Effect of UV-B radiation and liquid smoke on Physicochemical characterization of Salvia macrosiphon gum based edible films

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3297647/v1

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Effect of UV-B radiation and liquid smoke on Physicochemical characterization of Salvia macrosiphon gum based edible films

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3297647/v1

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In this study, the impacts of UV-B radiation and liquid smoke (LS) on the barrier, physicochemical, thermal, and mechanical characteristics of Salvia macrosiphon seed gum (SSG) based edible films were evaluated. LS enabled a considerable rise in the SSG film thickness in comparison with the control, so the impact of raising UV-B irradiation was insignificant. Incorporating LS into film composition also influenced the films' colors, lowering the L* values. Solubility was reduced when LS was integrated into film composition. Furthermore, utilizing UV-B treatment declined the SSG film's solubility and water vapor permeability. The addition of LS raised the SSG films' tensile strength (TS). The SSG films' elongation at break declined in an LS-level manner. Further, UV-B treatment increased TS. Results of FTIR showed LS and UV-B radiation could produce new connections between the starch chains. UV-B-irradiation induced the polymer chain to dissociate. The control film possessed an uneven and coarse surface and lower thermal stability. However, the unevenness was reduced with the LS and UV-B radiation. The finding suggest the UV-B radiation and LS could be considered a sustainable, convenient, and accessible method for altering the properties of SSG-based films.

Salvia macrosiphon seed gum

UV-B

Liquid smoke

Barrier properties

Morphological Properties

Traditional packaging material (i.e., non-degradable) has resulted in severe environmental issues. Further, limiting non-renewable material resources increased the concentration on replacing non-degradable packaging materials with renewable, environmentally friendly, and green alternatives[1]. The researcher has newly regarded biopolymers, including proteins, lipids, cellulose derivatives, starch, and various polysaccharides, as polymeric materials. Numerous renewable resource-based biopolymers like cellulose, starch, pullulan, kefiran, and whey protein have been examined to replace traditional non-degradable artificial polymers[2, 3]. Within the biopolymers, Salvia macrosiphon seed gum (SSG) has been deemed one of the most favorable options for degradable and edible films due to its affordability, availability, abundance, and renewability[4].

Yet, the mechanical characteristics, like film robustness, remain lower than those of artificial petrochemical-based films. Furthermore, according to their hydrophilicity, the gelatin films' inadequate water resistance must be enhanced to ensure the films are more appropriate for food packaging [5]. Several approaches, such as chemical, enzymatic, and physiological treatments, have been devised recently. The procedure of the treatments is to convey cross-linking and cross-linking agents, such as glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde, which have been utilized to enhance the barrier and mechanical characteristics of films. Yet, the combinations are considered toxic owing to polymerization problems or elevated volatility and thus may necessitate a more suitable substance for food packing goals. Natural and low/nontoxic cross-linking agents, like liquid smoke (LS), have been newly employed. LS is created from burning wood shavings /sawdust under a restricted oxygen condition, forming condensate, which is then gathered and refined. LS holds several seasoning combinations and many aldehydes. It is a caramel, thick smoky fluid and has conveyed a smoky taste to fish, meat, and vegetarian meat substitute recipes [6–8].

Within physical techniques, UV radiation has been studied by numerous investigators. Ultraviolet (UV) light is a form of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation utilized to improve biopolymer film characteristics [9]. Absorbing UV radiation via double bonds and aromatic rings induces free radical generation in amino acids, leading to intermolecular covalent bonds. Under ISO solar irradiance standard, UV radiation comes into three categories based on wavelength: UV-A (315–400 nm), UV-B (280–315 nm), and UV-C (200–280 nm) [10]. UV radiation, an affordable, physical, user-friendly, and eco-friendly green technology, has attracted considerable attention in current years. UV radiation has been utilized to cross-link biopolymers to enhance the features of different films, such as starch and WPC [11].

There is an increasing demand for developing natural cross-linking and strategies for food applications that are nontoxic, generic, cheap, and accessible. To the best of our understanding, no investigations have illustrated the influences of UV-B radiation and LS on SSG film. Consequently, this examination explores the impacts of UV-B radiation and LS on the barrier, physicochemical, thermal, and mechanical characteristics of SSG-based edible films.

Salvia macrosiphon seed gum (SSG) was purchased from Reyhan Gum Parsian Co. (Iran). Liquid Smoke (LS) was purchased from Jahaneshimi Co. (Iran). The analytical grade chemicals and glycerol were bought from Merck Co. (Darmstadt, Germany). Deionized water was utilized for all preparatory steps and trials.

