Malaria continues to be one of the leading health concerns in developing nations. A minute percentage of human parasites transform into gametocytes, some of which may be consumed by mosquitoes during blood meals (Yeka, et al., 2012). The mosquito becomes infectious after fertilization and sporozoite development (Meibalan & Marti, 2017). The human infectious reservoir is the population's mosquito-infecting capacity. Malaria is typically transmitted by the puncture of a parasite-carrying female Anopheles mosquito. Malaria can only be transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes that have previously fed on the blood of a person infected with the disease (CDC, Malaria, 2022). 44% of the population of Cotton Tree, 40% of the population of Chicken Soup Factory, and 15% of the population of Borbor Island agreed with the CDC's description of the mode of malaria transmission. Malaria transmission is also associated with temperature fluctuations, low socioeconomic factors, reproductive sites, and the natural environment (Silva & Marshall, 2012; Lunde, Lunde, Bayoh, & Lindtjørn, 2013).
Demographical characteristics. Table 1 compares the participants from the three communities who agreed to take part in the study and successfully concluded it. There were no discernible differences in terms of property, employment, or marital status between the three communities. The family economy (X2 = 15.2, p = 0.004), literacy rate (X2 = 40.4, p = 0.0001), and residence (X2 = 18.2, p = 0.001) of the three communities' residents were substantially different.
According to the preferable estimates, a reduction in malaria incidence by 10 percentage points would result in an increase of approximately 0.1 years in years of schooling completed and an increase of 1 percentage point in the likelihood of literacy (Lucas, 2010). According to the study, Cotton Tree has 43.3% withdrawals, while Chicken Soup Factory and Borbor Island have 6.30% and 25.0%, respectively.
The global distribution of GDP per capita reveals a striking correlation between malaria and poverty, and malaria-endemic nations have lower economic growth rates. Considering initial poverty, economic policy, tropical location, and life expectancy, among other factors, countries with intense malaria experienced an annual population decline of 1.3% (Gallup & Sachs, 2001; Sachs, Sachs, & Malaney, 2002). Significant differences existed between the family economies of the three communities' residents (X2 = 15.2, p = 0.004), with 68% of Cotton Tree participants, 95.8% of Chicken Soup Factory participants, and 82.1% of Borbor Island participants having annual incomes between 10,001 and 100,000 Liberian dollars, or 59.55 USD and 595.45 USD, which imposes substantial socioeconomic costs on households. Malaria hinders savings and investment, which are associated with worker absenteeism and medical costs.
The human suffering and death caused by malaria are frequently matched by the financial burden placed on families, who endure the direct costs out of their own pockets. Personal expenses include insecticide-treated bed netting, physician fees, anti-malaria medications, and transportation to health facilities. Malaria treatment can consume up to 34% of an impoverished household's income in Ghana (Yghemonos, 2022; Tusting, et al., 2016; Assebe, et al., 2021).
Table 1
Social-demographic profile of respondent per communities
Variable | Cotton Tree | Chicken Soup | Borbor Island | Χ2 / (p-value) |
N (%) | N (%) | N (%) |
Gender - Male - Female | 56 (57.7) 41 (42.3) | 14 (29.2) 34 (70.8) | 12 (42.9) 16 (57.1) | 10.79 (0.005)** |
