Dagadu, J.C., J.-P. Li, and E.O. Aboagye. [14], proposed a medical image cryptography scheme based on combined multiple chaotic systems, MD5 hash function, and DNA XOR algebraic operation. The plain image becomes partially dependent on the key sequences due to this method.
Chai, Xiuli, et al. [34], proposed a medical image cryptography scheme based on a combined latin square and chaotic system. The major techniques used in this research are bidirectional adaptive diffusion and permutation-based plain image and latin quare.
Praveenkumar, P., et al. [35], proposed a medical image cryptography scheme based on DNA and a chaos-based encryption system. In this work, the chaotic map and DNA combination have boosted the algorithm’s resistance to statistical analysis.
Akkasaligar, Prema T., and Sumangala Biradar. [21], proposed a medical image cryptography scheme based on DNA cryptography and dual hyperchaotic map techniques. In this study, the diffusion process on a few chosen pixels in digitized medical imaging, permutations is done.
Fu et al. [6], used Chen’s three-dimensional chaos mapping to perform a DICOM image Pixel shifting and spreading, enhancing protection against attacks on known and chosen plaintext.
Chandrasekaran et al. [13], suggested a DICOM image encryption method that combines the number theory method with henon mapping, in which the key matrix is shuffled and chaos controlled by henon mapping, which can be resistant to system attacks. Enumerate and differentiate efficiently.
Seyedzadeh et al. [36], proposed a color image encoding high sensitivity, high security, and high-speed technique based on two-dimensional nonlinear chaos mapping. In medical images encryption algorithms with multi-dimensional, three- or four-variable chaos are often used to transform the pixels of the image, It raises the algorithm’s complexity and computing cost while simultaneously enhancing its security.
Dai et al. [37], proposed a method of encoding medical graphics built on a combination of logistics maps and chebyshev maps. By configuring logistic mapping properly, this method first uses logistic a map to encode the original image, then uses chebyshev mapping to encode it again. The key space and transmission security of this technique are both greater.
[38] proposed an image encoding method based on the combination of three one-dimensional chaos maps, which have high security and lower computational cost than more ordered chaos maps.
Ravichandran et al. [39], a novel encryption method based on logistics, tent, and sine chaos mapping has been presented, offering enhanced security for real-time medical imaging applications.
Boussif et al. [40], proposed an image encoding algorithm based on a matrix product and a separate add-on, which realizes the secure transmission of smartphone-encoded medical images. The real-time functioning of the encryption technique is simple, and the onboard systems are very secure.
Wen et al. [41], applied DNA sequencing, and the chaotic system was used to encode sub-images. The hybrid chaos-based encryption technique is well suited for encrypting medical images on mobile devices since it takes into account both security and speed due to the limited processing power of smart mobile devices.
Muthu, Joan S and Murali, P [42], proposed a DICOM encoding method. To achieve high resilience, the suggested system is built to operate at the bit plane level.
The number of bit planes created to establish an effective cryptosystem depends on the bits stored attribute rather than on the traditional way of allocating bits to each pixel.
Mortajez, S. et al. [43], proposed a DICOM encryption algorithm. To secure medical image encryption, this research developed a chaotic system-based periodic confusion technique with dynamic secret keys.
Ravichandran, D. et al. [44], proposed a DICOM encryption algorithm. To safeguard digital medical images, this work discusses a cryptographic technique based on integer wavelet transform mixed with chaos and deoxyribonucleic acid.