Film preparation

Edible films were acquired by pursuing the technique [4] represented. In fact, to organize SSG films, the suitable weight of glycerol (100%w/w) as plasticizer was supplemented to deionized water and warmed to 80°C; SSG powder was supplemented gradually, and the combination was agitated at 1200 rpm for 10 min. The solution was chilled and positioned at 4°C for 24 h. Ultimately, LS was supplemented at 0, 1, 2, and 3% (v/v). Afterward, the solution was agitated for 5 min. The film-forming solution was applied to polyethylene pieces and positioned under UV-B lamps (TL 20W/12 RS SLV/25, Philips, Germany) at a distance of 5 cm from the solution's surface for 0–30 min. Films were parched at environmental factors (~ 25°C, 55% RH) [4]. The samples were identified as control, UV0-E1, UV0-E2, UV0-E3, UV30-E1, UV30-E2 and UV30-E3.

Thickness

The thickness of the film was calculated by a QLR-Digit micrometer. Autonomous calculations were conducted for each test demanding the value of thickness, and the information was presented as a mean of at least five calculations[10].

Solubility

Film samples (3x3 cm) with known primary weights were parched in an oven at 105°C until reaching steady weight. The parched films were immersed in test tubes holding 20 ml of distilled water. Consequently, the test tubes were maintained in a shaking oven at 95 rpm, 25 ˚C for 24 h. The insoluble films in water were extracted, parched in an oven at 105 ˚C for 24 h, and weighed[3].

Water vapor permeability (WVP)

ASTM E96-05 standard test method (2005) was utilized to calculate WVP. Permeation cells were used, and films were chopped into discs with a larger diameter than the permeation cell. After putting 3 g of anhydrous CaSO₄ in each permeation cell, they were coated with film samples. RH of 0 was held utilizing anhydrous CaSO₄ in the permeation cell. The permeation cells were positioned in a desiccator holding soaked K₂SO₄ solution in a tiny beaker at the lowest point to supply a steady RH of 98% at 25°C. The desiccator was maintained in an incubator at 25 ± 0.1°C. Permeation cells were weighed every 24 h, and their weight gain demarcated water vapor transport. Shifts in the weight of the permeation cell were registered as a time function. Slopes were computed by linear regression (weight vs. time). The water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) was represented as the slope (g/h) divided by the transfer area (m²)[12]. WVP (g/m.h.Pa) was computed as:

(Eq. 1

WVP = (WVTR/P(X₁-X₂)). L

Where P is the saturation vapor pressure of water (Pa) at 25°C, X₁ and X₂ are the RH in the desiccator and the permeation cell and L is the film thickness (m).

Opacity (transparency)

The technique depicted by [12]was followed to conduct opacity measurements. Film samples were chopped into rectangles to the extent of a spectrophotometer cell (4.3 × 0.9 cm) and put inside a quartz cell. The specimens' absorption spectra were registered utilizing a UV-160 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Japan) from a wavelength of 200 to 800 nm. The area within the spectral range from 400 to 800 nm was computed and described as film opacity [12].

Color

Minolta (CR 400; Minolta, Japan) colorimeter was utilized for color assessment and L*, a*, b* values. The values were calculated from 5 areas of each film, and the mean value was documented.

Mechanical properties

Tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (EB) were acquired by employing a texture analyzer (TA-XT, Stable Micro Systems UK). Three repetitions of each specimen were examined. The films were chopped into 1 × 7 cm rectangular segments and fastened with a primary height of 5 cm, and the test speed was 5 cm min^− 1[13].

Thermal properties

The thermal characteristics of the film specimens were calculated using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The specimens were examined at a warming rate of 10°C/min from 0 to 400°C[14].

Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)

The film samples' FTIR spectrum was calculated using FTIR spectroscopy at ambient temperature (Shimadzu, Japan). The samples were crushed with KBr powder and pushed into discs for FTIR calculation in the 4000–400 cm^− 1 wavenumber range at a resolution of 4 cm^− 1[10].

Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

Films were covered with a delicate gold coating for 15 min in a vacuum to get the SEM micrographs. In practice, micrographs were captured utilizing a scanning electron microscope at an accelerating voltage of 20 kV with a magnitude of 5.kx [15].

Statistical Analysis

All experiments were conducted in three replicates. SPSS software (Version 23, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) was utilized to conduct statistical analysis on a fully randomized design with the ANOVA procedure. Duncan's multiple range test (MRT) (p < 0.05) was utilized to find discrepancies among average values of film characteristics.

