Cross-cultural adaptation, validation, and psychometric evaluation of the International Hip Outcome Tool 12 (iHOT12) to Hebrew

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3326875/v1

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Cross-cultural adaptation, validation, and psychometric evaluation of the International Hip Outcome Tool 12 (iHOT12) to Hebrew

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3326875/v1

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published 21 Nov, 2023

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Background

The "International Hip Outcome Tool 12" (iHOT₁₂) is a self-administered patient-reported outcome tool for measuring health-related quality of life and physical functioning in young and active patients with hip pathology. Since the iHOT₁₂ has become widely used, we sought to translate and validate it for Hebrew-speaking populations. The aims of this study were: (1) To translate and culturally adapt the iHOT₁₂ into Hebrew using established guidelines. (2) To test the new Hebrew version for validity, and (3) reliability.

Methods

The iHOT₁₂ was translated and culturally adapted from English to Hebrew (iHOT₁₂-H) according to the COSAMIN guidelines. For validity, the iHOT₁₂-H and Western Ontario and McMaster universities osteoarthritis index (WOMAC) were completed by 200 patients with hip pathology. Subsequently, 51 patients repeated the iHOT₁₂-H within a 2-week interval. Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), Cronbach alpha, and Standard Error of Measurement (SEM) were calculated to assess reliability.

Results

Construct validity: iHOT₁₂-H correlated strongly to the WOMAC scores (r=-0.82, P < 0.001, Spearman). Internal consistency was excellent, with a Cronbach alpha of 0.953. The ICC was 0.956 (95% CI 0.924–0.974), demonstrating excellent test-retest reliability. There was no floor or ceiling effect.

Conclusion

The iHOT₁₂ Hebrew version has excellent reliability, good construct validity and can be used as a measurement tool for physical functioning and quality of life in young, physically active patients with hip pathology. This study will serve Israeli researchers in evaluating treatment effectiveness for these patients. Moreover, it will also enable multinational cooperation in the study of hip pathology.

Patient reported outcome measures

hip pain

international hip outcome tool 12 (iHOT12)

Validity

Reliability

Hebrew

The International Hip Outcome Tool 12 was translated into Hebrew (iHOT₁₂-H).
The iHOT₁₂-H showed comparable psychometric properties to the original version.
The iHOT₁₂-H is a valid and reliable questionnaire for people with hip-related pain.

Musculoskeletal conditions are leading causes of pain and disability worldwide, causing substantial burden. Following low back pain, hip-related pain are the second largest worldwide contributor to years lived with disability [1]. The exact prevalence of hip-related pain is unknown, but the burden of hip pain on younger adults is high, causing functional loss and low patient-reported outcomes scores [2, 3]. In recent years, as hip arthroscopic technology has evolved, there has been a significant increase in diagnosis and surgical management for different hip pathologies in younger populations around the world [4, 5].

To assess the impact of hip pathologies and to measure the effect of hip arthroscopic surgery and conservative management, it is important to use health related patient reported outcome measurements (HR-PROM's) [6]. HR-PROM’s are questionnaires completed by patients to measure their subjective perception of their health, pain and function about a specific condition. Thus, they have been recognized as important tools in assessing conservative and surgical management effects on different Musculoskeletal conditions [6].

Several HR-PROM'S have been developed over the years to evaluate different lower limb and hip-related disorders [7, 8]. However, most of these questionnaires were originally developed to assess older patients with osteoarthritis or undergoing hip arthroplasty [7–10]. As young and active patients undergoing hip arthroscopy have different expectations and goals, Throborg et al to recommended to reconsider their applicability for this population [11, 12]. The 33-item International Hip Outcome Tool (iHOT₃₃) developed by Mohtadi et al has addressed this limitation as it was developed to assess young active patients with hip joint disorders [13]. This questionnaire showed high validity and reliability in measuring physical functioning and quality of life among young, physically active patients with hip-related pain. Based on the iHOT₃₃, Griffin et al [14] developed a shorter version (iHOT₁₂), which has proved to have good validity, reliability, and responsiveness to change [14]. Due to its high psychometric properties, the iHOT₁₂ has been translated into many languages, including Portuguese (15), Swedish [16], Dutch [17], German [18], Japanese [19], Turkish [20], Greek [21], and French [22]. The iHOT₁₂ has not yet been translated and culturally adapted into Hebrew. The aims of this study were to: 1) to translate the English version of the iHOT₁₂ into Hebrew and to adapt it culturally to a Hebrew speaking population; 2) to test the new Hebrew version for validity and reliability.