Literacy - Dropout - Elementary - Junior High - Secondary - Vocation - University | 42 (43.3) 10 (10.3) 14 (14.4) 19 (19.6) 4 (4.10) 8 (8.20) | 3 (6.30) 3 (6.30) 3 (6.30) 33 (68.8) 3 (6.30) 3 (6.30) | 7 (25.0) 3 (10.7) 2 (7.10) 11 (39.3) 2 (7.10) 3 (10.7) | 40.4 (0.0001)*** |
Marital Status - Yes - No | 33 (34.0) 64 (66.0) | 14 (29.2) 34 (70.8) | 10 (35.7) 18 (64.3) | 0.46 (0.800) |
Household composition - Single adult - Single adult with children - Married with partner and children | 15 (15.5) 30 (30.9) 52 (53.6) | 20 (41.7) 13 (27.1) 15 (31.3) | 8 (28.6) 8 (28.6) 12 (42.9) | 12.8 (0.012)* |
Respondent - Father - Mother - Son - Daughter - Uncle - Aunt | 0 (0.00) 3 (3.10) 9 (9.30) 5 (5.20) 31 (32.0) 49 (50.5) | 4 (8.30) 5 (10.4) 13 (27.1) 5 (10.4) 10 (20.8) 11 (22.9) | 3 (10.7) 1 (3.60) 7 (25.0) 2 (7.10) 6 (21.4) 9 (32.1) | 29.9 (0.001)** |
Employed - No - Yes | 50 (51.5) 47 (48.5) | 17 (35.4) 31 (64.6) | 11 (39.3) 17 (60.7) | 3.83 (0.15) |
Residency - 0–5 years - 6–10 years - > 10 years | 39 (40.2) 43 (44.3) 15 (15.5) | 37 (77.1) 7 (14.6) 4 (8.30) | 17 (60.7) 8 (28.6) 3 (10.7) | 18.2 (0.001)** |
Property - Renting - Owner | 59 (60.8) 38 (39.2) | 23 (47.9) 25 (52.1) | 16 (57.1) 12 (42.9) | 2.18 (0.34) |
Economy - < 5,000 LRD - 5,000–10,000 LRD - 10,001–100,000 LRD | 2 (2.10) 29 (29.9) 66 (68.0) | 0 2 (4.20) 46 (95.8) | 0 5 (17.9) 23 (82.1) | 15.2 (0.004)** |
*, **, *** statistically significant. * P-value < 0.05; ** p-value < 0.005; ***p-value < 0.0005 |
According to the one-sample T-test analysis of continuous variables (Table 2), age, family member, children (0–5 years), and children (6–18 years) were statistically significant. A one-sample t-test was used to compare age, number of family members, number of children aged 0–5 years, and number of children aged 6–18 years between the three communities. The mean ages (32.3 ± 10.7, Cotton Tree community), (35.8 ± 13.8, Chicken Soup Factory), and (34.9 ± 11.1, Borbor Island) were statistically significant when all other variables were held constant.
A one-sample t-test was performed to determine whether the age score of recruited participants (after transforming to remove outliers) was significantly different from normal, which was defined as an age score of 2.0. Based on the results of the Shapiro-Wilk test (p > 0.5), the distribution of the transformed age score was normally distributed, and a box diagram revealed that there were no outliers in the data. The mean log_age score (M = 1.5, SD = 0.13) was lower than the transformed normal age score of 2.0 related to gender distribution, with a statistically significant mean difference of 0.50, 95% confidence interval [0.47 to 0.51], t(172) = -49.2, p = 0.0001.
Table 2
One sample T-Test analysis of continuous variables
Variable | Cotton Tree | Chicken Soup Factory | Borbor Island |
Age - Mean ± SDEV - T-test (p – value) | 32.3 ± 10.7 29.7 (0.0001)*** | 35.9 ± 13.8 18.0 (0.0001)*** | 35.9 ± 11.8 16.1 (0.0001)*** |
Family member - Mean ± SDEV - T-test (p – value) | 1.42 ± 0.54 25.9 (0.0001)*** | 1.44 ± 0.50 19.9 (0.0001)*** | 1.54 ± 0.51 16.0 (0.0001)*** |
Children (0–5 years) - Mean ± SDEV - T-test (p – value) | 1.36 ± 0.52 25.6 (0.0001)*** | 1.08 ± 0.87 8.62 (0.0001)*** | 1.21 ± 0.83 7.72 (0.0001)*** |
Children (6–18 years) - Mean ± SDEV - T-test (p – value) | 2.60 ± 1.10 23.1 (0.0001)*** | 2.60 ± 1.22 14.8 (0.0001)*** | 2.64 ± 1.16 12.0 (0.0001)*** |
*, **, *** statistically significant. * P-value < 0.05; ** p-value < 0.005; ***p-value < 0.0005 |
