Chittrakul et al[20], 2020 (Thailand) | Sit-to-stand, Knee raise, Squats, Step back lunges | Heel & toe walking, steps in multiple directions & surfaces | - | Flexibility exercises | [Fes-I (IG:18.05 vs CG:25.69, p < .001] [Fes-I (IG:24.27 vs CG:38.52, p < .001] | Significant FoF reduction after 12 and 24 weeks of follow-up |
Gomes et al[21], 2018 (Brazil) | - | Interactive video gaming (to improve postural control) | Interactive video gaming (to improve gait) | Information outlining the benefits of physical activity | [Fes-I (IG:40.3 vs CG:34.7, p > .05] [Fes-I (IG:38.6 vs CG:34.5, p > .05] | No significant differences after 7 weeks and 1 month of follow-up |
Pollock et al[22], 2012 (UK) | Progressive strength training plus Whole-body vibration platform balance, and mobility exercises | Balance exercises plus Whole-body vibration platform | Functional mobility training plus Whole-body vibration platform | Strength, balance, and mobility exercises only | [Fes-I (IG:32.4 vs CG:30.9, p > .05] [Fes-I (IG:35.9 vs CG:37.7, p > .05] | No significant differences after 8 and 6 months of follow-up |
Sattin et al[23], 2005 (USA) | - | Tai Chi exercises. Coordination, narrowing of lower extremity stance. | Tai Chi exercises. Trunk rotation, weight shifting, | Wellness education relevant to health | [ABC IG: 59.2 vs CG: 47.9, p < .001] [Fes-I (IG:17.6 vs CG:21.2, p < .001] | Significant FoF reduction after 48 weeks of follow-up |
Ge et al[24], 2021 (China) | Tai Chi exercises (lower limb strength) | - | Tai Chi exercises (gait function) | Usual care | [Likert-scale (IG:0.16 vs CG:1.00, p < .001] | Significant FoF reduction after 8 weeks of follow-up |
Kapan et al[25], 2017 (Austria) | Mini squat, beetles, hip extensions, strength exercises with elastic band | - | - | Social support | [Fes-I (IG:39.9 vs CG:41.5, p = .016] | No significant differences after 12 weeks of follow up |
Jeon et al[26], 2014 (South Korea) | Muscle strengthening exercise – ankle (dorsiflexion) and lower extremity (hip, knee extension, and flexion) | Balance exercise – static (standing on one leg) and dynamic (weight shifting, walking in multiple directions) | - | No intervention | [Fes-I (IG: 7.48 vs CG: 0.49, p < .001] [Likert-scale (IG:0.23 vs CG:0.13, p < .001] | Significant FoF reduction after 12 weeks of follow-up |
Furtado et al[27], 2020 (Portugal) | CSE Group: elastic-band resistance exercises, squat, chest & shoulder press, hip flexion, Chair spine twist, biceps flexion & triceps extension | - | CME Group: Agility integrated exercise, Chair-based sit and reach, leg extension, skipping, walking | no intervention | [Fes-I (CSE:18.11 vs CME:32.08 CG:39.67, p < .001] | Significant FoF reduction after 28 weeks of follow-up |
Moreira et al[28], 2021 (Brazil) | Xbox 360 Console “Your Shape™: Fitness Evolved” game (squats and lunges) | Xbox 360 Console “Your Shape™: Fitness Evolved” game (Boxing, lateral & anteroposterior displacements) | - | Strength and balance exercises | [Fes-I (IG:23.22 vs CG:25.62, p = 0.37] | No significant differences after 12 weeks of follow-up |
Giné-Garriga et al[29], 2013 (Spain) | Functional circuit training program. Rising from a chair, stair climbing, knee bends, leg squat, leg extension & flexion, calf raise, floor transfer & lunges | Functional balance exercise - static (standing on one leg, dual tasks, tandem standing with eyes open/closed using different surfaces) and dynamic (walking on multiple surfaces & directions) | - | No intervention | [ABC IG: 64.69 vs CG: 47.63, p < .001] [ABC IG: 55.79 vs CG: 49.15, p < .001] | Significant FoF reduction after 12 and 36 weeks of follow-up |
Yamada et al[30], 2011 (Japan) | Frail group: Resistance exercise training (leg press, leg curl & leg extension) | - | - | Robust group: Resistance exercise training (leg press, leg curl & leg extension) | [Fes-I (FG:35.9 vs RG:37.1, p < .001] | Significant FoF reduction after 12 months of follow-up |
Hagedorn et al[31], 2010 (USA) | Progressive resistance muscle strength (leg press, pulley station, ball games) | Visual computer feedback system (weight shifts, one leg & toe standing, double tasks in different directions and surfaces) | - | Traditional balance and strength training | Fes-I (IG:24.8 vs CG:27.7, p > .05] | No significant differences after 12 weeks of follow-up |
Sihvonen et al[32], 2004 (Finland) | - | Individualized dynamic balance exercises on a force platform (dynamic weight shifting, leaning, stepping tasks on different surfaces, verbal tasks) | - | No intervention | [Single-item question method (60% (n = 12) of the IG had no FoF vs 14% (n = 1) of the CG, p = .02] [Single-item question method (37% (n = 7) of the IG had no FoF vs 14% (n = 1) of the CG, p > .02] | Significant FoF reduction after 4 weeks of follow-up. No between-group differences were found after 12 months of follow-up |