The plane deformation problems of rectangular workpiece compression are shown in Fig. 5. Where the stress direction of the micro-element is assumed to be compressive (Fig. 5.b) and tensile (Fig. 5.c), and the stress value on the boundary surface equalsσk (Fig. 5.d). According to the rule (Ⅰ), the stress increment is set in the positive direction of the coordinate system. The contact friction is assumed to be the form of sliding friction met with Colulomb’s law τ = fσy.
3.1 Assumed compressive stress in micro-element with free surface
The micro-element and the assumed stress direction are shown in Fig. 5.b, and the equilibrium differential equation is established according to the balance of force \(\sum {{F_x}} =0\)
$${\sigma _x} \cdot h \cdot l=\left( {{\sigma _x}+{\text{d}}{\sigma _x}} \right) \cdot h \cdot l+2\tau \cdot {\text{d}}x \cdot l$$
4
Organizing the Eq. (4), and then the friction condition \({\tau _{\text{f}}}=f{\sigma _y}\) is substituted into the equilibrium differential equation
$$\frac{{{\text{d}}{\sigma _x}}}{{{\text{d}}x}}+\frac{{2f{\sigma _y}}}{h}=0$$
5
The main compressive deformation is generated in the height direction, and the component of stress σy is the minimum value of stress. Subsequently, according to the determination rule (Ⅱ), the minus is added to the assumed stress in the application of the yield criterion.
$${\sigma _{\hbox{max} }} - {\sigma _{\hbox{min} }}=\beta {\sigma _{\text{s}}} \Rightarrow \left( { - {\sigma _x}} \right) - \left( { - {\sigma _y}} \right)=\beta {\sigma _{\text{s}}} \Rightarrow {\sigma _y} - {\sigma _x}=\beta {\sigma _{\text{s}}}$$
6
According to the above Eq. (6), the dσx = dσy is obtained, and then the ordinary differential equation of the component of stress σy can be described as Eq. (7).
$$\frac{{{\text{d}}{\sigma _y}}}{{{\text{d}}x}}+\frac{{2f{\sigma _y}}}{h}=0$$
7
The stress component in the y direction can be obtained subsequently by integrating the differential equation.
$${\sigma _y}=C\exp \left( { - \frac{{2f}}{h}x} \right)$$
8
Subsequently, the integral constant C is obtained according to the boundary conditions. The σx = 0 with the x = w/2 so that the σy = βσs according to the Eq. (6), and then integral constant C is obtained from the above Eq. (8).
$$C=\beta {\sigma _{\text{s}}}\exp \left( {\frac{{fw}}{h}} \right)$$
9
Substituting the constant C into the Eq. (8), and then the contact stress in the y direction can be described as
$${\sigma _y}=\beta {\sigma _{\text{s}}}\exp \left[ {\frac{{2f}}{h}\left( {\frac{w}{2} - x} \right)} \right]$$
10
Substituting Eq. (10) into Eq. (6), and then the distribution of the x component stress σx in the deformation body is described as
$${\sigma _x}=\beta {\sigma _{\text{s}}}\left\{ {\exp \left[ {\frac{{2f}}{h}\left( {\frac{w}{2} - x} \right)} \right] - 1} \right\}$$
11
The values of the Eqs. (10) and (11) are greater than 0 which demonstrates the assumed stress direction is consistent with that of the actual stress, and the stress state is compressive. According to the rule (Ⅳ), considering the physical meaning the distribution of actual stress can be described as
$$\left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{\sigma _x}= - \beta {\sigma _{\text{s}}}\left\{ {\exp \left[ {\frac{{2f}}{h}\left( {\frac{w}{2} - x} \right)} \right] - 1} \right\}} \\ {{\sigma _y}= - \beta {\sigma _{\text{s}}}\exp \left[ {\frac{{2f}}{h}\left( {\frac{w}{2} - x} \right)} \right]} \end{array}} \right.$$
12
According to the plane deformation theory, the stress in the direction without strain can be obtained
$${\sigma _z}=\frac{1}{2}\left( {{\sigma _x}+{\sigma _y}} \right)= - \beta {\sigma _{\text{s}}}\left\{ {\exp \left[ {\frac{{2f}}{h}\left( {\frac{w}{2} - x} \right)} \right] - \frac{1}{2}} \right\}$$
13
The plane deformation of rectangular workpiece compression is three-dimensional compressive stress states according to the Eq. (11) to (13).