Knowledge (Table 3). The participants from the three communities (99.0% in Cotton Tree, 97.9% in Chicken Soup Factory, and 92.9% on Borbor Island) demonstrated a high level of knowledge about malaria, but the difference was not statistically significant. The use of anti-mosquito bed coverings is statistically significant (X2 = 40.1, p-value = 0.0001). It contradicts the statement of knowledge that 6.30%, 8.30%, and 3.60% of residents in the three communities, respectively, rest beneath an anti-mosquito net. Their perceptions of malaria's prevention and control, a life-threatening disease, are statistically significant (X2 = 126, p = 0.0001), indicating that there is a statistically significant association between the research population and the communities; specifically, participants from Chicken Soup Factory and Borbor Island know more about the life-threatening aspect of malaria than other participants. However, a one-way ANOVA (Table 7) (F (2, 169) = 5.51, p = 0.001) revealed that there was a statistically significant difference between the knowledge scores of the communities regarding malaria prevention and control. However, a Tukey post hoc test (Table 8) revealed that the mean score for knowledge of malaria control was statistically significantly higher among participants from the Chicken Soup Factory community (6.02 ± 0.93, p = 0.006) compared to participants from the Cotton Tree community (5.42 ± 1.14). Between the intermediate Chicken Soup Factory community and Borbor Island, there was no statistically significant difference (p = 0.802). 95.8% of participants from the Chicken Soup Factory
Table 3
Knowledge related questions and percentage of malaria prevalence among Margibi and Montserrado Counties
Variable | Cotton Tree | Chicken Soup Factory | Borbor Island | X2 (p-value) |
N (%) | N (%) | N (%) |
Malaria Knowledgeable - No - Yes | 1 (1.00) 96 (99.0) | 1 (2.10) 47 (97.9) | 2 (7.10) 26 (92.9) | 3.61 (0.17) |
Transmission - Drinking or eating contaminated water or food - Bite of mosquito - Bite of mosquito infected with malaria | 10 (10.4) 44 (45.8) 42 (43.8) | 4 (8.50) 24 (51.1) 19 (40.4) | 2 (7.10) 11 (39.3) 15 (53.6) | 1.54 (0.82) |
Malaria Kills - No - Yes | 1 (1.00) 96 (99.0) | 2 (4.20) 46 (96.8) | 0 28 (100) | 2.44 (0.30) |
Malaria Prevention - Sleeping under bed net - Used of insecticide or getting rid of standing water - Don’t know | 36 (37.1) 54 (55.7) 7 (7.20) | 23 (47.9) 22 (45.8) 3 (6.30) | 10 (35.7) 13 (46.4) 5 (17.9) | 5.14 (0.27) |
Do you use bed nets? - No - Yes | 49 (50.5) 47 (48.5) | 2 (4.20) 46 (95.8) | 3 (10.7) 25 (89.3) | 40.1 (0.0001)*** |
Do you purchase bed net? - No - Yes | 81 (83.5) 11 (11.3) | 42 (87.5) 6 (12.5) | 28 (100) | 7.92 (0.094) |
Is malaria life threatening? - Strongly disagree - Disagree - Agree - Strongly agree | 23 (24.0) 34 (35.4) 38 (39.6) | 8 (16.7) 37 (77.1) | 7 (25.0) 20 (71.4) | 126 (0.0001)*** |
Malaria Prevention - Strongly disagree. - Disagree - Agree - Strongly agree | 17 (17.7) 29 (30.2) 48 (50.0) | 14 (29.2) 23 (47.9) 8 (16.7) | 4 (14.3) 13 (46.4) 10 (35.7) | 46.1 (0.0001)*** |
*, **, *** statistically significant. * P-value < 0.05; ** p-value < 0.005; ***p-value < 0.0005 |
community in Montserrado County were knowledgeable about the prevention and control of malaria, compared to 76% from Cotton Tree and 85.5% from Borbor Island, according to the aggregate knowledge score. The participants' knowledge of the cause, prevention, and control of malaria correlates with their prior beliefs about malaria (Shimaponda-Mataa, Tembo-Mwase, Gebreslasie, & Mukaratirwa, 2017). Individuals' knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding malaria are the most crucial for disease control and prevention (Kundu, et al., 2021).