Study Design

The translation to Hebrew and the validation process of the translated iHOT₁₂ were conducted between September 2020 to December 2021. The process consisted of two steps: 1) translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the English iHOT₁₂ into Hebrew; 2) evaluation of the psychometric properties of the iHOT₁₂-Hebrew version (iHOT₁₂-H): internal consistency, test-retest reliability, standard error of measurement (SEM), floor and ceiling effects, and construct validity of the iHOT₁₂-H with the Western Ontario and McMaster universities Osteoarthritis index (WOMAC). The study was reviewed and approved by the Medical Ethical Committee of XXX.

Translation of the iHOT₁₂

The translation was performed with the permission of the original author of the iHOT₁₂ [14]. The iHOT₁₂ was translated into Hebrew and culturally adapted according to the Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health measurement instruments (COSMIN) guidelines for best practice in questionnaire translation including five stages [23]. In stage 1 (translation), the English version of the iHOT₁₂ was translated to Hebrew by two Hebrew native speakers (two independent versions) who were also fluent in English; an orthopedic surgeon (with over 20 years of experience) and a physiotherapist with a PHD degree (with more than 15 years of experience). A third translator was a professional translator, meeting the need for a translator who is not a health provider, naïve to the questionnaire's concepts. Backward translation was performed by two bilingual native English speakers, who independently translated the Hebrew version of the iHOT₁₂ back into English. Both were naïve to the questionnaire's concepts. An expert committee consisted of an orthopedic doctor specializing in musculoskeletal conditions (and their measurement) in pain population research (MD, MHA), a physiotherapist and pain researcher experienced with a cross-cultural adaptation of questionnaires (PhD, PT), and a physiotherapist with over 20 years' experience in the public and private sector. Subsequently, the investigator and the same experts team came to an agreement on the pre-final version of the iHOT₁₂-H.

The pre-final version of the iHOT₁₂-H was tested on a group of patients with various hip pathologies (N = 30). As no changes were found necessary, the pre-final version was chosen as the final version of the iHOT₁₂-H (Appendix 1).

Participants

Patients attending hip clinics of the 3rd and 4th authors were asked to participate in the study. Inclusion criteria were: men and women, between 18 and 60 years of age, who suffered from hip pain. Following informed consent, they completed the iHOT₁₂-H and WOMAC questionnaires.

Measurement instruments

The iHOT₁₂-H:

The English iHOT₁₂ is a valid and reliable disease-specific questionnaire that measures physical function and health-related quality of life in a younger patient population with hip pathology [14]. The iHOT₁₂ consists of 12 questions with a 100-mm visual analog scale. Each question has equal weight and is scored between 0 (maximum limitation) and 100 (full function). The final score is calculated as the mean of all questions ranging from 0 to 100. Higher scores reflect better physical functioning and better health-related quality of life [14]. Missing values are ignored, and the score is the mean of the existing values.

The WOMAC:

The WOMAC is a 24-item questionnaire. A valid and reliable Hebrew version is available [24]. Subjects rate their level of suffering using a visual analogue scale (10 cm VAS) where 0 represents no suffering while 10 represents high level of suffering. The results were standardized to a scale of 0 to 100 and the final scores were the mean of the 24 items.

Procedures

Validity

Construct validity is the extent to which the results of the translated questionnaire correlate with results of other questionnaires that measure the same construct [23]. In this study, we evaluated the magnitude of relationships between the iHOT₁₂-H and the WOMAC questionnaires.

Reliability

To describe reliability of the iHOT₁₂-H we assessed internal consistency, measurement error, and test-retest reliability. For test-retest reliability, 51 patients completed the iHOT₁₂-H twice within a 2-week interval. Participants were also asked whether they had improved or worsened over the past two weeks and were included only if symptoms had not changed. This time interval was considered adequate to prevent the patients from remembering their answers ("recall bias"), and short enough to ensure that clinical change had not occurred.

