Table. Maternal characteristics, pregnancy complications, and infant outcomes by known substance use among people with HCV infection in pregnancy – three U.S. statesa, Surveillance for Emerging Threats to Pregnant People and Infants Network, 2018—2020 (N=1155)
|
Total
N (%)
|
Substance use
n (%)
|
No reported substance use
n (%)
|
Pregnancies
|
1155
|
968 (83.8)
|
187 (16.2)
|
Age at pregnancy outcome (years)
|
|
|
|
Median (IQR)
|
29 (25-32)
|
29 (25-32)
|
28 (25-32)
|
≤24
|
226 (19.6)
|
188 (19.4)
|
38 (20.3)
|
25-29
|
454 (39.3)
|
379 (39.2)
|
75 (40.1)
|
30-34
|
339 (29.4)
|
288 (29.8)
|
51 (27.3)
|
≥35 years
|
136 (11.8)
|
113 (11.7)
|
23 (12.3)
|
Missing
|
|
|
|
Race and Ethnicityb
|
|
|
|
Black, Non-Hispanic
|
28 (2.5)
|
26 (2.8)
|
2 (1.1)
|
Hispanic
|
12 (1.1)
|
8 (0.9)
|
4 (2.3)
|
White, Non-Hispanic
|
1060 (95.2)
|
891 (95.2)
|
169 (94.9)
|
Multiple or other
|
14 (1.3)
|
11 (1.2)
|
4 (2.3)
|
Missing
|
41
|
32
|
9
|
Insurance
|
|
|
|
Public
|
996 (90.2)
|
848 (91.3)
|
148 (84.6)
|
Private
|
94 (8.5)
|
70 (7.5)
|
24 (13.7)
|
Other/None/Self-pay
|
14 (1.3)
|
11 (1.2)
|
3 (1.7)
|
Missing
|
51
|
39
|
12
|
Education level
|
|
|
|
Less than high school
|
204 (19.4)
|
172 (19.6)
|
32 (18.7)
|
High school graduate
|
472 (45.0)
|
390 (44.4)
|
82 (48.0)
|
Some college
|
263 (25.1)
|
227 (25.8)
|
36 (21.1)
|
≥College degree
|
111 (10.6)
|
90 (10.2)
|
21 (12.3)
|
Missing
|
105
|
89
|
16
|
Trimester of prenatal care initiation
|
|
|
|
First
|
563 (53.3)
|
450 (50.9)
|
113 (65.3)
|
Second
|
305 (28.9)
|
269 (30.4)
|
36 (20.8)
|
Third
|
99 (9.4)
|
87 (9.8)
|
12 (6.9)
|
None
|
90 (8.5)
|
78 (8.8)
|
12 (6.9)
|
Missing
|
98
|
84
|
14
|
Parity
|
|
|
|
Nulliparous
|
240 (21.4)
|
199 (21.2)
|
41 (22.5)
|
Multiparous
|
883 (78.6)
|
742 (78.9)
|
141 (77.5)
|
Missing
|
32
|
27
|
5
|
Substance use in pregnancy
|
|
|
|
Alcohol
|
81 (7.0)
|
81 (8.4)
|
-
|
Tobacco
|
861 (74.6)
|
861 (89.0)
|
-
|
Cannabis
|
287 (24.9)
|
287 (29.7)
|
-
|
Illicit opioids
|
306 (26.5)
|
306 (31.6)
|
-
|
Other illicit substances
|
303 (26.2)
|
303 (31.3)
|
-
|
Medication for Opioid Use Disorder
|
340 (29.4)
|
340 (35.1)
|
-
|
Prescription opioids
|
26 (2.3)
|
26 (2.7)
|
|
Underlying conditions and complications
|
395 (34.9)
|
322 (34.0)
|
73 (39.9)
|
Obesityc
|
178 (16.5)
|
140 (15.5)
|
38 (22.0)
|
Chronic hypertension
|
78 (7.3)
|
67 (7.5)
|
11 (6.3)
|
Pregestational diabetes mellitus
|
24 (2.2)
|
17 (1.8)
|
7 (3.9)
|
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancyd
|
87 (8.1)
|
72 (8.0)
|
15 (8.6)
|
Gestational diabetes
|
95 (8.9)
|
74 (8.3)
|
21 (11.9)
|
Cholestasis during pregnancy
|
35 (5.9)
|
30 (5.5)
|
5 (10.0)
|
Missing
|
24
|
20
|
4
|
Infants
|
1171
|
982 (83.9)
|
189 (16.1)
|
Gestational age
|
|
|
|
Median (IQR)
|
38.7 (37.0-39.3)
|
38.7 (37.0-39.1)
|
38.9 (37.3-39.3)
|
Term (≥37 weeks)
|
939 (81.0)
|
781 (80.4)
|
158 (84.0)
|
Preterm (<37 weeks)
|
220 (19.0)
|
190 (19.6)
|
30 (16.0)
|
Late preterm (34-36 weeks)
|
164 (14.2)
|
141 (14.5)
|
23 (12.2)
|
Early preterm (<34 weeks)
|
56 (4.8)
|
49 (5.1)
|
7 (3.7)
|
Missing
|
12
|
11
|
1
|
Median birth weight in grams (IQR)
|
3030 (2680-3405)
|
2976.5 (2650-3345)
|
3270 (2860-3670)
|
Small-for-gestational agee
|
137 (12.6)
|
126 (13.7)
|
11 (6.5)
|
Missing
|
80
|
60
|
20
|
Neonatal intensive care unit admission
|
|
|
|
Term (≥37 weeks)
|
236 (26.4)
|
225 (30.3)
|
11 (7.3)
|
Length of stay (median, IQR)
|
15 (9-23)
|
16 (9-23)
|
6.5 (4.5-9.5)
|
Preterm (<37 weeks)
|
142 (67.0)
|
127 (69.4)
|
15 (51.7)
|
Length of stay (median, IQR)
|
17.5 (11.5-32)
|
18 (12-33)
|
10 (10-10)
|
Missing
|
66
|
56
|
10
|
Birth defectsf
|
46 (3.9)
|
43 (4.4)
|
3 (1.6)
|
Neonatal abstinence syndrome
|
302 (25.8)
|
302 (30.8)
|
0 (0)
|
Abbreviations: IQR, interquartile range
aNew York state (excluding New York City), Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee
bRace and ethnicity were reported from birth certificate or medical records
cPregestational obesity was defined as body mass index ≥30kg/m2
dHypertensive disorders of pregnancy was inclusive of gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia, or Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes and Low Platelets (HELLP) syndrome
e<10th percentile for weight based on sex and gestational age as defined by INTERGROWTH-21st
fAscertained through ICD-10 codes reported during birth hospitalization or linkages with state birth defect registry (Tennessee). Birth defects included congenital malformations of the cardiac septa (n=24), congenital malformations of the pulmonary and tricuspid valves (n=10 infants), congenital malformations of the great arteries (n=7), congenital malformations of the nervous system (n=7 infants), orofacial clefts (n=4), congenital malformations of the urinary system (n=3), polydactyly or syndactyly (n=4), congenital malformations of the digestive system (n=2), gastroschisis (n=2), chromosomal abnormalities (n-2)