Table 4
Attitude related questions and percentage of malaria prevalence among cotton tree, chicken soup factory and Borbor Island communities
Variable | Cotton Tree | Chicken Soup Factory | Borbor Island | X2 (p-value) |
N (%) | N (%) | N (%) |
Do you think anyone can get malaria - Strongly disagree - Disagree - Agree - Strongly agree | 23 (24.0) 42 (43.8) 28 (26.2) 1 (1.00) | 1 (2.10) 27 (56.3) 17 (35.4) | 16 (57.1) 11 (39.3) | 90.5 (0.0001)*** |
Sleep under anti-mosquito net prevent malaria. - Strongly disagree - Disagree - Agree - Strongly agree | 46 (47.9) 42 (43.8) 6 (6.30) | 8 (16.7) 33 (68.8) 4 (8.30) | 3 (10.7) 23 (82.1) 1 (3.60) | 112 (0.0001)*** |
Self-Treatment will prevent malaria - Strongly disagree - Disagree - Agree - Strongly agree | 61 (63.5) 30 (31.3) 4 (4.20) | 1 (2.10) 20 (41.7) 30 (41.7) 4 (8.30) | 2 (7.10) 12 (42.9) 10 (35.7) 2 (7.10) | 80.5 (0.0001)*** |
Children and pregnant women at risk - Strongly disagree - Disagree - Agree - Strongly agree | 58 (60.4) 30 (31.3) 7 (7.30) | 7 (14.6) 35 (72.9) 1 (2.10) | 9 (32.1) 18 (64.3) | 40.2 (0.0001)*** |
Avoid Malaria patient - Strongly disagree - Disagree - Agree - Strongly agree | 4 (4.30) 15 (16.1) 74 (79.6) | 3 (6.30) 27 (56.3) 11 (22.9) 4 (8.30) | 18 (64.3) 6 (21.4) 3 (10.7) | 63.5 (0.0001)*** |
Incomplete treatment of malaria increases the risk factor - Strongly disagree - Disagree - Agree - Strongly agree | 3 (3.10) 13 (13.4) 81 (83.5) | 3 (6.30) 12 (25.0) 27 (56.3) 3 (6.30) | 1 (3.60) 9 (32.1) 15 (53.6) 1 (3.60) | 107 (0.0001)*** |
*, **, *** statistically significant. * P-value < 0.05; ** p-value < 0.005; ***p-value < 0.0005 |
Attitude (Table 4). The statistical significance of sleeping under a mosquito net treated with insecticide was X2 = 112, p-value = 0.0001. Children at risk and mothers who are expectant were statistically significant (X2 = 40.2, p = 0.0001). In addition, 6.30% of Cotton Tree, 8.30% of Chicken Soup Factory, and 3.60% of Borbor Island residents sleep under an anti-mosquito net. Participants from Cotton Tree (24% strongly disagree, 43.8% disagree), Chicken Soup Factory (2.10% strongly disagree, 56.3% disagree), and Borbor Island (57.1%) are opposed to the notion that anyone can contract malaria.
Statistically significantly, the aggregate attitude score (Table 6) indicates that Borbor Island participants have a positive outlook on the prevention and control of malaria, compared to the Chicken Soup Factory community and Cotton Tree. 89.3% of participants from Borbor Island, 79.2% of participants from the Chicken Soup Factory community, and 33.3% of participants from Cotton Tree exhibited a positive attitude toward malaria control and prevention.
According to the Pearson chi square test (X2 = 112, p = 0.0001), there is a statistically significant association between families or participants and reclining under an anti-mosquito net to prevent malaria. According to the percentage distribution (Table 4), each of the three communities preferred not to lie under an anti-mosquito bed net. It is common knowledge that anti-mosquito bed nets or insecticide-treated bed nets are extremely effective at reducing malaria morbidity and mortality. A study conducted in Kenya reveals a low compliance rate of 56% for the use of insecticide-treated bed nets, but a higher compliance rate during the monsoon season (62% as opposed to 49%) (Atieli, et al., 2011). Malaria is cited as a major health concern for pregnant women (Sabin, et al., 2010); however, Borbor Island and Chicken Soup Factory are aware that malaria is life-threatening, whereas 24% of the Cotton Tree research population believes malaria is not life-threatening.
To assess the impact of community on attitude scores, a one-way ANOVA (Table 7) was conducted. The communities' and participants' attitudes were statistically distinct (F (2, 169) = 49.2, p = 0.0001), as determined by a one-way ANOVA. Tukey's post hoc test (Table 8) revealed that the mean score for attitudes toward malaria control was significantly higher for participants from the Chicken Soup Factory community (M = 6.16 SD = 1.34, p = 0.0001) and participants from Borbor Island (M = 6.41 SD = 1.04, p = 0.0001) than for participants from the Cotton Tree community (M = 4.56 SD = 1.04). There was no statistically significant difference between the Chicken Soup Factory neighborhood and Borbor Island (p = 0.598).
22% of participants in a KAP study on malaria control and prevention reported using cow dung as opposed to insecticide-treated bed nets (Manana, Kuonza, Musekiwa, Mpangane, & Koekemoer, 2018). However, this study regarding the use of insecticide-treated bed nets may be comparable. 6.30%, 8.30%, and 3.60%, respectively, of the participants in the Cotton Tree, Chicken Soup Factory, and Borbor Island communities consented to sleep under insecticide-treated mosquito nets.