Thickness

LS enabled a considerable rise in the SSG film thickness in comparison with the control, so the impact of raising UV-B irradiation was insignificant (Table 1). The rise in thickness has been ascribed to the conformational alterations in the film matrix, which is a potential outcome of polymer molecules' transition from an ordered shape to an unordered form due to including LS[6]. Conversely, Wang et al., 2016, presented a reducing pattern for film opacity concerning LS existence [5].

Optical characteristics (color and transparency)

Transparency was reduced when LS was integrated into film composition, and this influence was assessed at all LS levels so that the impact of rising UV-B irradiation was insignificant (Table 1). These outcomes could be associated with water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) mixtures from burning wood in LS that absorb visible light. Furthermore, commercial LS holds light-yellow-brown color as a soluble food coloring capable of absorbing visible light at 560 nm[6]. Incorporating LS into film composition also influenced the films' colors, lowering the L* values (Table 1). These outcomes demonstrate that SSG-based films grew darker when LS was contained in the film composition. These alterations were predicted due to LS's chocolate color, a smoked product feature. [8]presented the addition of LS-darkened edible films fabricated from whey protein concentrate [8]. Adding LS induced a rise in redness and yellowness for SSG films. Consequently, the distinctive yellowish color of SSG-based films turned brown with rising LS levels at edible film composition (Table 1).

Table 1

Effect of UV-B irradiation and LS on thickness and optical characteristics of SSG-based films
LS	UV-B	Thickness(mm)	L*	a*	b*	Light transmittance
0	0	0.068 ± 0.001^b	73.9 ± 0.05^a	-1.56 ± 0.01^e	12.4 ± 0.01^f	17 ± 0.3^a
1	0	0.07 ± 0.001^ab	71.3 ± 0.04^c	-1.45 ± 0.01^cd	15.7 ± 0.01^c	15.8 ± 0.01^b
2	0	0.0705 ± 0.000^a	69.4 ± 0.2^d	-1.25 ± 0.03^b	17.6 ± 0.09^b	14.8 ± 0.3^c
3	0	0.0705 ± 0.000^a	68.5 ± 0.09^e	-1.03 ± 0.01^a	19.1 ± 0.03^a	10.7 ± 0.4^d
0	30	0.07 ± 0.001^ab	73.2 ± 0.03^b	-1.51 ± 0.01^de	12.8 ± 0.01^e	17.1 ± 0.1^a
1	30	0.071 ± 0.000^a	71.4 ± 0.03^c	-1.41 ± 0.01^c	15.6 ± 0.06^d	16.1 ± 0.2^b
2	30	0.069 ± 0.000^ab	69.5 ± 0.01^d	-1.26 ± 0.08^b	17.6 ± 0.04^b	14.4 ± 0.08^c
3	30	0.07 ± 0.000^a	68.2 ± 0.03^f	-1.02 ± 0.02^a	19.1 ± 0.01^a	10.4 ± 0.2^d

Mean values with the different superscript letter in each column have significant difference (p < 0.05).

Solubility and WVP

Given that films with heightened solubility possess restricted utilization, solubility is a significant factor in assessing film quality. Solubility was reduced when LS was integrated into film composition (Table 2). The cross-linking between the aldehydes in LS and SSG would result in rigid structures and lowered film solubility, thus improving the SSG film's water-barrier characteristics. Furthermore, utilizing UV-B treatment declined the SSG film's solubility. In fact, by considering the elevated excitation power created by short UV wavelengths, UV irradiations with wavelengths shorter than 320 nm can break chemical bonds, like C-N, O-H, C-H, N-H, and C-O, which speed up the photopolymerization and cause the polymers' photo-degradation. Thus, subjecting films presently to UV-B irradiation could attain effective UV-B cross-linking[16].

Water vapor permeability (WVP) measures a film's capacity to permit water vapor to move from the environment to the packed food and conversely. Packaging film is predicted to possess a low WVP to avert the food from soaking moisture or releasing it into the environment. Based on earlier investigations, SSG films possess poor barrier characteristics owing to their hydrophilic formulation[4]. Thus, to raise the SSG film's water-resistance features, the UV-B irradiation treatment was utilized in this investigation. The SSG-based films' WVP declined considerably after being exposed to UV-B (Table 2). The WVP values can decline due to cross-linking. The reason may be that UV irradiation could concurrently break and cross-link the biopolymers, which could help form a network that created a tortuous path to impede the water molecule penetration[17].