Sample size:

For validity, the input parameters were as follows: assuming a modest effect size of 0.3, α = 0.05 and β = 0.9, considering loss of 10% subjects, the total sample size recommended was at least 126 patients. For test-retest reliability we assumed that the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) score will be more than 0.8, with a power of 0.8, the sample size recommended was of 51 patients.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using the IBM SPSS Statistics software, version 28.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY). Normal distribution of all data was assessed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Patient characteristics were analyzed by means of descriptive statistics. A P value less than 0.05 (P < 0.05) was used to indicate statistical significance.

Reliability

Reliability is the degree to which the measurement is free from measurement error [23]. To evaluate reliability, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and measurement error were calculated [25].

Internal consistency

For internal consistency we calculated Cronbach's alpha, with the following ratings: weak correlation of 0.50-0, medium: 0.50–0.75, very good: 0.75–0.90, and excellent: >0.90 [25].

Test-retest reliability

For test-retest reliability we used intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), implementing the two-way mixed effect test-retest absolute agreement method. The ICC values were as follows: poor: <0.40, fair: 0.40–0.59, good: 0.60–0.74, and excellent: 0.75-1.00 [26]. Interpretability and repeatability refer to the degree to which one can assign qualitative meaning to quantitative scores [23]. It was determined by calculating floor and ceiling effects, which are present if more than 15% of respondents have the lowest or highest possible score [25].

Measurement error

The standard error of measurement (SEM) was calculated using the formula \(\text{S}\text{E}\text{M}=\text{S}\text{D}\times \sqrt{1-\text{I}\text{C}\text{C}}\), where SD = standard deviation [25].

Validity

To validate the Hebrew translation of the iHOT₁₂, it was compared to the WOMAC scores using the Spearman correlation coefficient (not all outcomes were normally distributed). The accepted grading criteria were used: 0 to 0.39 weak correlation, 0.40 to 0.59 medium correlation:, and 0.6 to 1.0 strong correlation [27].

Participants

The final data analysis of the cross-cultural translation, adaptation, and validation research of the iHOT₁₂-H provided a total sample size of 200 patients (110 females, 55 %). The mean age was 39.8 with standard deviation (SD) of 13.0. Mean scores and standard deviation are shown in table 1.

Table 1. Demographic data and diagnostic related scores of all participants (n=200)

Variable	Mean ± SD	Range
Age	39.8 ± 13.0	18 - 60
Gender, N (%) Female Male	110 (55%) 90 (45%)
iHOT₁₂-H	49.6 ± 23.0 (Median: 50.8)	1.9 – 96.3 (IQR: 36.3)
WOMAC	34.6 ± 24.5 (Median: 29.1)	0.0 – 90.8 (IQR: 40.1)

Abbreviations: International Hip Outcome Tool (iHOT₁₂₎; Interquartile Range (IQR); Standard Deviation (SD); Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC).

Translation and cross-cultural adaptation

During the forward/backward translations, we found only minor linguistic differences: answers for items 1 and 7 ("extreme pain"), and item 4 ("grinding" and "catching"). The answer for items 1 and 7 of "extreme pain" was different between the three forward versions "significant pain ". After discussing this in the expert committee, we agreed that the translation of "significant pain" suited the source better. The translation proposed for item 4 was challenging because not all patients understood the words "grinding" and "catching". However, during examination of the pre-final version with patients suffering from hip pain it seemed that people without those symptoms, were those who didn’t understand the translated terms of "grinding" and "catching", but subjects with those feelings immediately understood what the terms meant.

iHOT₁₂-H psychometric properties: Test-retest reliability

Internal consistency for the iHOT₁₂-H was excellent with Cronbach’s α=0.953. The final test-retest reliability sample included 51 participants. However, for the ICC calculation of question number 9, only 46 participants were included. This question ("how much trouble do you have with sexual activity because of your hip") was marked "not relevant for me" by 5 participants. Thus, those were excluded from the ICC calculation. The iHOT₁₂-H translated version demonstrated excellent test-retest reliability with ICC=0.956, 95% Confidence interval (CI) (0.924-0.974). Standard Error of Measurement (SEM) was calculated using the ICC values as described elsewhere [25]. Each item's ICC and SEM are shown in table 2. No floor or ceiling effects were found.