However, less than 10% (Table 4) of the participants from each of the study's communities concur that lying under mosquito nets is associated with malaria prevention. In a study conducted in South Africa, 2% of 400 participants used insecticide-treated bed nets to prevent and control malaria (Manana, Kuonza, Musekiwa, Mpangane, & Koekemoer, 2018).
Practice (Table 5). The use of insecticides and mosquito repellents was statistically significant (X2 = 54.9%, p = 0.0001). Multiple environmental factors influence the vital rates of mosquitoes and parasites, thereby impacting the intensity, seasonality, and geographic distribution of malaria. These factors fall into two primary categories: the natural environment and the human-made environment (Castro, 2017). 67.7% of members of the Cotton Tree community have never removed the bushes from their homes. 45.1% of the communities on Cotton Tree Island, 2.1% of the communities on Chicken Soup Factory Island, and 3.6% of the communities on Borbor Island never sanitize stagnant water around their homes.
In addition, a one-way ANOVA (Table 7) was performed to ascertain the impact of the community on the practice score. A one-way ANOVA (F (2, 169) = 123, p = 0.0001) revealed a statistically significant distinction between the malaria prevention strategies of the communities and the participants.
Table 5
Practice related questions and percentage of malaria prevalence among Margibi and Montserrado Counties *, **, *** statistically significant. * P-value < 0.05; ** p-value < 0.005; ***p-value < 0.0005
Variable
|
Cotton Tree
|
Chicken Soup Factory
|
Borbor Island
|
X2 (p-value)
|
N (%)
|
N (%)
|
N (%)
|
Do you use mosquito repellent or coils?
- Always
- Sometimes
- Never
- Don’t know
|
24 (26.7)
61 (67.8)
4 (4.40)
1 (1.10)
|
20 (41.7)
26 (54.2)
2 (4.20)
|
10 (35.7)
17 (60.7)
1 (3.60)
|
4.10 (0.66)
|
Use of anti-mosquito spray
- Always
- Sometimes
- Never
- Don’t know
|
10 (10.6)
64 (68.1)
18 (19.1)
2 (2.10)
|
31 (64.6)
15 (31.3)
2 (4.20)
|
18 (64.3)
8 (28.6)
2 (7.10)
|
54.9 (0.0001)***
|
Do you clear the bushes around your house?
- Always
- Sometimes
- Never
- Don’t know
|
2 (2.20)
15 (16.1)
63 (67.7)
13 (14.0)
|
36 (75.0)
12 (25.0)
|
25 (89.3)
3 (10.7)
|
133 (0.0001)***
|
Do you clean stagnant water around your house?
- Always
- Sometimes
- Never
- Don’t know
|
2 (2.20)
39 (42.9)
41 (45.1)
9 (9.90)
|
31 (64.6)
16 (33.3)
1 (2.10)
|
23 (82.1)
4 (14.3)
1 (3.60)
|
101 (0.0001)***
|
Government of Liberia health team visit
- Always
- Sometimes
- Never
- Don’t know
|
4 (4.20)
10 (10.4)
82 (85.4)
|
7 (14.6)
22 (45.8)
17 (35.4)
2 (4.20)
|
4 (14.3)
10 (35.7)
12 (42.9)
2 (7.10)
|
113 (0.0001)***
|
Tukey's post hoc test (Table 8) revealed that the mean practice score for malaria control was significantly higher among participants from the Chicken Soup Factory community (7.71 ± 0.65, p = 0.0001), Borbor Island participants (7.54 ± 0.92, p = 0.0001), and the Cotton Tree community (4.44 ± 1.64) than among participants from the other two communities. There was no statistically significant difference (p = 0.849) between the Chicken Soup Factory intermediate community and Borbor Island.
The overall practice score for the control and prevention of malaria indicates that participants from the Chicken Soup Factory community and Borbor Island have superior practice measures for the control of malaria compared to participants from the Cotton Tree community, where 65.6% have good practice measures for the control and prevention of malaria.
Uncleaned stagnant water is associated with reproductive grounds for mosquitoes. In comparison to the Cotton Tree (2.20%) and Chicken Soup Factory (64.6%) communities, the study revealed that 82.1% of Borbor Island participants remove stagnant water from around their residences. However, a KAP study conducted in Ethiopia revealed that less than 2% of residents regularly clean stagnant water around their residences (Flatie & Munshea, 2021).