3.2 Assumed tensile stress in micro-element with free surface
When the assumed stress of the micro-element is tensile, for the micro-element and the assumed stress direction shown in Fig. 5.c, the equilibrium differential equation is established
$${\sigma _x} \cdot h \cdot l+2\tau \cdot {\text{d}}x \cdot l=\left( {{\sigma _x}+{\text{d}}{\sigma _x}} \right) \cdot h \cdot l$$
14
Organizing the Eq. (14), and then the friction condition \({\tau _{\text{f}}}=f{\sigma _y}\) is also substituted into the equilibrium differential equation
$$\frac{{{\text{d}}{\sigma _x}}}{{{\text{d}}x}} - \frac{{2f{\sigma _y}}}{h}=0$$
15
According to the determination rule (Ⅱ), the minus is not needed to add to the σx in the application of the yield criterion.
$${\sigma _{\hbox{max} }} - {\sigma _{\hbox{min} }}=\beta {\sigma _{\text{s}}} \Rightarrow {\sigma _x} - \left( { - {\sigma _y}} \right)=\beta {\sigma _{\text{s}}} \Rightarrow {\sigma _x}+{\sigma _y}=\beta {\sigma _{\text{s}}}$$
16
It can be seen from equations (6) and (16) that the yield criterion expressions are different with the different assumed stress directions. According to the above Eq. (16), the dσx=-dσy is obtained, and then the ordinary differential equation is also obtained by substituting it to the Eq. (15).
$$\frac{{{\text{d}}{\sigma _y}}}{{{\text{d}}x}}+\frac{{2f{\sigma _y}}}{h}=0$$
17
The stress σy can be obtained subsequently by integrating the differential Eq. (17).
$${\sigma _y}=C\exp \left( { - \frac{{2f}}{h}x} \right)$$
18
The integral constant C is obtained according to the boundary conditions. The σx = 0 with the x = w/2 so that the σy = βσs according to the Eq. (16), and then integral constant C is obtained from the above Eq. (18).
$$C=\beta {\sigma _{\text{s}}}\exp \left( {\frac{{fw}}{h}} \right)$$
19
Substituting the C into the Eq. (18), and then the σy can be described as the same as Eq. (10)
$${\sigma _y}=\beta {\sigma _{\text{s}}}\exp \left[ {\frac{{2f}}{h}\left( {\frac{w}{2} - x} \right)} \right]$$
20
Substituting the Eq. (20) into the Eq. (16), and then the σx in the deformation body is described as
$${\sigma _x}=\beta {\sigma _{\text{s}}}\left\{ {1 - \exp \left[ {\frac{{2f}}{h}\left( {\frac{w}{2} - x} \right)} \right]} \right\}$$
21
The value of the Eq. (21) is less than zero that demonstrates the assumed stress direction is inconsistent with that of the actual stress, and the actual stress state is compressive. According to the rule (Ⅳ), considering the physical meaning the distribution of actual stress can be described as
$$\left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{\sigma _x}=\beta {\sigma _{\text{s}}}\left\{ {1 - \exp \left[ {\frac{{2f}}{h}\left( {\frac{w}{2} - x} \right)} \right]} \right\}} \\ {{\sigma _y}= - \beta {\sigma _{\text{s}}}\exp \left[ {\frac{{2f}}{h}\left( {\frac{w}{2} - x} \right)} \right]} \end{array}} \right.$$
22
It can be seen from equations (12) and (22) that no multivalued solution of stress results is generated according to the determination rules proposed and described.
