This is a preprint, a preliminary version of a manuscript that has not completed peer review at a journal. Research Square does not conduct peer review prior to posting preprints. The posting of a preprint on this server should not be interpreted as an endorsement of its validity or suitability for dissemination as established information or for guiding clinical practice.
Research
Yin-Chun Tien
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9069-6387
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This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
Background: Shockwaves are acoustic pulses that have been widely used in the management of musculoskeletal disease. In current study, we investigated the biological effect of shockwaves on articular chondrocytes and clarified the mechanism by which chondrocytes sense and respond to the mechanical stimulation of shockwave treatment.
Methods: Porcine articular chondrocytes and human osteoarthritis (OA) chondrocytes were cultured in a three-dimensional pellet culture model and subjected to shockwaves. Then alamarBlue assay, Hoechest DNA assay, fluorescence-activated cell sorter, real-time polymerase chain reaction immunofluorescence staining, and western blotting were used to determine biological function and signaling transduction of chondrocytes after shockwaves.
Results: Shockwaves increased the sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG), Col2a1, and Acan production of chondrocytes without affecting cell viability and proliferation. Furthermore, shockwaves increased transient reactive oxygen species (ROS) production primarily through the action of xanthine oxidase and subsequently through phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and p38. Shockwaves also activated the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and the Nrf2-related downstream gene expression of Ho-1 and Nqo-1. We suppressed the xanthine oxidase activity by allopurinol or specific siRNA, which significantly abrogated shockwave-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation, Nrf2 nuclear translocation, and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis. U0126 and SB203580, the specific inhibitors of MAPKs MEK1/2 and p38, respectively, significantly abolished shockwave-induced Nrf2 nuclear translocation and ECM synthesis. Inhibition of Nrf2 by both shRNA knockdown and brusatol reduced the shockwave-increased GAG, Col2a1, and Acan production.
Conclusions: Maintaining the homeostasis of the ECM of the articular cartilage is crucial for preventing the development OA. Our data indicate that shockwaves enhanced the ECM synthesis of chondrocytes through the activation of the ROS/MAPK/Nrf2 signaling axis. This study demonstrates that shockwaves holds promising therapeutic potential for OA and provides fundamental evidence for developing an optimal therapeutic strategy.
Keywords
Shockwave, Osteoarthritis, Nrf2, Chondrocyte, Reactive oxygen species
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This is a preprint, a preliminary version of a manuscript that has not completed peer review at a journal. Research Square does not conduct peer review prior to posting preprints. The posting of a preprint on this server should not be interpreted as an endorsement of its validity or suitability for dissemination as established information or for guiding clinical practice.
Research
Yin-Chun Tien
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9069-6387
Badges
Prescreen
This manuscript passed our Prescreen assessment
Complete author information
Appropriate declaration statements
Potential risks to human health
Prescreen
History
CURRENT STATUS: Posted
Version 1
Posted 08 Jun, 2020
No community comments so far
Metrics
Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
Subject Areas
Cell Communication and Signaling
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
Background: Shockwaves are acoustic pulses that have been widely used in the management of musculoskeletal disease. In current study, we investigated the biological effect of shockwaves on articular chondrocytes and clarified the mechanism by which chondrocytes sense and respond to the mechanical stimulation of shockwave treatment.
Methods: Porcine articular chondrocytes and human osteoarthritis (OA) chondrocytes were cultured in a three-dimensional pellet culture model and subjected to shockwaves. Then alamarBlue assay, Hoechest DNA assay, fluorescence-activated cell sorter, real-time polymerase chain reaction immunofluorescence staining, and western blotting were used to determine biological function and signaling transduction of chondrocytes after shockwaves.
Results: Shockwaves increased the sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG), Col2a1, and Acan production of chondrocytes without affecting cell viability and proliferation. Furthermore, shockwaves increased transient reactive oxygen species (ROS) production primarily through the action of xanthine oxidase and subsequently through phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and p38. Shockwaves also activated the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and the Nrf2-related downstream gene expression of Ho-1 and Nqo-1. We suppressed the xanthine oxidase activity by allopurinol or specific siRNA, which significantly abrogated shockwave-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation, Nrf2 nuclear translocation, and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis. U0126 and SB203580, the specific inhibitors of MAPKs MEK1/2 and p38, respectively, significantly abolished shockwave-induced Nrf2 nuclear translocation and ECM synthesis. Inhibition of Nrf2 by both shRNA knockdown and brusatol reduced the shockwave-increased GAG, Col2a1, and Acan production.
Conclusions: Maintaining the homeostasis of the ECM of the articular cartilage is crucial for preventing the development OA. Our data indicate that shockwaves enhanced the ECM synthesis of chondrocytes through the activation of the ROS/MAPK/Nrf2 signaling axis. This study demonstrates that shockwaves holds promising therapeutic potential for OA and provides fundamental evidence for developing an optimal therapeutic strategy.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
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