Mechanical characteristics

The primary responsibility of food packaging materials is to shield food from exterior elements. Therefore, the mechanical characteristic is one of the most significant elements among the practical features of food packaging materials. The SSG films' mechanical characteristics are demonstrated in Table 2. The addition of LS raised the SSG films' tensile strength (TS). This enhancement is closely associated with LS integrated into the films, assembly derived from the function of plentiful reactive materials like carbonyls. This implies that further relations between the SSG-based film matrix and LS components should clarify the noticed impact. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding between SSG and phenolic combinations present in LS could improve the cross-linkage[6]. Other investigators presented this phenomenon in polyphenol-containing edible films. [18]showed that integrating gallic acid into chitosan films notably raised its TS, which could be ascribed to forming intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the NH^+ 3 of the chitosan chain and the OH⁻ of gallic acid, a hydrolyzable tannin existent in considerable quantities in coffees and teas[18].

The SSG films' elongation at break (EB) declined in an LS-level manner. The SSG films' higher fragility can be partly clarified by cross-links between chemical combinations and protein, which hindered polymer mobility (Table 2). Assembly, aldehydes and further carboxyl combinations in LS could cross-link SSG and hinder these molecules' mobility, decreasing the LS-treated films' elongation. Further, UV-B treatment increased tensile strength (TS) and decreased elongation at break (EB). This is because of forming extra tight film structures and reducing biopolymers' chain mobility. The reason is that UV irradiation could concurrently break and cross-link the biopolymers[3, 16].

Table 2

Effect of UV-B irradiation and LS on solubility, WVP and mechanical characteristics of SSG-based films
LS	UV-B	Water solubility	Water vapor permeability	TS(MPa)	EB %
0	0	60.6 ± 0.5^a	2.12 ± 0.05^a	2.43 ± 0.09^d	43.3 ± 0.8^a
1	0	56.9 ± 1.08^b	1.9 ± 0.02^c	2.84 ± 0.07^c	41.9 ± 0.9^ab
2	0	53.5 ± 0.6^cd	1.9 ± 0.04^c	2.88 ± 0.1^c	40.2 ± 1.4^bcd
3	0	56.2 ± 0.9^b	1.98 ± 0.01^bc	3.46 ± 0.2^b	37.5 ± 0.45^de
0	30	59.1 ± 1.09^a	2.04 ± 0.01^ab	2.54 ± 0.08^d	41.8 ± 0.3^abc
1	30	56.6 ± 0.5^b	1.98 ± 0.01^bc	2.89 ± 0.1^c	39.06 ± 1.3^cde
2	30	52.3 ± 0.05^d	1.71 ± 0.1^d	3.4 ± 0.06^b	38.4 ± 0.05^de
3	30	54.2 ± 0.3^c	1.97 ± 0.02^bc	3.93 ± 0.04^a	37.3 ± 1.5^e

Mean values with the different superscript letter in each column have significant difference (p < 0.05).

FTIR

The wavenumber absorptions at 880–890 cm^− 1 stem from the existence of the D-mano pyranose units. The wavenumber absorptions at 950–1150 cm^− 1 are ascribed to C-O, C-O-C glycosidic, and C-O-H band oscillations. The wavenumber absorptions at 1415 cm^− 1 are induced by C-OO symmetric stretch, while the wavenumber absorptions at 1600 cm^− 1 are owing to the C- OO asymmetric stretch. The absorption intensity of these bands varies between two SSG specimens. The wavenumber at 3000 − 2800 cm^− 1 is connected with the C-H bonds’ stretch modes of methyl groups (-CH₃). The bands next to 2900–2950 cm^− 1 are related to C-H absorption (Fig. 1). These comprise CH, CH₂, and CH₃ stretch and bend oscillations, symmetric and asymmetric. They sometimes provide a double overlap with O-H. The O-H stretch oscillations appear within a wide range wavenumber range between 3500 and 3000 cm^− 1 and demonstrate several characteristics, like free hydroxyl groups stretch bonds that emerge in specimens in the vapor state and bonded O-H bands of carboxylic acid[19].