3.3 Assumed compressive stress with the known stress boundary
According to the rule (Ⅲ), the σx = σk with the x = w/2 so that the σy = βσs + σk according to the Eq. (6), and then the integral constant C can be obtained from the above Eq. (8).
$${\sigma _y}\left| {_{{x=w/2}}} \right.=C\exp \left( { - \frac{{2f}}{h}x} \right)\left| {_{{x=w/2}}} \right.=\beta {\sigma _s}+{\sigma _k} \Rightarrow C=\left( {\beta {\sigma _s}+{\sigma _k}} \right)\exp \left( {\frac{{fw}}{h}} \right)$$
23
Substituting the C into the Eq. (8), and then the contact stress in the y direction can be described as
$${\sigma _y}=\left( {\beta {\sigma _{\text{s}}}+{\sigma _k}} \right)\exp \left[ {\frac{{2f}}{h}\left( {\frac{w}{2} - x} \right)} \right]$$
24
Substituting Eq. (24) into the Eq. (6), and then the distribution of the stress σx in the deformation body is described as
$${\sigma _x}=\beta {\sigma _{\text{s}}}\left\{ {\exp \left[ {\frac{{2f}}{h}\left( {\frac{w}{2} - x} \right)} \right] - 1} \right\}+{\sigma _k} \cdot \exp \left[ {\frac{{2f}}{h}\left( {\frac{w}{2} - x} \right)} \right]$$
25
The values of the Eqs. (24) and (25) are greater than 0 which demonstrates the assumed stress direction is consistent with that of the actual stress, and the stress state is compressive. Furthermore, it can be seen from equations (10), (11), (24) and (25) that the application of boundary compressive stress enhances the stress states and increases the deformation load obviously, which is in agreement with the plastic deformation theory.
3.4 Deformation load
To solve the deformation load, the Eq. (10) is used to integrate, and the β equals 2/√3 under plane deformation condition is also substituted.
$$P=2\mathop \smallint \nolimits_{0}^{{\frac{w}{2}}} {\sigma _y}{\text{d}}x=2\mathop \smallint \nolimits_{0}^{{\frac{w}{2}}} \beta {\sigma _{\text{s}}}\exp \left[ {\frac{{2f}}{h}\left( {\frac{w}{2} - x} \right)} \right]{\text{d}}x{\text{=}}\frac{{2h{\sigma _{\text{s}}}}}{{\sqrt 3 f}}\left[ {\exp \left( {\frac{{fw}}{h}} \right) - 1} \right]$$
26
Furthermore, the deformation load at different times is also solved according to the constant volume of plastic deformation. Assuming the initial height and width are h0 and w0, respectively, the volume size meets the relationship w0.h0 = w.h during the compressing processes. And then the relationship between the deformation load and the height of the rectangular workpiece can be described as
$$P=\frac{{2h{\sigma _{\text{s}}}}}{{\sqrt 3 f}}\left[ {\exp \left( {\frac{{fw}}{h}} \right) - 1} \right]=\frac{{2h{\sigma _{\text{s}}}}}{{\sqrt 3 f}}\left[ {\exp \left( {\frac{{f \cdot {w_0} \cdot {h_0}}}{{{h^2}}}} \right) - 1} \right]$$
27
To verify the precision of the principal stress method, the deformation load in plane compressing is solved by the DEFORM software and the Eq. (27). The calculated results by FEM and comparison of load are shown in Fig. 6. The material is regarded as ideal plasticity and the yield stress is 300MPa. The other parameters used in the solution are shown as follows: the initial width w0 is 20 mm, the initial height h0 is 16mm, the final height is 10mm and the friction coefficient f is 0.3. Because of the ideal plastic material, the equivalent stress is 300MPa in the most deformation zones, and only the value of the symmetric centre is less than 300MPa. The equivalent strain distribution of plane deformation compression of rectangular workpieces is X shape, and the larger value is generated in the side flattening and central zones. The increment of the contact surface during the compression processes leads to the deformation load increasing nonlinearly. The average relative error is 8.3% between the predicted loads by FEM and PSM, and the stress and load predicted by RSM are in good agreement with the FEM.