Table 2. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and standard error of measurement (SEM) for test-retest reliability of the translated iHOT₁₂ (n=51).

	ICC	95% CI	SEM
Total score	0.956	0.924-0.974	5.151
1:iHOT₁	0.884	0.805-0.932	9.733
2:iHOT₂	0.789	0.658-0.874	13.975
3:iHOT₃	0.777	0.640-0.866	15.090
4:iHOT₄	0.812	0.692-0.888	14.637
5:iHOT₅	0.874	0.790-0.926	11.367
6:iHOT₆	0.874	0.790-0.926	10.974
7:iHOT₇	0.774	0.635-0.865	14.295
8:iHOT₈	0.903	0.834-0.944	9.861
9:iHOT₉	0.843	0.733-0.910	12.844
10:iHOT₁₀	0.783	0.648-0.870	14.704
11:iHOT₁₁	0.901	0.833-0.942	7.958
12:iHOT₁₂	0.919	0.862-0.953	8.798

Abbreviations: CI = Confidence Intervals; ICC = Intraclass Correlation Coefficient; SEM = Standard Error of Measurement.

Construct validity

Construct validity was evaluated with correlation analysis between the mean results of the iHOT₁₂-H and the WOMAC scores. We used Spearman's correlation coefficients as most of the questionnaires' total scores were non-normally distributed. We found a good negative correlation of r=-0.82 (P<0.001) between the iHOT₁₂-H and the WOMAC scores) these scales are orientated in opposite directions, figure 1).

This study aimed to translate and culturally adapt the iHOT₁₂ to Hebrew and test its psychometric properties. From this study it can be concluded that the translation procedure of the English iHOT₁₂ was successful. The results of this study show that the iHOT₁₂-H is a reliable, internally consistent, and valid measurement tool to assess physical functioning and quality of life in an Israeli population of young, physically active individuals between 18 to 60 years of age with hip-related pain.

Study population

Our demographic data included men and women with an average age of 39.8 ± 13.0. Thus, they are comparable with the average age used in the original study of the development of iHOT₁₂ conducted by Griffin et al [14]. In our study, to have a more heterogenous patient sample, we did not preselect patients according to their diagnosis or intended treatment. Two of the previous translation and validation studies of the iHOT₁₂ evaluated only patients with Femoro-acetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS) [16,19]. This may have negatively affected the external validity of their study.

Reliability

The overall assessment of the iHOT₁₂-H yielded remarkably high values. These results prove the quality of the iHOT₁₂-H version and confirm the results of previous validation studies on the iHOT₁₂ [9,13–22]. The iHOT₁₂-H showed good internal consistency, with a Cronbach alpha of 0.953. This result is comparable with the Cronbach alpha values evaluated in prior studies: Swedish (α=0.89)[16], Dutch (α=0.96)[17], German (α=0.94)[18], Japanese (α=0.90)[19], Turkish (α=0.93)[20], and Greek (α=0.92)[21] versions of the iHOT₁₂. The fact that in the present study we found a Cronbach alpha higher than 0.95, may indicate that the items in this questionnaire are almost the same construct [23]. Future studies may look at the possibility of removing some of the items of the iHOT₁₂.

The iHOT₁₂-H showed excellent test-retest reliability, with an ICC of 0.956 (95% CI 0.924-0.974), which is comparable with the ICC of the English (ICC=0.89)[14], Swedish (ICC=0.88)[16], Dutch (ICC=0.93)[17], German (ICC=0.94)[18], Japanese (ICC=0.89)[19], Turkish (ICC=0.93)[20] and Greek (ICC=0.98)[21] versions. The French version of the iHOT12 showed lower values of ICC (ICC=0.84)[22], but these values are still categorized as good test-retest reliability [26].

Validity

For the evaluation of construct validity, we chose the WOMAC questionnaire, as it was hip-specific and validated questionnaire in the Hebrew language [24]. We found strong correlation between the iHOT₁₂-H and the WOMAC score (r=-0.82, P<0.001). To our knowledge, these relationships have been investigated previously only by Attila et al [20], who found a similar correlation between the iHOT₁₂-T and the WOMAC score (r=0.815, P<0.001)[20]. All other studies evaluating the validity of the iHOT₁₂ following a procedure of translation used a variability of PROM forms as the gold standard [15–19,21,22]. Li et al [28] evaluated the correlation between the iHOT₃₃ and the WOMAC score and found similar correlation coefficient (r=0.812) to our results [28].