Consequently, SSG is a hydrocolloid with a small portion of peptides in its combination. The substantial absorbance at 1710 and 1650 cm^− 1 for the LS specimen can be ascribed to C = O stretch and C = O hydrogen relations, such as the plenty of aldehyde and carbonyl groups in LS. Altogether the information from the specimens which irradiated UV-B and LS in numerous areas possess exciting discrepancies with further specimens (Fig. 1). LS and radiation could produce new connections between the starch chains. UV-B-irradiation induced the polymer chain to dissociate, and some mono, di, and oligosaccharides were created, increasing the C-H bend and stretch modes of carbohydrate rings and side groups. Small changes in some bands of the FTIR absorption spectra (i.e., wavelength at 1600–2800 cm^− 1) were noticed. It may be owing to the SSG chains' cross-linking formation after UV-B exposure. Various outcomes have been marked in identical examinations that utilized UV exposure to modify the biopolymers. The outcomes appear to rely on the kind of polymers, the UV radiation intensity, the preparation technique, and the unexpected essence of photochemical reactions. Yet, the absorbance at 1710 cm^− 1 vanished in the LS-treated SSG films, implying that various chemical cross-linking relations between the LS and SSG appeared, arising from consuming the carbonyl functions in LS.

Thermal characteristics

Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) was a helpful instrument for assessing the materials' thermal stability at heightened temperatures (about 400°C), which is an essential characteristic for packaging films as they may be subjected to elevated temperatures during the packaging procedure (e.g., sealing). The thermal stability between the optimized film and control was compared via TGA. As indicated in Fig. 2, both films presented identical thermograms with three significant weight loss steps. The weight losses are related to the water vaporization (at 80–100°C), decomposition of volatiles like glycerol and LS (at 180–230°C), and the SSG' pyrolytic decomposition (from 280°C), respectively[15]. Yet, UV30-E2 film indicated a slower weight loss rate than control films. These outcomes show that the SSG-CH films maintained the most heightened thermal stability.

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis was performed to assess the thermal transition of the UV30-E2 films and control. Figure 2 illustrates the DSC curves. The alteration in the peaks' position of the treated specimen DSC curve could be associated with the alterations in the SSG composite film matrix's crystallinity[14, 15]. The more elevated film's thermal stability would reveal a more heightened degree of crystalline formation.

SEM

The films' surface structures were acquired using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to assess the smoothness and homogeneity of the films, and the SEM images are exhibited in Fig. 3. In this regard, Fig. 3 illustrates the SEM micrographs of the UV30-E2 films and control. The control film possessed an uneven and coarse surface. However, the unevenness was reduced with the LS and UV-B radiation. The typical structure of macromolecules without forming accumulated clusters was marked on the UV30-E2 film's surface. This decline in unevenness and raised typical distribution and density may be connected to the cross-linking impact of UV-B light, forming new interactions and raising the SSG matrix's integrity. This discrepancy in the film's microstructure was compatible with the declines in the TS and rises in the composite films' WVP.

The study revealed that UV-B radiation and LS improved the structural, water barrier, and mechanical properties of SSG films. UV-B radiation modified the inter-molecular interactions, resulting in improved physical properties of the SSG films. The presence of phenolic compounds in LS made it a suitable candidate for physical UV-induced cross-linking. UV-B radiation can further enhance the physical properties of SSG films and increase their economic value by developing edible films for food packaging applications.

Author Contributions

Seyed Mohammad Hossein Amininasab; Performed experiments and analyzed data and co-wrote the paper; Mohammad Hojjati; Supervised the research; Mohammad Noshad; Supervised the research and Designed and analyzed data and co-wrote the paper; Mostafa Soltani; Advisor in the research.

Funding

The Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University is acknowledged for supporting this research.

Competing Interests

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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No competing interests reported.

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Version 1

posted

You are reading this latest preprint version

Effect of UV-B radiation and liquid smoke on Physicochemical characterization of Salvia macrosiphon gum based edible films

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

Introduction

Material and Methods

Film preparation

Thickness

Solubility

Water vapor permeability (WVP)

WVP = (WVTR/P(X₁-X₂)). L

Opacity (transparency)

Color

Mechanical properties

Thermal properties

Statistical Analysis

Results

Thickness

Optical characteristics (color and transparency)

Solubility and WVP

Mechanical characteristics

FTIR

Thermal characteristics

SEM

Conclusion

Declarations

Competing Interests

References

Additional Declarations

Status:

Version 1

Effect of UV-B radiation and liquid smoke on Physicochemical characterization of Salvia macrosiphon gum based edible films

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

Introduction

Material and Methods

Film preparation

Thickness

Solubility

Water vapor permeability (WVP)

WVP = (WVTR/P(X1-X2)). L

Opacity (transparency)

Color

Mechanical properties

Thermal properties

Statistical Analysis

Results

Thickness

Optical characteristics (color and transparency)

Solubility and WVP

Mechanical characteristics

FTIR

Thermal characteristics

SEM

Conclusion

Declarations

Competing Interests

References

Additional Declarations

Status:

Version 1

WVP = (WVTR/P(X₁-X₂)). L