmental protection, energy conservation, and emissions reduction.
Geothermal energy provides a sustainable and environmentally friendly source of electricity and heat.By combining the use of renewable energy sources, optimizing existing resources, and collaborating with stakeholders,we can maximize the benefits of geothermal energy and achieve sustainable development.
Geothermal energy is an abundant, widely distributed, and reliable renewable energy source.It holds great significance in implementing the ecological civilization concept and realizing carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals.

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No competing interests reported.

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Geothermal power generation and positive impact in the greater bay area: A case study of Huizhou city, Guangdong province

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Abstract

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Introduction

Status and context

Available geothermal energy, potential

Energy use and economic analysis

Sustainability assessment

Conclusion

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