Limitations

Despite very good results concerning validity and reliability, there are a few limitations in this study. First, we included patients with different levels of activity but we did not evaluate the exact activity level of our patients using the Tegner Activity Scale as was evaluated in some of the previous studies [17–19]. Thus, future research comparing between different levels of activity of patients is therefore necessary to determine whether the iHOT₁₂ is applicable to such a variety of patients. Secondly, the study sample included patients with a variety of hip pathologies. Including a heterogenous population may also increase the external validity of this study. Thirdly, since the iHOT₃₃ questionnaire has not been officially translated into the Hebrew language we were unable to assess the criterion-related validity of iHOT₁₂-H [23]. Finally, responsiveness was not determined in this study, therefore we could not evaluate the exact minimal important change values. Additional research is needed to determine whether the iHOT₁₂-H is a responsive instrument as was shown in previous studies [16,18,19,21]. Further prospective studies are needed to assess the clinical impact of iHOT₁₂ on patients with hip related pain who underwent conservative management or surgical treatment. Such studies will advance our understanding of the therapeutic processes among those patients and will provide benefits both in clinical practice and in research.

The iHOT₁₂-H is a reliable and valid measurement tool for measuring physical functioning and quality of life in young, physically active patients with hip related pain. This is extremely important, as previous tools are less suitable for this young population. We believe that this HR-PROM is beneficial in assessing the condition of Israeli patients with hip related pain.

CI- Confidence interval.
COSMIN- Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health measurement instruments.
FAIS- Femoro-acetabular impingement syndrome.
HR-PROM's- Health related patient reported outcome measurements.
ICC- Intraclass correlation coefficient.
iHOT₁₂- International hip outcome tool 12.
SD- Standard deviation.
SEM- Standard error of measurement.
VAS- Visual analogue scale.
WOMAC- Western Ontario and McMaster universities Osteoarthritis index.

Supplementary information

Additional file

iHOT₁₂-H: Hebrew version of the International Hip Outcome Tool 12

Acknowledgement

We would like to extend our deepest gratitude to Assuta Medical Center for providing ethical permission for this study. We would also like to thank the translators, supervisors and study participants for their assistance and participation.

Ethical approval

This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was given by the Ethics Committee of Assuta Medical Center (23.8.2020/0007-20-ASMC). All patients had given their written informed consent to participate in this study. Furthermore, the data collectors and investigators ensured the privacy and confidentiality of information.

Competing Interest

All authors declare that they have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

Author contributions

All authors contributed to the study's conception and design. Data collection was done by Itamar Botser, David Morgenstern and Yael Steinfeld Mass. Material preparation and analysis were performed by Noa Ben-Ami, Aharon Finestone and Yael Steinfeld Mss. The first manuscript draft was written by Yael Steinfeld Mass. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding

All authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.

Availability of data and materials

This study contains all of the study data related to these findings. Requests for mor information about data sharing should be directed to the correspondence author via [email protected]

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No competing interests reported.

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Cross-cultural adaptation, validation, and psychometric evaluation of the International Hip Outcome Tool 12 (iHOT12) to Hebrew

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Abstract

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Highlights

Background

Methods

Statistical analysis

Results

Participants

Translation and cross-cultural adaptation

iHOT₁₂-H psychometric properties: Test-retest reliability

Construct validity

Discussion

Study population

Reliability

Validity

Limitations

Conclusions

Abbreviations

Declarations

References

Additional Declarations

Supplementary Files

Status:

Journal Publication

Version 1

Cross-cultural adaptation, validation, and psychometric evaluation of the International Hip Outcome Tool 12 (iHOT12) to Hebrew

Status:

Journal Publication

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

Highlights

Background

Methods

Statistical analysis

Results

Participants

Translation and cross-cultural adaptation

iHOT12-H psychometric properties: Test-retest reliability

Construct validity

Discussion

Study population

Reliability

Validity

Limitations

Conclusions

Abbreviations

Declarations

References

Additional Declarations

Supplementary Files

Status:

Journal Publication

Version 1

iHOT₁₂-H psychometric properties: Test-retest reliability