Table 6
Knowledge, attitude, and practice overall results
Score
|
Cotton Tree
|
Chicken Soup Factory
|
Borbor Island
|
X2 (p-value)
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
Knowledge
- Good
- Fair
|
73
23
|
76.0
24.0
|
46
2
|
95.8
4.20
|
24
4
|
85.7
14.3
|
9.10 (0.011*)
|
Attitude
- Good
- Fair
|
31
65
|
32.3
67.7
|
38
10
|
79.2
20.8
|
25
3
|
89.3
10.7
|
44.6 (0.0001***)
|
Practice
- Good
- Fair
|
63
33
|
65.6
34.4
|
48
0
|
100
0
|
28
0
|
100
0
|
32.3 (0.0001***)
|
After grouping with its mean score, the results for the aggregate KAP regarding malaria revealed that a very small percentage of Cotton Tree residents had acceptable levels of practice and attitude. Almost 75 percent of respondents had exceptional knowledge. 76% of Cotton Tree participants, 95.8% of Chicken Soup Factory participants, and 85.7% of Borbor Island participants are knowledgeable about malaria control and prevention, according to the findings of the KAP study. The Chicken Soup Factory and Borbor Island communities have better malaria prevention and control practices than the Cotton Tree community (Table 6).
Knowledge, attitude, and practice of malaria prevention and control are comparatively low in this study compared to similar studies conducted in Ethiopia (Aderaw & Gedefaw, 2013). Concerning mosquito prevention and control, illiterate and literate individuals differed significantly. In Southwest Tanzania, 59% of literate people and 22% of illiterate people agreed to use insecticide-treated mosquito nets (Mazigo, et al., 2010), whereas in Southwest Tanzania, 45.4% of literate people and 23% of illiterate people agreed to use insecticide-treated mosquito nets (Mazigo, et al., 2010). Consequently, community-based education for malaria prevention and control is essential.
Table 7
Knowledge, attitude, and practice of malaria ANOVA Table
variable
|
Cotton Tree
|
Chicken Soup Factory
|
Borbor Island
|
F(2,169)
|
η2
|
M
|
SD
|
M
|
SD
|
SD
|
SD
|
Knowledge
|
5.42
|
1.16
|
6.02
|
0.93
|
5.86
|
1.08
|
5.51**
|
0.37
|
Attitude
|
4.56
|
1.01
|
6.16
|
1.34
|
6.41
|
1.04
|
49.2***
|
0.06
|
Practice
|
4.44
|
1.64
|
7.71
|
0.65
|
7.54
|
0.92
|
123***
|
0.60
|
***p < 0.0001., **p < 0.001 |
Table 8: Tukey Post Hoc Test Mean comparison of knowledge, attitude, and practice scores
comparison
|
|
|
|
|
Dependent Variable
|
(I) community
|
(J) community
|
Mean Difference (I-J)
|
Std. Error
|
p-value
|
|
|
Attitude Score
|
Cotton Tree
|
Chicken soup
|
-1.598*
|
.197
|
<.001***
|
|
Borbor Island
|
-1.855*
|
.240
|
<.001***
|
|
Chicken soup
|
Cotton Tree
|
1.598*
|
.197
|
<.001***
|
|
Borbor Island
|
-.257
|
.266
|
.598
|
|
Borbor Island
|
Cotton Tree
|
1.855*
|
.240
|
<.001***
|
|
Chicken soup
|
.257
|
.266
|
.598
|
|
Knowledge score
|
Cotton Tree
|
Chicken soup
|
-.604*
|
.192
|
.006**
|
|
Borbor Island
|
-.440
|
.233
|
.146
|
|
Chicken soup
|
Cotton Tree
|
.604*
|
.192
|
.006**
|
|
Borbor Island
|
.164
|
.259
|
.802
|
|
Borbor Island
|
Cotton Tree
|
.440
|
.233
|
.146
|
|
Chicken soup
|
-.164
|
.259
|
.802
|
|
Practice score
|
Cotton Tree
|
Chicken soup
|
-3.271*
|
.235
|
<.001***
|
|
Borbor Island
|
-3.098*
|
.285
|
<.001***
|
|
Chicken soup
|
Cotton Tree
|
3.271*
|
.235
|
<.001***
|
|
Borbor Island
|
.173
|
.316
|
.849
|
|
Borbor Island
|
Cotton Tree
|
3.098*
|
.285
|
<.001***
|
|
Chicken soup
|
-.173
|
.316
|
.849
|
|